WO1999035754A1 - Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999035754A1 WO1999035754A1 PCT/US1999/000342 US9900342W WO9935754A1 WO 1999035754 A1 WO1999035754 A1 WO 1999035754A1 US 9900342 W US9900342 W US 9900342W WO 9935754 A1 WO9935754 A1 WO 9935754A1
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- filter
- signal
- signal strength
- channel
- bandwidth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/10—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
- H04B1/1027—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal
- H04B1/1036—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal with automatic suppression of narrow band noise or interference, e.g. by using tuneable notch filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/10—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
- H04B1/1027—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal
- H04B2001/1054—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal by changing bandwidth
Definitions
- the present invention relates to receivers, and more particularly to the use of intermediary frequency filters in receivers.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a typical wireless communications systems 2.
- a plurality of mobile stations (MS) 10 are located in a geographical service area covered by cells Cl through C6.
- Radio base stations (RBS) 4 are positioned within the geographic area covered by the cells Cl through C6 and act as an interface between the mobile station 10 and the wireless communications system 2.
- the radio base stations 4 are connected by a dedicated wireline to a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 6, also known as a mobile service switching center in certain wireless communications systems.
- MTSO 6 is connected a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 8 and may be connected to other MTSO's (illustrated by dotted line).
- PSTN public switched telephone network
- the MTSO 6 controls the operation of the radio base stations 4 within the wireless communications system 2, such as setting up calls and coordinating the activities of the radio base stations 4. In addition, the MTSO 6 acts as switch to direct calls to and from the proper radio base station 4. The other MTSO's similarly control other radio base stations.
- the wireless communications system 2 of Figure 1 has only a limited band of allowed frequency usage.
- the geographical service area of the wireless communications system 2 is divided into a plurality of cells Cl. through C6, with each cell assigned a set of channels in the allowed frequency band.
- Each set of channels is reused every k number of cells so that adjacent cells are assigned a set of disjoint channels to try to alleviate co-channel interference.
- An important consideration when designing receivers for use in cellular telephony systems is range of a signal, especially when a particular cell is large. For example in DLMR systems, cells are often large and range is an important performance criterion. As a result, receivers in mobile stations are typically optimized for performance in consideration of such factors as range of detection.
- ACI adjacent channel interference
- ACI is often not taken into consideration when designing the receivers in mobile stations.
- ACI is present in cellular telephony systems especially when users in adjacent channels are uncoordinated, i.e., the users are transmitting and receiving to respective adjacent channels.
- This oversimplification of the environment in which mobile stations operate leads to a design of receivers which is not optimum, especially in the presence of adjacent channel interference.
- the present invention is directed to a receiver for balancing considerations of adjacent channel interference and range of detection.
- the invention includes a controller that determines a first ratio of signal strength of a desired channel to signal strength of adjacent channels, and a receiver having a first filter with a first bandwidth and second filter with a second bandwidth that is narrower than the first bandwidth.
- the receiver further includes a switch that switches to the first filter in response to the first ratio being greater than a predetermined threshold and switches to the second filter in response to the first ratio being less than the predetermined threshold.
- Figure 1 illustrates a wireless communications system in which the present invention may be incorporated
- Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram of a mobile station of the present invention in the cellular telephony network
- Figure 3 illustrates a block diagram of a receiver of the present invention
- Figure 4 illustrates a flow chart of the operation of the receiver in the present invention
- Figure 5 illustrates a flow chart of a method for determining a predetermined threshold to switch filters in the present invention and the bandwidth of the filters installed in the mobile station;
- Figure 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method for determining thresholds and bandwidth of IF filters installed in the mobile station in the present invention
- Figure 7 illustrates a graph for determining thresholds and bandwidths of IF filters in the present invention.
- Figures 8a, 8b, and 8c illustrate embodiments of a down converter stage of a receiver in the present invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a mobile station 10 in which the present invention may be implemented.
- the mobile station 10 includes a controller 12 which controls the overall functions and operation of the mobile station 10.
- the controller 12 typically includes a central processing unit (CPU) and I/O ports (not shown) and a memory 14.
- the memory 14 includes a look-up table 15, explained in more detail below.
- the memory 14 may alternatively be located within controller 12.
- the controller 12 processes voice or data signals to and from a transceiver 16.
- the transceiver 16 includes a transmitter 18 and receiver 20.
- the transmitter 18 converts a voice or data signal from the controller 12 to a radio wave while the receiver 20 detects and demodulates a received radio wave into a voice or data signal, as explained in more detail below.
- the transceiver 16 is connected to an antenna 22 for radio transmission and reception of radio waves.
- the controller 12 is also connected to a microphone 24, speaker 26 and man-machine interface (MMI) 28.
- the microphone 24 includes a dynamic microphone, condenser microphone, or the like to transduce a user's voice into an electrical signal.
- An analog to digital converter (ADC) (not shown) converts the electrical signal into a digital voice signal.
- the speaker 26 outputs a received voice signal, and typically includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) (not shown) and amplifier (not shown).
- the man-machine interface 28 includes a display, such as an LED or LCD, and a keypad or other controls.
- a rechargeable battery 30 provides power to the mobile station 10.
- a synthesizer 13 is connected to the controller 12 and transceiver 16.
- the synthesizer 26 generates signals at variable frequencies in response to an input frequency value from the controller 12.
- the generated signals are communicated to the transceiver 16 for transmission by the transmitter 18 at a channel about the frequency of the generated signal and for reception by the receiver 20 at a channel about the frequency of the generated signal.
- the receiver 20 has the ability to switch between multiple intermediate frequency (IF) filters with varying bandwidth to optimize the range of detection of the receiver 20 and to minimize the effects of adjacent channel interference.
- IF intermediate frequency
- the bandwidth of the filter in a receiver in a mobile station is typically selected to optimize performance based on the range of detection in the absence of adjacent channel interference.
- this manner of design does not optimize performance of the receiver in the presence of adjacent channel interference.
- the bandwidth of the IF filter in the receiver is varied, such as by switching to another IF filter or adding another IF filter, depending on the adjacent channel interference.
- a narrower bandwidth in the IF filter results in a relatively small loss in range and a large gain in adjacent channel interference protection ratio (ACIPR).
- the threshold of adjacent channel interference at which to switch between IF filters, and thereby change filter bandwidth of the IF filters in the receiver 20 are predetermined to optimize the range of detection of the receiver 20 at the given level of adjacent channel interference, as explained in more detail below.
- the receiver 20 in the mobile station 10 is shown in more detail in Figure 3.
- the receiver 20 typically includes a low-noise amplifier (not shown), and a down converter stage 32, typically to an intermediate frequency.
- the down converter stage 32 includes two filter blocks, an analog filter block 34 and digital filter block 36.
- the analog filter block 34 and the digital filter block 36 may include at least two IF filters 33a and 33b.
- the down converter stage 32 may include further IF filters with varying bandwidths, as shown in more detail with respect to Figures 8a through c.
- the IF filters 33a and 33b are shown in dotted lines to indicate that the IF filters may be ceramic analog digital filters located in the analog filter block 34 or digital filters in the digital filter block 36 or a combination thereof.
- the IF filters 33a and 33b have different bandwidths, one being narrower than the other, that optimize the balance between maximizing the range of detection of the receiver 20 and minimizing the effects of adjacent channel interference.
- Each of the filter blocks 34 and 36 also includes a switch 35 operable to switch between the two IF filters 33a and 33b.
- the receiver 20 further includes a demodulator 38, deinterleaver 40 and decoder 42.
- the demodulator 38 retrieves the transmitted signal from the carrier signal, as is well known in the art.
- the deinterleaver 40 also known as a demultiplexer
- the decoder 42 converts the output signal from the deinterleaver 40 from analog to digital and/or decodes any source or channel encoding performed on the signal before transmission.
- the receiver 20 may have other functionality as well, such as decryption, frequency despreading, or multiple access. Some functions such as decryption and decoding may be performed by the controller 12 shown in Figure 1 rather than the receiver 20.
- step 50 the mobile station
- the mobile station 10 measures the signal strength of the two closest adjacent channels to its desired channel for receiving a signal. For example if the mobile station 10 desires to receive a signal on a 15kHz channel at 1950 to 1965 MHZ, the mobile station 10 measures the signal strength of the right adjacent channel at 1965 to 1980 MHZ and the signal strength of the left adjacent channel at 1935 to 1950 MHZ. In a D- AMPS, or TDMA or TDMA/FDMA cellular system, the mobile station 10 may monitor the adjacent channels during idle time slots. For example, in such systems as described by the EIA/TIA-IS-136 standard or the IS-54-B standard, while on a traffic channel, a mobile station 10 is actively transmitting and receiving less than two-thirds of the time.
- the mobile station 10 may scan and measure the signal strength of adjacent channels.
- the mobile station 10 may have to occasionally decide not to monitor an incoming frame in order to monitor and measure the signal strength of an adjacent channel.
- the transceiver 16 may simultaneously tune to the desired channel and one of the adjacent channel.
- the receiver 20 measures the strength of the left and right adjacent channels, denoted herein as S, and S r respectively.
- S the left and right adjacent channels
- S r refix signal strength indicator
- These signal strength measurements may be refix signal strength indicator (RSSI) measures, for instance, or other measurements that indicate the power of the signal, such as signal energy to noise E b /N 0 .
- RSSI refix signal strength indicator
- the measurements S, and S r may be in decibels or amps.
- the signal strength measurements S j and S r may also be averaged over several frames to account for fading.
- the controller 12 of the mobile station 10 determines the adjacent channels to measure and signals the synthesizer 13 to generate a frequency corresponding to the adjacent channel to measure.
- the controller 12 signals the receiver 20 to measure the signal strength of the signal on that adjacent channel.
- the receiver 20 performs the measurement and returns the signal strength measurement to the controller 12.
- step 52 the mobile station 10 measures the signal strength of the signal in the desired channel, denoted herein as S d .
- This signal strength measurement S d is preferably in the same units as the signal strength measurements S l and S r of the adjacent channels.
- step 54 the controller 12 computes the signal strength ratio p, r of the signal strength S d of the desired channel to the signal strength of the adjacent channels S, and S r .
- the equation for the signal strength ratio p lr is shown below.
- the controller 12 compares the computed signal strength ratio p lr to a predetermined threshold which is stored in a look-up table 15 in the memory 14, in step 56. If the signal strength ratio p lr is larger than the predetermined threshold (i.e. no significant adjacent channel interference exists), then the controller 12 signals the receiver 20 to switch to a filter in the down converter stage 32 with a wider bandwidth. A filter with a wider bandwidth allows for a longer range of detection than a narrower bandwidth. Thus, when the signal strength ratio p, r is large, the adjacent channel interference is not significant enough to switch to a narrower bandwidth which may result in a reduction of range of detection.
- the controller 12 signals the receiver 20 to switch to a filter in the down converter stage 32 with a narrower bandwidth, in step 60.
- the narrow bandwidth decreases the effect of adjacent channel interference on the desired signal but also decreases the range of detection.
- the predetermined threshold is chosen to optimize the balance between range of detection and adjacent channel interference for a particular application.
- the determination of the threshold is explained in further detail with respect to
- the predetermined threshold is stored in the look-up table 15 in the memory 14.
- the mobile station 10 may alternatively monitor reliability information for the desired channel. For example, the mobile station 10 may monitor equalizer cumulative metric, decoder cumulative metric or detected error information, such as BER, for the desired channel. The receiver 20 may then switch between IF filters having narrower and wider bandwidths such as filters 33a and 33b in the download converter stage 32 and monitor the reliability information to evaluate the effect that the switch in filters has on the performance of the receiver 20. The mobile station 10 evaluates the results and then switches to the filter with the bandwidth resulting in the highest reliability for the desired channel.
- the mobile station 10 may monitor equalizer cumulative metric, decoder cumulative metric or detected error information, such as BER, for the desired channel.
- the receiver 20 may then switch between IF filters having narrower and wider bandwidths such as filters 33a and 33b in the download converter stage 32 and monitor the reliability information to evaluate the effect that the switch in filters has on the performance of the receiver 20.
- the mobile station 10 evaluates the results and then switches to the filter with the bandwidth resulting in the highest reliability for the desired channel.
- step 62 the mobile station 10 measures the signal strength of adjacent channels S, and S r and the signal strength of the desired channel S d similarly as in the embodiment in Figure 4.
- step 64 the controller 12 then computes a left signal strength ratio of the left adjacent channel and a right signal strength desired channel, denoted as p, and the ratio of the right adjacent channel and the desired channel, denoted as p r , as shown below.
- the controller 12 also computes the signal strength ratio p lr of the signal strength of the desired channel to the adjacent channels as previously explained.
- the controller 12 in step 66 compares the signal strength ratio p )r to a first predetermined threshold stored in the look-up table 15 in the memory 14. If the signal strength ratio p lr is greater than the first predetermined threshold, i.e. no significant adjacent channel interference exists, the receiver uses a filter with a wider bandwidth, as shown in step 68. If the ratio p, r is less than the first predetermined threshold in step 66, then the controller 12 determines the relationship between p, and p r and selects an IF filter in down converter stage 32 in response to the relationship. In step 70, the mobile station 10 determines if p, and p r are equal or if their difference is less than a second predetermined threshold stored in the look up table 15 in the memory 14.
- the mobile station 10 selects an IF filter in down converter stage 32 that has a narrower bandwidth.
- the IF filter has a roll-off from its 3-dB cut-off on both the left and right side of the peak that are approximately equal.
- a 3-dB cut-off frequency for a filter is a filter frequency characteristic where for frequencies within the cut-off, the magnitude of the frequency response spectrum for the filter
- the controller 12 determines if left signal strength ratio p, is much greater than right signal strength p r , i.e. the difference p, - p r exceeds the second predetermined threshold. If so, the controller 12 signals the receiver 20 to switch to a filter which is narrower on the right side of the peak, i.e. has a greater roll-off from its 3 dB cut-off. Since left signal strength ratio p, is greater than right signal strength p r , the effect of adjacent channel interference is greater from the right adjacent channel.
- a greater rate of roll-off on the right side from the filter's frequency cut-off will help alleviate channel interference without reducing detection of range more than necessary.
- the left side from the peak of the filter's frequency response spectrum may remain at the same bandwidth as the filter with the wider bandwidth used in step 68.
- right signal strength ratio p r is much greater than left signal strength ratio p, , i.e. the difference p r - p, exceeds the second predetermined threshold, the receiver 20 switches to a filter which is narrower on the left side of the peak, i.e. has a greater roll-off from its 3 dB cut-off.
- a greater rate of roll-off on the left side from the filter's frequency cut-off will help alleviate adjacent channel interference without reducing detection of range more than necessary.
- the right side from the peak of the filter's frequency response spectrum may remain at the same bandwidth as the filter used in step 68 with the wider bandwidth.
- the first and second predetermined thresholds are again chosen to optimize the performance of the receiver 20 in view of the trade-off between range of detection and adjacent channel interference.
- the receiver 20 of the embodiment of Figure 5 thus includes IF filters exhibiting four different bandwidths: a wider bandwidth, a narrower bandwidth, a narrower bandwidth on the right side and a narrower bandwidth on the left side.
- Figure 6 illustrates a method of selecting the predetermined thresholds and bandwidth of the filters in the embodiments of Figures 4 and 5.
- the IF filters are preferably bandpass filters and may be of various designs known in the art, such as Butterworth filters or Chebyshev filters.
- the determination of the thresholds and bandwidth of the filters is application specific and thus varies depending on such factors as data rate, channel size, bit error rate desired, and other factors in the application. Once such factors are given for an application, IF filters with various applicable bandwidths should be selected for the determination, as shown in step 80.
- an application may have IF filters that are Butterworth filters, in a 12.5 kHz channel, with a data rate of 18 kbps, a symbol rate of 9 ksps, in a ⁇ /4-DQPSK system.
- the resulting 3 dB bandwidths then for the IF filters in this example application are equal to 7.57, 7.97, 8.35, 8.72, 9.11 and 9.49 kHz respectively.
- step 82 the value of the carrier to adjacent channel interferer ratio (C/A) is measured for each filter at various bit error rates(BER).
- the range of measurements of BER depends on the performance requirement of the system.
- step 86 the value of the carrier to adjacent channel interferer ratio C/A is plotted versus BER for each of the filters. An example of such a plot is shown in Figure 7 for the above described application. In this example, for simplicity, it was assumed that only interference from a left channel was present.
- an optimal filter for various ranges of carrier to adjacent channel interference ratio C/A that minimizes bit error rate BER may be ascertained.
- the filters with narrower bandwidths yield the lowest bit error rates.
- the filters with wider bandwidths yield the lowest bit error rates.
- One or more predetermined thresholds may be selected depending on the embodiment of the invention implemented. Once selected, the predetermined thresholds and corresponding filter bandwidths are stored in the look-up table 15 in memory 14.
- the receiver switches to the optimal filters indicated in the look-up table 15.
- Figures 8a through 8c illustrate sample embodiments of the down converter stage 32 to implement the present invention.
- the bandwidth of the IF filters may be modified to implement the present invention in the analog domain or the digital domain.
- the analog filter block 34 of the receiver 20 includes a standard analog filter 94 at a wider bandwidth and one or more alternate analog filters 96, 98, 100 with narrower bandwidths.
- the analog filters are typically ceramic bandpass filters and may each themselves comprise a cascade of filters to obtain the desired bandwidth.
- the alternate analog filters may include a filter with a narrower bandwidth 96, a filter with a narrower bandwidth on the right side 98 and a filter with a narrower bandwidth on the left side 100.
- the receiver 20 also includes a switch 92 operable to switch between the analog filters 94, 96, 98 and 100 in response to a signal indicating which filter to select.
- the analog filter block 34 includes a standard analog filter 102 at a wider bandwidth.
- the receiver 20 also includes a switch 104 operable to switch one or more alternate analog filters 106, 108 and 110 in series with the standard analog filter 102 to obtain a narrower overall filter.
- the alternate analog filter 106 may create a filter having a narrower bandwidth, while alternate analog filter 108 creates a filter with a narrower bandwidth on the right side and the alternate analog filter 110 creates a narrower bandwidth on the left side.
- the analog filter block 34 only includes a standard analog filter 112 with a wider bandwidth.
- the digital filter block 36 includes a standard digital filter 114 and additional digital filters 116, 118, and 120.
- the additional digital filters may include a filter with a narrower bandwidth 116, a filter with a narrower bandwidth on the right side 118 and a filter with a narrower bandwidth on the left side 120.
- a switch 122 is operable to selectably switch between the digital filters 114, 116, 118 and 122.
- any receiver operating in an environment with adjacent channel interference may benefit from the present invention.
- a satellite system where adjacent channels may be used in the same beam, and where link margin is very tight, may benefit from the present invention.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU21077/99A AU2107799A (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters |
BR9906797-8A BR9906797A (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | Process for adjusting at least one signal processing characteristic of a receiver, receiver, and interference-fighting process of adjacent channels in a receiver |
EEP200000419A EE200000419A (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | Method and device for reducing interference caused by neighboring channels using multiple intermediate frequency filters |
DE69906685T DE69906685D1 (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR COMBATING NEIGHBORHOOD CHANNEL INTERFERENCE WITH SEVERAL INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY FILTERS |
EP99901362A EP1046237B1 (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters |
HK01106453A HK1035973A1 (en) | 1998-01-08 | 2001-09-12 | Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/004,481 US6047171A (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1998-01-08 | Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple IF filters |
US09/004,481 | 1998-01-08 |
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WO1999035754A1 true WO1999035754A1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1999/000342 WO1999035754A1 (en) | 1998-01-08 | 1999-01-06 | Method and apparatus for combating adjacent channel interference using multiple if filters |
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US (1) | US6047171A (en) |
EP (1) | EP1046237B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1130839C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2107799A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9906797A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69906685D1 (en) |
EE (1) | EE200000419A (en) |
HK (1) | HK1035973A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999035754A1 (en) |
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- 1999-01-06 EE EEP200000419A patent/EE200000419A/en unknown
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1046237B1 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
EE200000419A (en) | 2002-02-15 |
DE69906685D1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
BR9906797A (en) | 2000-10-17 |
HK1035973A1 (en) | 2001-12-14 |
AU2107799A (en) | 1999-07-26 |
CN1288609A (en) | 2001-03-21 |
CN1130839C (en) | 2003-12-10 |
EP1046237A1 (en) | 2000-10-25 |
US6047171A (en) | 2000-04-04 |
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