WO1999003208A2 - Transmission system using a variable length encoder - Google Patents

Transmission system using a variable length encoder Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999003208A2
WO1999003208A2 PCT/IB1998/000945 IB9800945W WO9903208A2 WO 1999003208 A2 WO1999003208 A2 WO 1999003208A2 IB 9800945 W IB9800945 W IB 9800945W WO 9903208 A2 WO9903208 A2 WO 9903208A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
symbols
variable length
sequences
input
sequence
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Application number
PCT/IB1998/000945
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French (fr)
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WO1999003208A3 (en
Inventor
Rakesh Taori
Robert Johannes Sluijter
Andreas Johannes Gerrits
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Philips Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., Philips Ab filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Priority to EP98923028A priority Critical patent/EP0925651B1/en
Priority to JP50835999A priority patent/JP3960629B2/en
Priority to DE69826971T priority patent/DE69826971T2/en
Publication of WO1999003208A2 publication Critical patent/WO1999003208A2/en
Publication of WO1999003208A3 publication Critical patent/WO1999003208A3/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
    • H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
    • H03M7/40—Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code
    • H03M7/42—Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code using table look-up for the coding or decoding process, e.g. using read-only memory
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
    • H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
    • H03M7/40—Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to a transmission system comprising a transmitting arrangement with a variable length encoder for encoding sequences of input symbols into variable length encoded sequences, the transmitting arrangement further comprises a transmitter for transmitting said variable length encoded sequences via a transmission medium to a receiver, the receiver comprising a variable length decoder for decoding the variable length encoded symbols into decoded sequences of symbols.
  • the present invention is also related to a transmitter, a receiver, a variable length encoder, a variable length decoder, a variable length encoding method, a variable length decoding method, a tangible medium comprising a computer program for executing said methods and a signal comprising variable length encoded symbols.
  • a transmission system according to the preamble is known from the book Information Theory and Reliable Communication" by Robert G. Gallager, Chapter 3, Coding for Discrete Sources, pp. 38-70, ISBN 471 29048 3.
  • Transmission systems according to the preamble are used for transmitting sequences of symbols having unequal probabilities. Such sequences can be transmitted more efficiently by using short encoded sequences for input sequences having a high probability, and using longer encoded sequences for input sequences having a lower probability.
  • variable length codes are the well known Morse code and the Huffman code.
  • the use of variable length coding results in a decreased number of symbols that has to be transmitted for transporting a particular sequence of input symbols.
  • the number of symbols required to transport a particular sequence of input symbols is substantially larger than the uncoded message. This can happen if the sequence of input symbols comprises symbols having a low probability. In such a case practical problems can arise such as overflow of buffers or the impossibility to put the encoded message in a frame having only a limited space available for it.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a transmission system according to the preamble in which the above mentioned problems do not occur anymore, without increasing the size of buffers or the available size in a frame.
  • the transmission system is characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for passing the sequence of input symbols to the transmitter if the combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, said number being larger or equal to one, and in that the receiver is arranged for passing a received sequence of symbols undecoded to an output if said combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds said predetermined value.
  • variable length encoded sequences By determining the length of the variable length encoded sequences, and by transmitting the input sequences if the length of the variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, it is possible to limit the length of the transmitted sequence of symbols to the length of the input sequences. Therewith the length of the transmitted sequences of symbols is bounded by a predetermined value.
  • An embodiment of the invention is characterized in that said predetermined value is the combined length of the sequences of input symbols.
  • said predetermined length is equal to the length of the sequence of input symbols or equal to the combined length of a plurality of input symbols, it is obtained that the length of the sequences of symbols is limited, and that it is ensured that the transmitter is always able to store or transmit its information in the available buffer or space in a transmission frame respectively.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for transmitting an indicator indicating that at least one input sequence of symbols is transmitted instead of the corresponding variable length encoded sequence of symbols, and in that the receiver is arranged to pass a received sequence of symbols undecoded to its output or to pass a received sequence of symbols to an input of the variable length decoder.
  • Fig. 1 a transmission system according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 an alternative embodiment of the encoder 5 for use in a transmission system according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 a Huffman decoding tree to be used in the Huffman decoder used in the present invention
  • a transmitter 2 comprises an encoder 5 for encoding sequences of input symbols.
  • Said sequences of input symbols comprise words with a predetermined length, which can be different for subsequent words.
  • the input words are applied to a buffer 8 in the encoder 5.
  • the words stored in the buffer 8 are subsequently applied to a variable length encoder, which is here a Huffman encoder 10.
  • the Huffman encoder 10 can be realized by a lookup table which supplies the Huffman encoded word corresponding to the input word at its output.
  • the table supplies also an indication of the length of the Huffman encoded word to its output.
  • An example of such a lookup table is given below for a four bit input word.
  • the length of the different Huffman encoded codewords differs considerably.
  • the input code word and the Huffman encoded word at the output of the Huffman encoder 10 are applied to a selector 12.
  • the part of the output signal of the Huffman encoder representing the length of the currently Huffman encoded word is also applied to a comparator which compares this length with the predetermined value.
  • An output signal of the comparator 10 is applied to an input of the selector 12 and a multiplexer 14. If the Huffman encoded sequence is larger than the predetermined value, the selector 12 is instructed to pass the input word of the Huffman encoder to its output.
  • the output signal of the Huffman encoder 10 is passed to the output of the selector 12.
  • the output signal of the comparator 3 is included as a "Huffman indicator" in the output signal of the multiplexer 14 to enable a receiver to determine whether the received words have to be decoded or not. It is observed that the function of the Huffman encoder 10, the comparator 3 and the selector 12 can be implemented by a single table. This table is presented below.
  • the length of each output word is also stored in the table. It is observed that in the presented example one table is used. However it is possible that the properties (length and probabilities) of subsequent input words differ significantly. In such a case it is required to use different coding tables for subsequent input words.
  • the output signal of the multiplexer 14 is applied to transmit means 16 which are arranged to transmit the output signal of the multiplexer 14 to via a transmission medium 4 to a receiver 6.
  • the tasks of the transmit means 16 involve channel coding and modulation.
  • the input signal is processed by receive means 18.
  • the operations performed by the receive means comprise amplification, demodulation and channel decoding.
  • the demultiplexer 20 separates the "Huffman indicator” and the reconstructed output signal of the selector 12. The latter is applied to an input of a Huffman decoder 22 and to an input of a selector 24.
  • the output signal of the Huffman decoder 22 is applied to a further input of the selector 24. Dependent on the value of the "Huffman indicator" the (undecoded) output signal of the demultiplexer 20 or the Huffman decoded output signal of the Huffman decoder is passed to the output of the selector 24.
  • the encoder 5 is arranged to compare the sum of the lengths of a plurality of Huffman encoded words with a predetermined value. This can be useful if a plurality of words have to be transmitted in a limited amount of space in a frame. By comparing said sum of lengths with a predetermined value, which can be the sum of the lengths of the uncoded words, it is possible to decide whether the plurality of words is completely transmitted as Huffman encoded words or as uncoded words.
  • the buffer 30 receives the input words and passes them to an input of a buffer
  • the output signal of the Huffman encoder 32 is passed to a length counter 38 and to a buffer 36.
  • the length counter 38 counts the accumulated length of the Huffman encoded codewords over a certain number of encoded codewords. This number can e.g. be the number of codewords which can be a number of words that has to be transmitted in a frame.
  • the length counter 38 compares the accumulated length with the predetermined value and decides whether the words are to be transmitted in Huffman encoded form or that they are to be transmitted in uncoded form. This decision is passed to the selector 40 and to the multiplexer 42. The selector 40 presents, in dependence of the decision of the length counter
  • the output signal of the selector 40 multiplexed with the output signal of the length counter 38 to obtain the output signal of the encoder 5.
  • the output signal of the length counter 38 is included in the output signal as "Huffman indicator".
  • a Huffman tree of the Huffman code as presented above is shown.
  • the Huffman tree comprises one starting node A, a plurality of intermediate nodes B to P and a plurality of end nodes 0 to 15.
  • Each node is stored in a data structure in which the type of node is stored.
  • pointers to subsequent nodes are stored together with the value of the bit corresponding to a transition from said node to said subsequent nodes is stored.
  • the value of the corresponding decoded word is stored.
  • the decoding of the Huffman encoded word "1101100" corresponding to the input word "1010" (decimal 10).
  • the Huffman encoded word is processed from left to right.
  • the first bit (being here "1") is read from the encoded word. Subsequently it is checked which subsequent node corresponds to the value of "1" of the current bit. From the information stored in the data structure representing node A, it is found that node B is the subsequent node. The pointer stored in the data structure representing node A is used to find the data structure to represent node B.
  • node B is checked using the information stored in the corresponding data structure. Because B is an intermediate node, the next bit (being here equal to
  • node 10 is the subsequent node corresponding to the final bit value "0". from the data structure representing node 10, it is found that node 10 is a final node.

Abstract

In a transmission system a variable length encoder is used to reduce the average bitrate of a sequence of symbols. In order to limit the maximum length of the code it is proposed to transmit the sequence of symbols only in coded form if the length of the coded sequence is lower than a predetermined value.

Description

Transmission system using a variable length encoder
The present invention is related to a transmission system comprising a transmitting arrangement with a variable length encoder for encoding sequences of input symbols into variable length encoded sequences, the transmitting arrangement further comprises a transmitter for transmitting said variable length encoded sequences via a transmission medium to a receiver, the receiver comprising a variable length decoder for decoding the variable length encoded symbols into decoded sequences of symbols.
The present invention is also related to a transmitter, a receiver, a variable length encoder, a variable length decoder, a variable length encoding method, a variable length decoding method, a tangible medium comprising a computer program for executing said methods and a signal comprising variable length encoded symbols.
A transmission system according to the preamble is known from the book Information Theory and Reliable Communication" by Robert G. Gallager, Chapter 3, Coding for Discrete Sources, pp. 38-70, ISBN 471 29048 3.
Transmission systems according to the preamble are used for transmitting sequences of symbols having unequal probabilities. Such sequences can be transmitted more efficiently by using short encoded sequences for input sequences having a high probability, and using longer encoded sequences for input sequences having a lower probability.
Examples of variable length codes are the well known Morse code and the Huffman code. In general, the use of variable length coding results in a decreased number of symbols that has to be transmitted for transporting a particular sequence of input symbols. But it is also possible that the number of symbols required to transport a particular sequence of input symbols is substantially larger than the uncoded message. This can happen if the sequence of input symbols comprises symbols having a low probability. In such a case practical problems can arise such as overflow of buffers or the impossibility to put the encoded message in a frame having only a limited space available for it. The object of the present invention is to provide a transmission system according to the preamble in which the above mentioned problems do not occur anymore, without increasing the size of buffers or the available size in a frame.
To achieve said objective, the transmission system according to the present invention is characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for passing the sequence of input symbols to the transmitter if the combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, said number being larger or equal to one, and in that the receiver is arranged for passing a received sequence of symbols undecoded to an output if said combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds said predetermined value.
By determining the length of the variable length encoded sequences, and by transmitting the input sequences if the length of the variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, it is possible to limit the length of the transmitted sequence of symbols to the length of the input sequences. Therewith the length of the transmitted sequences of symbols is bounded by a predetermined value.
It is possible to determine the length of each individual sequence of variable length encoded symbols (e.g. a word ) and to decide whether or not this length exceeds a predetermined value. It is also possible to determine a combined length of a plurality of variable length encoded sequences and to decide whether or not this combined length exceeds a (larger) predetermined value.
An embodiment of the invention is characterized in that said predetermined value is the combined length of the sequences of input symbols.
By making said predetermined length equal to the length of the sequence of input symbols or equal to the combined length of a plurality of input symbols, it is obtained that the length of the sequences of symbols is limited, and that it is ensured that the transmitter is always able to store or transmit its information in the available buffer or space in a transmission frame respectively.
A further embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for transmitting an indicator indicating that at least one input sequence of symbols is transmitted instead of the corresponding variable length encoded sequence of symbols, and in that the receiver is arranged to pass a received sequence of symbols undecoded to its output or to pass a received sequence of symbols to an input of the variable length decoder. By introducing an indicator in the transmitted signal, it becomes very easy for the receiver to decide which operation (decoding the received sequences of symbols or passing said received sequences of symbols directly to the output) it has to perform.
The present invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings. Herein shows:
Fig. 1, a transmission system according to a first embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2, an alternative embodiment of the encoder 5 for use in a transmission system according to the invention.
Fig. 3, a Huffman decoding tree to be used in the Huffman decoder used in the present invention;
In the transmission system according to Fig. 1, a transmitter 2 comprises an encoder 5 for encoding sequences of input symbols. Said sequences of input symbols comprise words with a predetermined length, which can be different for subsequent words. The input words are applied to a buffer 8 in the encoder 5. The words stored in the buffer 8 are subsequently applied to a variable length encoder, which is here a Huffman encoder 10.
The Huffman encoder 10 can be realized by a lookup table which supplies the Huffman encoded word corresponding to the input word at its output. The table supplies also an indication of the length of the Huffman encoded word to its output. An example of such a lookup table is given below for a four bit input word.
Figure imgf000005_0001
From the above displayed table it is clear that the length of the different Huffman encoded codewords differs considerably. According to the principle of variable length encoding the shortest Huffman codes are assigned to the most probable input words. The input code word and the Huffman encoded word at the output of the Huffman encoder 10 are applied to a selector 12. The part of the output signal of the Huffman encoder representing the length of the currently Huffman encoded word is also applied to a comparator which compares this length with the predetermined value. An output signal of the comparator 10 is applied to an input of the selector 12 and a multiplexer 14. If the Huffman encoded sequence is larger than the predetermined value, the selector 12 is instructed to pass the input word of the Huffman encoder to its output. Otherwise the output signal of the Huffman encoder 10 is passed to the output of the selector 12. The output signal of the comparator 3 is included as a "Huffman indicator" in the output signal of the multiplexer 14 to enable a receiver to determine whether the received words have to be decoded or not. It is observed that the function of the Huffman encoder 10, the comparator 3 and the selector 12 can be implemented by a single table. This table is presented below.
Figure imgf000006_0001
In order to inform the multiplexer 14 how many bits are to be introduced into its output signal, the length of each output word is also stored in the table. It is observed that in the presented example one table is used. However it is possible that the properties (length and probabilities) of subsequent input words differ significantly. In such a case it is required to use different coding tables for subsequent input words.
The output signal of the multiplexer 14 is applied to transmit means 16 which are arranged to transmit the output signal of the multiplexer 14 to via a transmission medium 4 to a receiver 6. The tasks of the transmit means 16 involve channel coding and modulation. In the receiver 18, the input signal is processed by receive means 18. The operations performed by the receive means comprise amplification, demodulation and channel decoding. The demultiplexer 20 separates the "Huffman indicator" and the reconstructed output signal of the selector 12. The latter is applied to an input of a Huffman decoder 22 and to an input of a selector 24. The output signal of the Huffman decoder 22 is applied to a further input of the selector 24. Dependent on the value of the "Huffman indicator" the (undecoded) output signal of the demultiplexer 20 or the Huffman decoded output signal of the Huffman decoder is passed to the output of the selector 24.
The encoder 5 according to Fig. 2 is arranged to compare the sum of the lengths of a plurality of Huffman encoded words with a predetermined value. This can be useful if a plurality of words have to be transmitted in a limited amount of space in a frame. By comparing said sum of lengths with a predetermined value, which can be the sum of the lengths of the uncoded words, it is possible to decide whether the plurality of words is completely transmitted as Huffman encoded words or as uncoded words. The buffer 30 receives the input words and passes them to an input of a buffer
34 and to an input of a Huffman encoder 32. The output signal of the Huffman encoder 32 is passed to a length counter 38 and to a buffer 36. The length counter 38 counts the accumulated length of the Huffman encoded codewords over a certain number of encoded codewords. This number can e.g. be the number of codewords which can be a number of words that has to be transmitted in a frame.
If said plurality of words has been encoded, the length counter 38 compares the accumulated length with the predetermined value and decides whether the words are to be transmitted in Huffman encoded form or that they are to be transmitted in uncoded form. This decision is passed to the selector 40 and to the multiplexer 42. The selector 40 presents, in dependence of the decision of the length counter
38, the complete set of uncoded words stored in the buffer 34 or the complete set of Huffman encoded words stored in the buffer 36 at its output. The output signal of the selector 40 multiplexed with the output signal of the length counter 38 to obtain the output signal of the encoder 5. The output signal of the length counter 38 is included in the output signal as "Huffman indicator".
In Fig. 3 a Huffman tree of the Huffman code as presented above is shown. The Huffman tree comprises one starting node A, a plurality of intermediate nodes B to P and a plurality of end nodes 0 to 15. Each node is stored in a data structure in which the type of node is stored. In the case of intermediate nodes also pointers to subsequent nodes are stored together with the value of the bit corresponding to a transition from said node to said subsequent nodes is stored. In the final nodes, the value of the corresponding decoded word is stored. In order to explain the decoding process the decoding of the Huffman encoded word "1101100" corresponding to the input word "1010" (decimal 10). In the decoding the Huffman encoded word is processed from left to right.
At the beginning of the decoding, the process is initialized at node A.
Subsequently the first bit (being here "1") is read from the encoded word. Subsequently it is checked which subsequent node corresponds to the value of "1" of the current bit. From the information stored in the data structure representing node A, it is found that node B is the subsequent node. The pointer stored in the data structure representing node A is used to find the data structure to represent node B.
Subsequently the type of node B is checked using the information stored in the corresponding data structure. Because B is an intermediate node, the next bit (being here equal to
"1" ) is read from the encoded word. From the information found in the data structure representing node B it is found that the subsequent node corresponding to a value "1" of the current bit is node D.
In this way the tree is traversed from node A to H via the nodes B,D,E,F and G. At node H it is established that node 10 is the subsequent node corresponding to the final bit value "0". from the data structure representing node 10, it is found that node 10 is a final node.
Consequently the decoding process is stopped and the output word "1010" stored in the data structure corresponding to node 10 is presented to the output.

Claims

Claims
1. Transmission system comprising a transmitting arrangement with a variable length encoder for encoding sequences of input symbols into variable length encoded sequences, the transmitting arrangement further comprises a transmitter for transmitting said variable length encoded sequences via a transmission medium to a receiver, the receiver comprising a variable length decoder for decoding the variable length encoded symbols into decoded sequences of symbols, characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for passing the sequence of input symbols to the transmitter if the combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, said number being larger or equal to one, and in that the receiver is arranged for passing a received sequence of symbols undecoded to an output if said combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds said predetermined value.
2. Transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said predetermined value is the combined length of the sequences of input symbols.
3. Transmission system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for transmitting an indicator indicating that at least one input sequence of symbols is transmitted instead of the corresponding variable length encoded sequence of symbols, and in that the receiver is arranged to pass a received sequence of symbols undecoded to its output or to pass a received sequence of symbols to an input of the variable length decoder.
4. Transmission system according to claim 1,2 or 3, characterized in that the variable length encoder comprises a Huffman encoder, and in that the variable length decoder comprises a Huffman decoder.
5. Transmitting arrangement with a variable length encoder for encoding sequences of input symbols into variable length encoded sequences, the transmitting arrangement further comprises a transmitter for transmitting said variable length encoded sequences via a transmission medium, characterized in that the transmitting arrangement is arranged for passing the sequence of input symbols to the transmitter if the combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, said number being larger or equal to one.
6. Receiver comprising a variable length decoder for decoding variable length encoded symbols into decoded sequences of symbols, characterized in that the receiver is arranged for passing a received sequence of symbols undecoded to an output in dependence of a property of said received sequence of symbols.
7. Encoding method comprising encoding sequences of input symbols into variable length encoded sequences, characterized in that the method comprises for passing the sequence of input symbols uncoded to its output if the combined length of a number of variable length encoded sequences exceeds a predetermined value, said number being larger or equal to one.
8. Decoding method comprising decoding variable length encoded symbols into decoded sequences of symbols, characterized in that the method comprises passing a received sequence of symbols undecoded in dependence of a property of said received sequence of symbols.
9. Signal comprising variable length encoded symbols, characterized in that the signal comprises an indicator indicating whether the symbols are variable length encoder or that they are uncoded.
PCT/IB1998/000945 1997-07-11 1998-06-18 Transmission system using a variable length encoder WO1999003208A2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98923028A EP0925651B1 (en) 1997-07-11 1998-06-18 Transmission system using a variable length encoder
JP50835999A JP3960629B2 (en) 1997-07-11 1998-06-18 Transmission system using variable length encoder
DE69826971T DE69826971T2 (en) 1997-07-11 1998-06-18 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH COORDERS OF VARIABLE LENGTH

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97202165.3 1997-07-11
EP97202165 1997-07-11

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CN1237291A (en) 1999-12-01
KR100635794B1 (en) 2006-10-19
DE69826971T2 (en) 2005-11-17
KR20000068519A (en) 2000-11-25
EP0925651B1 (en) 2004-10-13
US6208274B1 (en) 2001-03-27
JP3960629B2 (en) 2007-08-15
DE69826971D1 (en) 2004-11-18
CN1126270C (en) 2003-10-29
WO1999003208A3 (en) 1999-04-01
EP0925651A2 (en) 1999-06-30

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