WO1999046850A1 - Bi-directional ac or dc voltage regulator - Google Patents
Bi-directional ac or dc voltage regulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999046850A1 WO1999046850A1 PCT/GB1999/000601 GB9900601W WO9946850A1 WO 1999046850 A1 WO1999046850 A1 WO 1999046850A1 GB 9900601 W GB9900601 W GB 9900601W WO 9946850 A1 WO9946850 A1 WO 9946850A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- directional
- circuit
- input
- output
- voltage regulator
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
- H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/005—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output using Cuk converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of electrical power supplies, and particularly although not exclusively to a bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator.
- a conventional AC variable transformer for stepping down a mains voltage, for example 230 volts AC to a reduced AC voltage, comprises AC voltage input terminals, across which is connected an inductive winding, and AC output terminals, which draw power from the winding at a selectable voltage, depending upon where a wiper blade is positioned along the winding.
- the wiper is typically a rotating wiper which rotates across the winding which is formed in a substantially cylindrical or ring shape.
- the wiper may be driven by a servo motor, in order to automatically move the wiper, thus varying the output voltage in response to a control signal .
- the conventional variac has the problems of high weight, large size and poor response time in moving the wiper blade, and produces noise which is fed back onto the mains supply and through to the output terminals.
- a basic topology "Cuk converter as illustrated in Figure 1 of the drawings, has a circuit comprising input and output choke inductances LI and L2, an energy-transfer capacitor Cl , an output smoothing capacitor C2 , a diode Dl and a switching transistor Ql .
- This arrangement permits the DC output voltage to be stepped up or stepped down for a given input voltage depending on the proportion of time the transistor Ql conducts during a period of its operation. This ratio is known as the duty cycle of the transistor.
- the diode Dl is forward biased and the capacitor Cl is charged in the positive direction through the inductor LI.
- the transistor Ql is turned on, and the capacitor Cl becomes connected across the diode D l , reverse biasing it.
- the capacitor Cl discharges through the load and the output inductance L2 , charging the output capacitor C2 to a negative potential .
- the circuit operation is repeated when the transistor Ql is turned off again.
- the D C output voltage V out is dependent upon a number of parameters. Firstly the input voltage V in naturally effects the voltage value across the output terminals of the converter. If all other parameters are kept constant and the input voltage V in is increased, the DC output voltage of the converter will also increase. As discussed previously, the duty cycle ( ⁇ ) of conduction of the transistor Q l is another parameter which effects the DC output voltage V out . A high duty cycle ( ⁇ ) may yield a stepped up voltage at the output terminals, while a low duty cycle ( ⁇ ) will produce an output voltage V out which is smaller in magnitude than the input voltage V in . The remaining principal parameter which controls converter performance is the converter circuit efficiency (e ) .
- FIG. 3 illustrates how an isolating transformer TX1 can be introduced to the 'Cuk converter to provide galvanic isolation between the output and the input voltages V out and V jn .
- the transformer TX1 is isolated by the two energy-transfer capacitors Cla and Clb, no DC transformer core magnetization can take place.
- the Cuk converter illustrated in Figure 4 has coupling of the input and output inductances LI and L2 and an isolating transformer TX1. This converter benefits from the features described above but its basic operation remains unchanged.
- the converter illustrated in Figure 5 is similar to a basic topology Cuk converter and is essentially a DC regulator, the additional components, a second transistor Q2 and second diode D2, permit bi-directional operation of the converter .
- the controlling signals supplying the base of the transistors switch each of the transistors on and off alternately, in anti-phase with each other.
- the energy- ransfer capacitor Cl is connected across the first diode Dl , reverse biasing it. Therefore, the energy-transfer capacitor Cl discharges through the output load and inductance L2 , and in the process charges the output capacitance C2b to a negative potential .
- FIG. 6 illustrates the addition of such an isolating transformer TX1 to the circuit of Figure 5.
- Cuk converter technology has been used exclusively to convert a DC input voltage to a DC output voltage, and is essentially uni-directional in terms of power flow.
- the present Application addresses the problem of providing an apparatus which permits bi-directional power flow so as to be able to accommodate regenerative load currents.
- the invention provides an AC or DC voltage regulator/converter which, while functionally analogous to conventional iron/copper AC transformers, benefits from solid state control so as to permit a reduction in weight, size and cost while improving performance when compared to conventional means .
- a bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator having a controller, an input circuit and an output circuit, the input and output circuits being capacitively coupled one to the other and being symmetrical one relative to the other, wherein each circuit comprises two terminals across which are connected a capacitor and, in parallel with the capacitor, a series connection of an inductor and a switching network controlled by the controller; CHARACTERIZED IN THAT: each switching network has two branches in anti-parallel, wherein each branch comprises a switching means for permitting only uni-directional current flow.
- an isolation transformer in conjunction with a pair of energy transfer capacitors can be inserted between the input and output circuits permitting magnetic and capacitive coupling thereof.
- the input and output circuits may be coupled capacitively only, through a single energy transfer capacitor.
- the turns ratio may be selected so as to establish the required output voltage range for a given input voltage .
- the inductor of the input circuit is magnetically coupled to the inductor of the output circuit.
- each switching means effectively comprises a series connection of a transistor and an aligned diode.
- the controller monitors the polarity of the input voltage so as to establish which of the switching means would, if closed, permit current to flow through the switching network.
- the controller operates at high frequency the transistor in the input circuit which, if closed, would permit current flow through the switching network, and simultaneously operates the oppositely aligned transistor in the output circuit so that it is in the opposite switching state to the high frequency operated transistor in the input circui .
- the duty cycle of the transistors in the input and output circuits which are operated at high frequency can be varied so as to vary the actual output voltage within an output voltage range.
- those transistors not operated at high frequency are held closed.
- Figure 1 is a network drawing of a basic topology Cuk converter
- Figure 2 is an extension of the converter shown in Figure
- Figure 3 is a further extension of a basic topology Cuk converter wherein an isolation transformer is introduced between the input and output terminals;
- Figure 4 illustrates a combination of the circuitry shown in Figures 2 and 3 ;
- Figure 5 shows a modification to a basic topology Cuk converter which permits bi-directional power flow
- Figure 6 is an extension of the converter of Figure 5 wherein an isolating transformer is introduced between the input and output terminals;
- Figure 7 shows a bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator/transformer according to the invention in which the input and output circuits are coupled through an isolating transformer;
- Figure 8 shows a bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator/transformer according to the invention with a slightly different topography geometry of the switching networks and in which the input and output circuits are directly coupled through a capacitor.
- a bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator/transformer according to the invention comprises an input circuit and an output circuit which is symmetrical to the input circuit .
- the regulator/transformer is fully symmetrical with regard to the input and output terminals, power may flow in either direction giving the regulator/transformer its bi-directional characteristics. As such, the input and output terminals can be interchanged.
- the regulator/transformer will first be described with reference to an AC input .
- the input circuit has two terminals ACl and AC2 across which are connected a capacitor C2a and, in parallel with the capacitor C2a, a choke inductor LI serially connected to an energy-transfer capacitor Cla which in turn is connected to a winding of an isolating transformer TX1 that magnetically couples the input and output circuits.
- a switching network SI comprising two diodes Dl and D2 and two transistors Ql and Q2, is connected between the inductor Ll/capacitor Cla junction and the transformer winding/terminal AC2 junction of the circuit.
- transistors Ql and Q4 switch alternately at high frequency in response to a high frequency control signal from the controller.
- transistor Ql is off and transistor Q4 is on.
- diode D4 is forward biased and the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb charge through the choke inductor LI.
- the switching states of transistors Ql and Q4 are reversed. Once this occurs, the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb discharge, driving current through the output load via inductance L2 , and charging the output capacitor C2b. Circuit operation is repeated when transistor Ql is turned off and transistor Q4 is turned on again.
- transistor Q2 and transistor Q3 are held on and therefore, in conjunction with diode D2 and diode D3 , provide bi-directional current paths.
- transistors Ql and Q4 switch alternately at high frequency in response to the high frequency control signal from the controller.
- transistor Q4 is off and transistor Ql is on.
- diode Dl is forward biased and the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb charge through the choke inductor L2.
- the switching states of transistors Ql and Q4 are reversed. Once this occurs, the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb discharge, driving current out through the input terminals via inductance LI, and charging the input capacitor C2a. Circuit operation is repeated when transistor Q4 is turned off and transistor Ql is turned on again.
- transistor Ql and transistor Q4 are held on and therefore, in conjunction with diode Dl and diode D4 , provide bi-directional current paths.
- transistors Q2 and Q3 switch alternately at high frequency in response to the high frequency control signal from the controller.
- transistor Q2 is off and transistor Q3 is on.
- diode D3 is forward biased and the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb charge through the choke inductor LI.
- the switching states of transistors Q2 and Q3 are reversed.
- diode D2 is forward biased and the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb charge through the choke inductor L2.
- the switching states of transistors Q2 and Q3 are reversed. Once this occurs, the energy transfer capacitors Cla and Clb discharge, driving current out through the input terminals via inductance LI, and charging the input capacitor C2a. Circuit operation is repeated when transistor Q3 is turned off and transistor Q2 is turned on again.
- the output voltage V ou across the output terminals AC3 and AC4 is dependent upon the input voltage V in and the high frequency switching duty cycle of SI and S2.
- the input voltage amplitude Vj_ n is sinusoidal, the output voltage V ou will follow in proportion dependent upon the high frequency switching duty cycle of SI and S2 and the turns ratio of the isolating transformer TX1.
- the frequency of the control signal is preferably from one to several orders of magnitude greater than the AC input frequency and may be, for example, from 500 Hertz to 250 KHertz.
- each switching network SI and S2 are illustrated as a pair of series-connected transistors and diodes, Q1-D2 and Q2-D1 for example, connected at their transistor-diode junctions.
- This topography enables the use of integrated circuit sub-assemblies of Ql and Dl, and Q2 and D2.
- the transistor-diode uni-directional switching means of Figure 7 is exactly the same as that of Figure 8 in which two discrete branches are shown for each switching network.
- the input circuit and output circuit are shown as being coupled, not by the capacitors Cla and Clb and isolating transformer TX1 of Figure 7, but by a capacitor Cl which is connected between the inductor (Ll, L2) /switching network (S1;S2) junctions of both circuits; and by a direct connection of the switching network (SI; S2) /terminal (AC2 ; AC4) junctions of both circuits.
- the circuit of Figure 8 loses the step up/step down function of the circuit of Figure 7 which is achieved by choice of the turns ratio of the isolating transformer TX1, but still permits step up or down by control of the duty cycle and bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulation as otherwise described with reference to Figure 7.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
- Inverter Devices (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
- Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)
- Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69940884T DE69940884D1 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | BIDIRECTIONAL AC / DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR |
US09/623,777 US6294900B1 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | Bi-directional AC or DC voltage regulator |
AU32614/99A AU3261499A (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | Bi-directional ac or dc voltage regulator |
EP99939234A EP1084531B1 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | Bi-directional ac/dc voltage regulator |
JP2000536130A JP4246914B2 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | Bi-directional AC or DC voltage controller |
AT99939234T ATE431639T1 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | BIDIRECTIONAL AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9805021.4 | 1998-03-11 | ||
GB9805021A GB2335317A (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1998-03-11 | Bi-directional voltage converter |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999046850A1 true WO1999046850A1 (en) | 1999-09-16 |
Family
ID=10828262
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1999/000601 WO1999046850A1 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1999-03-01 | Bi-directional ac or dc voltage regulator |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6294900B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1084531B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4246914B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100588233B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE431639T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU3261499A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69940884D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2325873T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2335317A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999046850A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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WO2002052704A2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-07-04 | 3D Instruments Limited | Switched mode circuit topologies |
JP2010519694A (en) * | 2007-02-26 | 2010-06-03 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Lighting device drive |
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US6462962B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-10-08 | Slobodan Cuk | Lossless switching DC-to-DC converter |
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US20050162870A1 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2005-07-28 | Hirst B. M. | Power converter |
AU2005253207B2 (en) | 2004-06-08 | 2010-05-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for operating an electronically controlled inverter and arrangement for carrying out said method |
RU2354034C2 (en) * | 2004-07-12 | 2009-04-27 | Сименс Аг Эстеррайх | Method of operating dc-to-ac voltage converter and device implementing method |
JP4535492B2 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2010-09-01 | 株式会社京三製作所 | Buck-boost chopper circuit |
GB0517163D0 (en) | 2005-08-20 | 2005-09-28 | Trw Ltd | Motor device circuits |
US7433207B2 (en) * | 2006-03-15 | 2008-10-07 | Asbu Holdings, Llc | Bi-directional isolated DC/DC converter |
US7382113B2 (en) * | 2006-03-17 | 2008-06-03 | Yuan Ze University | High-efficiency high-voltage difference ratio bi-directional converter |
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US7960870B2 (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2011-06-14 | Xslent Energy Technologies, Llc | Power extractor for impedance matching |
US9431828B2 (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2016-08-30 | Xslent Energy Technologies | Multi-source, multi-load systems with a power extractor |
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US8013474B2 (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2011-09-06 | Xslent Energy Technologies, Llc | System and apparatuses with multiple power extractors coupled to different power sources |
US7847437B2 (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2010-12-07 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Efficient operating point for double-ended inverter system |
US20110149611A1 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-23 | Intersil Americas Inc. | Bidirectional signal conversion |
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US10890932B2 (en) | 2018-08-20 | 2021-01-12 | Eaton Intelligent Power Limited | Electrical network configured to magnetically couple to a winding and to control magnetic saturation in a magnetic core |
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US20220416653A1 (en) * | 2021-06-24 | 2022-12-29 | Psemi Corporation | Multi-Level Structures and Methods for Switched-Mode Power Supplies |
US11923765B2 (en) | 2021-11-01 | 2024-03-05 | Psemi Corporation | Multi-level power converters having a top and bottom high-voltage protective switches |
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-
1999
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- 1999-03-01 JP JP2000536130A patent/JP4246914B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-01 WO PCT/GB1999/000601 patent/WO1999046850A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-03-01 AT AT99939234T patent/ATE431639T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-01 EP EP99939234A patent/EP1084531B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-01 KR KR1020007009944A patent/KR100588233B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-01 DE DE69940884T patent/DE69940884D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-01 US US09/623,777 patent/US6294900B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002052704A2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-07-04 | 3D Instruments Limited | Switched mode circuit topologies |
WO2002052704A3 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-12-05 | 3D Instr Ltd | Switched mode circuit topologies |
JP2010519694A (en) * | 2007-02-26 | 2010-06-03 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Lighting device drive |
JP2016015325A (en) * | 2007-02-26 | 2016-01-28 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェKoninklijke Philips N.V. | System for driving lighting device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9805021D0 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
ES2325873T3 (en) | 2009-09-22 |
JP2002507110A (en) | 2002-03-05 |
KR20010034560A (en) | 2001-04-25 |
US6294900B1 (en) | 2001-09-25 |
GB2335317A (en) | 1999-09-15 |
AU3261499A (en) | 1999-09-27 |
DE69940884D1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
ATE431639T1 (en) | 2009-05-15 |
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EP1084531A1 (en) | 2001-03-21 |
EP1084531B1 (en) | 2009-05-13 |
JP4246914B2 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
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