WO1999034429A1 - Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds - Google Patents
Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999034429A1 WO1999034429A1 PCT/US1998/027429 US9827429W WO9934429A1 WO 1999034429 A1 WO1999034429 A1 WO 1999034429A1 US 9827429 W US9827429 W US 9827429W WO 9934429 A1 WO9934429 A1 WO 9934429A1
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- etchant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3205—Deposition of non-insulating-, e.g. conductive- or resistive-, layers on insulating layers; After-treatment of these layers
- H01L21/321—After treatment
- H01L21/3213—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer
- H01L21/32133—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only
- H01L21/32135—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only by vapour etching only
- H01L21/32136—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only by vapour etching only using plasmas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3105—After-treatment
- H01L21/311—Etching the insulating layers by chemical or physical means
- H01L21/31105—Etching inorganic layers
- H01L21/31111—Etching inorganic layers by chemical means
- H01L21/31116—Etching inorganic layers by chemical means by dry-etching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/30604—Chemical etching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3205—Deposition of non-insulating-, e.g. conductive- or resistive-, layers on insulating layers; After-treatment of these layers
- H01L21/321—After treatment
- H01L21/3213—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer
- H01L21/32133—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only
- H01L21/32135—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only by vapour etching only
- H01L21/32136—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only by vapour etching only using plasmas
- H01L21/32137—Physical or chemical etching of the layers, e.g. to produce a patterned layer from a pre-deposited extensive layer by chemical means only by vapour etching only using plasmas of silicon-containing layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/30—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of perfluorocarbons [PFC], hydrofluorocarbons [HFC] or sulfur hexafluoride [SF6]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to dry etching and cleaning. More specifically, this invention relates to the use of a family of fluorinated carbonyl compounds for the plasma etching of semiconductor materials and for the cleaning of apparatus used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
- BACKGROUND OF THE IIWEIS ⁇ ON Semiconducting devices are manufactured by the repetitive application of four basic operations to a wafer, namely: layering, patterning/etching, doping, and heat treatments.
- patterning/etching which involves the selective removal of material from the surface of the wafer. More specifically, material is removed by applying a photoresist to a wafer's surface in a particular geometric pattern selectively and then exposing the wafer to a chemical etchant.
- etching refers to this selective removal of material. There are basically two types of etching, wet and dry. Wet etching involves the use of liquid corrosive reagents that react with the unprotected material on the wafer's surface and form soluble products which are then carried away by a solvent.
- Dry etching refers to plasma and plasma-generated methods which employ energetic gas molecules, ions, and/or free radicals that remove material from a wafer's unprotected surface either chemically by reacting with the material, or physically by bombarding the surface.
- This plasma process can be used also to clean surfaces of reactors and other apparatus used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
- discussion directed to etching and etchants herein applies also to cleaning applications.
- Other terms commonly applied to these plasma processes include plasma etching, reactive-ion etching, high-density plasma etching, ion milling, reactive ion milling, chemical ion beam etching, and sputter etching.
- etching chemicals such as, for example, carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoroethane, perfluoropropane, nitrogen trifluoride, bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide, and sulfur hexafluoride, and their perfluorinated by-products, such as carbon tetrafluoride and hexafluoroethane, have relatively high Global Warming
- GWP Global Warming Potential
- IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change
- the present invention fulfills this need among others.
- the present invention identifies a family of fluorinated carbonyl compounds which are useful as etchant compounds and which are environmentally acceptable.
- the family of fluorinated carbonyl compounds includes compounds having one of the following two formulas:
- etchant compounds regardless of their use as etchants or cleaners, tend to have low GWPs and to form by-products having low-GWP during plasma etching/cleaning such that the reaction effluent of unreacted compounds and reaction by-products is relatively benign to the environment.
- these etchant compounds react surprisingly well with a variety of materials under plasma etching conditions.
- Such materials include, but are not limited to: dielectrics such as carbides, borides and suicides of metals or semi-metals, for example, tungsten silicide; insulators, such as oxides, nitrides of metals or semi-metals, for example, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, boronphosphorus silicate glass, and fluorosilicate glass; III-V semiconductor compounds such as indium phosphide; elemental materials, such as silicon, polycrystalline silicon, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, germanium, silicon-germanium; and combination of two or more thereof.
- One aspect of the invention is the provision of a method for etching using the above-identified etchant compounds.
- the method comprises subjecting a material under plasma etching conditions to an etching composition comprising an etchant compound of Formula (1) wherein m&n >0 or an etchant compound of Formula (2).
- the method comprises subjecting a non-silicon or non-silicon dioxide material under plasma etching conditions to an etching composition comprising an etchant compound of Formula (1) or (2).
- the cleaning method comprises subjecting the accumulated film or residue under plasma cleaning conditions to an etching composition which is substantially free from traditional high-GWP etchant chemicals and which comprises an etchant compound of Formula (1) or (2).
- composition comprising the above-identified etchant compounds.
- the composition comprises an etchant compound of Formula (1) or
- the various aspects of the present invention relate to the identification of the fluorinated carbonyl compounds of Formulas (1) and (2) as effective etchant compounds for use in etching/cleaning compositions.
- the etching or cleaning composition of the present composition minimizes the use of traditional etchants.
- the composition is substantially free of perfluorinated etchants which have a GWP of greater than 5000 and sulfur-based etchants which have perfluorinated side chains and which have a GWP of greater than 1500.
- substantially free refers to a concentration by volume in the etching composition of no greater than about 1 % , and preferably no greater than 0.1 % .
- the etchant compound preferably has a GWP of no greater than about 1500, more preferably no greater than about 1000, and even more preferably no greater than about 500.
- the etchant compound of the present invention has essentially no GWP.
- the "GWP" of a composition refers to a weighted average of the GWPs of the composition's constituents. For example, a composition comprising 60% by weight of a 1000 GWP compound and 40% by weight of a 500 GWP compound would have a GWP of 800.
- the GWP refers to a weighted average of the GWPs of the composition's constituents. For example, a composition comprising 60% by weight of a 1000 GWP compound and 40% by weight of a 500 GWP compound would have a GWP of 800.
- the GWP refers to a weighted average of the GWPs of the composition's constituents. For example, a composition comprising 60% by weight of a 1000 GWP compound
- GWP of the etching composition is no greater than about 3,000, more preferably no greater than 1500, still more preferably no greater than about 1000, even more preferably no greater than about 500, and yet still more preferably no greater than about 100.
- the etchant compounds for use in the present invention not only contribute little to the composition's GWP, but also tend to be consumed with such efficiency that a relatively small amount of unreacted etchant compound exits in the reaction effluent. Additionally, these compounds dissociate and/or react producing a low- GWP effluent.
- the "GWP" of effluent refers to a weighted average of the GWPs of the effluent's constituents.
- the effluent contains relatively small amounts of traditional high-GWP reaction products such as CF 4 .
- oxalyl fluoride reacts essentially completely and its break-down compounds include HF, CO 2 and CO, all of which are relatively benign to the environment.
- the effluent has a GWP of no greater than about 5000, more preferably no greater than about 3000, still more preferably no greater than about 1500, yet more preferably no greater than about 1000, yet even more preferably no greater than about 500, and still yet more preferably no greater than
- the etching/cleaning composition of the present invention and a substantial portion of the reaction products formed therefrom are also amenable to water scrubbing using conventional scrubbing technology and chemical systems.
- commonly-used etchants CF 4 are also amenable to water scrubbing using conventional scrubbing technology and chemical systems.
- etching/cleaning compositions of the present invention can be used with little fear of contributing to global warming and without the need for complex and costly capture/recycle and/or abatement systems.
- the etchant compounds for use in the present invention are commercially- available or can be readily synthesized from commercially-available starting materials. For example, U.S. Patent No.
- the amount of etchant compound(s) in the etching/cleaning composition should be sufficient to impart the desired degree of etching capability. It is believed that, for most applications, the concentration of the etchant compound in the etching composition should be no less than about 1 % by volume. Preferably, the etchant compound in the etching composition should comprise by volume no less than about 20%, and more preferably no less than about 50% .
- the etching/cleaning composition of the present invention may comprise other constituents in addition to etchant compound(s).
- the additional constituents may be used to aid etching and/or impart "selectivity.”
- selectivity refers to the ability of the etching composition to etch one material at a different etch rate than another material.
- etching composition etches the underlying material at a greater rate than the photoresist.
- the etchant compounds for use in the present invention possess this "photoresist" selectivity.
- Etchant-modifiers and their function are well known in the art (see, for example, Zhang et al., Fluorocarbon High Density Plasmas. VII. Investigation of Selective Si0 2 -to-Si 3 N 4 High Density Plasma Etch Processes, J. VAC. SCI. TECHNOL A14(4) (Jul/Aug 1996)). Consequently, one skilled in the art can determine the types and amounts of etchant-modifiers to use to achieve desired selectivity.
- the addition of hydrogen and/or hydrogen-containing compounds, such as hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, to the etching composition tends to enhance polymerization on the surface of certain materials and not others. Polymerization tends to retard etch rates.
- oxalyl fluoride alone does not exhibit much selectivity between materials, but when used with other hydrogen-containing gases it tends to exhibit favorable etch selectivities toward materials used in manufacturing semiconductors, such as polycrystalline Si, single crystal Si, SiO 2 , and Si 3 N 4 .
- the addition of nitrogen to the etching composition tends to alter the chemistry of the plasma reaction thereby increasing polymerization on certain surfaces. Other compounds such as oxygen tend to increase the etch rate of oxygen-containing materials such as SiC ⁇ .
- the etchant-modifier comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of O 2 , H 2 , N 2 , C,-C 5 hydrocarbons, C,-C 5 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), C C 4 perfluorocarbons, and a compound, different from the etchant compound, but having a general formula selected from Formula (1) or (2) wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , or R 4"7 is hydrogen. More preferably, the etchant-modifier is neither included in Formulas (1) and (2), nor is it a C 2 -C 4 perfluorocarbon. Still more preferably, the etchant-modifier is selected from O 2 ,
- HFCs are preferred as etchant-modifiers due to their lower GWP and polymerizing capability.
- the etchant- modifier is an HFC, such as, for example, an iso er of pentafluoropropane, hexafluoropropane, tetrafluoroethane, and pentafluoroethane.
- the HFC is either 1, 1, 1 ,3,3-pentafluoropropane or 1 , 1, 1 ,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane.
- the amount of etchant-modifier present in the etching/cleaning composition should be sufficient to impart the desired selectivity between materials. It has been found that effective selectivity is obtained wherein the concentration of the etchant-modifier in the etching composition by volume ranges from about 0.1 to about 99%, and more preferably, from about 5 to about 60%.
- etching composition may be preferable also to include other constituents in the etching composition.
- a entraining carrier gas such as argon, helium or mixtures thereof, especially to impart volatility to etching composition which have low vapor pressure (alternatively, liquid-feed systems may be employed to introduce low vapor pressure etching compositions).
- a high ionization energy gas such as, for example, argon, helium, or mixtures thereof to the process to enhance ion bombardment of the material's surface.
- the amount of entraining carrier gas or high energy gas present in the etching/cleaning composition should be sufficient to impart the desired volatility or additional ion concentration. It is believed that, for most applications, suitable results will be obtained with an etching composition comprising by volume from about 0.1 to about 99% and, preferably, from about 5 to about 60% of the carrier or high energy gas.
- etching method of the present invention conventional apparatus and techniques can be employed.
- one or more wafers are placed in a chamber and the pressure is reduced by a vacuum pump.
- a plasma is formed by introducing a suitable etching composition into a low-pressure chamber and then applying an RF field to the contents in the chamber.
- the energized species of the etching composition attack the material to be removed either physically by bombarding the surface or chemically by forming a volatile material, such as SiF 4 , which can be pumped from the vacuum chamber.
- the process is stopped when the desired amount of material has been removed from the wafer surface.
- An overview of plasma etching is provided in W. KERN, THIN FILM PROCESS (1978) and in PLASMA ETCHING & INTRODUCTION (B.M. Manos et al. eds. 1989).
- Exemplary operating conditions include etching gas flow rates from about 1 to about 500 standard cubic centimeters per minute (seem); wafer temperatures from about -200 to about 200°C; pressures from about 0.05 to about 500 mTorr; power from about 20 to about 5000 watts; and a bias voltage across the wafer or article being etched/cleaned ranging from about 1 to about 500 volts DC.
- the time of etching depends upon the desired amount of material to be removed and ranges from seconds to hours.
- the first eight examples show the etching capability of oxalyl fluoride on various materials under different operating conditions.
- the specific conditions and average etch rates are set forth in Table 1 below.
- This example shows that oxalyl fluoride has sufficient selectivity to etch silicon rather than the photoresist and is practical for the manufacture of semiconductors.
- a silicon wafer was coated with photoresist, patterned, and etched under conditions similar to Example 5. The photoresist was then removed after five minutes. Analysis of the resulting structure using an electron microscope revealed that the silicon etched at a greater rate than the photoresist.
- compositions are within the scope of the invention and comprise 20% by volume of oxalyl fluoride and 80% by volume of the indicated etchant-modifier: iple No. Etchant-modifier
- compositions selectively etch one material over another, and are suitable for etching different substrates of a wafer, for example, SiOj over Si.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU20110/99A AU2011099A (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-12-23 | Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds |
JP2000526968A JP2002500444A (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-12-23 | Etching and cleaning method using fluorinated carbonyl compound |
EP98964889A EP1042800A1 (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-12-23 | Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds |
KR1020007007339A KR100603654B1 (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-12-23 | Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/001,325 | 1997-12-31 | ||
US09/001,325 US6635185B2 (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1997-12-31 | Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999034429A1 true WO1999034429A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 |
Family
ID=21695460
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1998/027429 WO1999034429A1 (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-12-23 | Method of etching and cleaning using fluorinated carbonyl compounds |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6635185B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1042800A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002500444A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100603654B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2011099A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999034429A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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- 1998-12-23 KR KR1020007007339A patent/KR100603654B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-12-23 AU AU20110/99A patent/AU2011099A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-12-23 EP EP98964889A patent/EP1042800A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-12-23 WO PCT/US1998/027429 patent/WO1999034429A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3013679A1 (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1980-11-13 | Perkin Elmer Corp | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CHEMICAL TREATING WORKPIECES |
US5445712A (en) * | 1992-03-25 | 1995-08-29 | Sony Corporation | Dry etching method |
EP0776032A2 (en) * | 1995-10-26 | 1997-05-28 | Tokyo Electron Limited | Plasma etching method |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
COBURN J W ET AL: "SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE FLUOROCARBON PLASMA ETCHING OF SILICON AND ITS COMPOUNDS", IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, vol. 23, no. 1, January 1979 (1979-01-01), pages 33 - 41, XP000615160 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10453986B2 (en) | 2008-01-23 | 2019-10-22 | Solvay Fluor Gmbh | Process for the manufacture of solar cells |
WO2010138999A1 (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2010-12-09 | The Australian National University | Plasma etching of chalcogenides |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2011099A (en) | 1999-07-19 |
US20020096487A1 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
US6635185B2 (en) | 2003-10-21 |
EP1042800A1 (en) | 2000-10-11 |
JP2002500444A (en) | 2002-01-08 |
KR20010033793A (en) | 2001-04-25 |
KR100603654B1 (en) | 2006-07-24 |
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