WO2000015335A1 - Epoxidation catalyst carrier, preparation and use thereof - Google Patents

Epoxidation catalyst carrier, preparation and use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000015335A1
WO2000015335A1 PCT/EP1999/006725 EP9906725W WO0015335A1 WO 2000015335 A1 WO2000015335 A1 WO 2000015335A1 EP 9906725 W EP9906725 W EP 9906725W WO 0015335 A1 WO0015335 A1 WO 0015335A1
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Prior art keywords
carrier
catalyst
species
lomzable
sodium
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PCT/EP1999/006725
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French (fr)
Inventor
John Robert Lockemeyer
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
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Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority to CA002343836A priority Critical patent/CA2343836C/en
Priority to KR1020017003173A priority patent/KR100641542B1/en
Priority to JP2000569914A priority patent/JP4794042B2/en
Priority to EP99969045A priority patent/EP1140354A1/en
Priority to AU59770/99A priority patent/AU757735B2/en
Priority to BR9913602-3A priority patent/BR9913602A/en
Publication of WO2000015335A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000015335A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/04—Alumina
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/50—Silver
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/58—Platinum group metals with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/66—Silver or gold
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/66—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/688—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J35/30—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/06—Washing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
    • C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
    • C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
    • C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
    • C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
    • C07D301/10—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase with catalysts containing silver or gold
    • B01J35/612—
    • B01J35/633—
    • B01J35/657—

Definitions

  • the invention relates .o a catalyst with improve ⁇ ⁇ catalytic properties, particularly a catalyst suitable for the preparation of epoxictes.
  • a catalyst carrier having a sodium soludilization rate, as measured by the amount released by immersion m 3:1 w/w of boiling water, of no greater than 5 ppmw, basis the total weight of the carrier, per 5 minutes.
  • a further embodiment of the invention provides a process for preparing said catalyst carrier wnerein said sodium solubilization rate is achieved by a means effective in rendering lomzable species present on the surface of the carrier ionic and removing at least part of that species, or rendering the lomzable species insoluble, or rendering the lomzable species immobile.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a catalyst, especially a catalyst suitable for the vapour phase epoxidation of olefins, the catalyst comprising said carrier and one or more catalytically reactive metals and optionally one or more promoting materials deposited thereon.
  • carriers which have a controlled solupilization rate in particular controlled sodium and/or soluble silicate solubilization rates, provide catalysts with improved catalytic properties, such as activity, selectivity and activity and/or selectivity performance over time. Controlling the solubilization rate is believed to work to improve the_ properties of most catalysts, no matter how impure the bulk carrier material. Further, controlling the solubilization rate will work for organic or inorganic carriers .
  • the typical carrier of the invention has a sodium solubilization rate m boiling water which is controlled to oe no greater than 5 ppmw/5 minutes.
  • solubilization rate refers to the measurable solubilization rate of the sodium in a solvent after the carrier is placed in the solvent for a specified time and at a ratio of boiling solvent to carrier of 3:1.
  • a solubilization rate in boiling water of 5 ppmw sodium/ 5 minutes is the amount of sodium measured in the water after the carrier has been in the boiling water for five minutes.
  • Carriers are commonly inorganic materials such as, for example, alumina-, silica-, or titania-based compounds, or combinations thereof, such as alumina- silica carriers. Carriers may also be made from carbon- based materials such as, for example, charcoal, activated carbon, or fullerenes.
  • lomzable species typically present on the inorganic type carriers include sodium, potassium, alummates, soluble silicate, calcium, magnesium, aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof. Of particular concern are the lomzable anionic species present on the surface, particularly lomzable silicates.
  • the solubilization rate of silicates may be measured by inductively coupled plasma ⁇ ICP) techniques and the amount of silicon species on a surface rray oe measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) .
  • XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • Another _ measurement technique is to measure the electrical conductivity of the treatment solution.
  • the "surface" of the carrier is that area of the carrier which may be measured by the standard method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T). Specifically, the surface of the carrier is the site at which reaction takes place. Lowering the concentration of lomzable species on the surface of the carrier has oeen found to be an effective and cost efficient means of achieving the desired surface sodium solubilization rate.
  • An "lomzable” species is a species which is capable of being rendered ionic, whereas the term “ionic” or “ion” refers to an electrically charged chemical moiety.
  • Lowering the surface solubilization rate of lomzable species may be accomplished by any means which is effective in (I) rendering the lomzable species ionic and removing the species, or ( ⁇ i) rendering the lomzable species insoluble, or (m) rendering tne lomzable species immobile.
  • use of aggressive media is discouraged as these media tend to dissolve the carrier, extract too much material from the bulk, and generate acidic or basic sites in the pores. Acids, which are considered aggressive media, will remove the cations on a carrier but are fairly ineffectual n removing the undesirable amons, such as silicates.
  • Effective means of lowering concentration include washing the carrier; ion exchange; volatilizing, precipitating, or sequestering the impurities; causing a reaction to make the lomzable species on the surface insoluble; and combinations thereof.
  • the o ⁇ ik carrier may be treated, or the raw materials used to form the carrier may be treated before the carrier is manufactured. Even greater improvements in solubilization rate control are seen when both the carrier raw materials and the finished carrier are treated.
  • the carrier is typically impregnated with metal compound(s), complex(es) and/or salt(s) dissolved in a suitable solvent sufficient to deposit or impregnate a catalytically effective amount of metal on the carrier.
  • catalytically effective amount means an amount of metal that provides a measurable catalytic effect.
  • a catalytically effective amount of metal when referring to an olefm epoxidation catalyst is that amount of metal which provides a measurable conversion of olefm and oxygen to alkylene oxide.
  • one or more promoters may also be deposited on the carrier either prior to, coincidentally with, or subsequent to the deposition of the catalytically reactive metal.
  • promoter refers to a component which works effectively to provide an improvement in one or more of the catalytic properties of the catalyst when compared to a catalyst not containing such component.
  • Hydroly ion activity is the hydrogen ion activity as measured by the potential of a hydrogen ion selective electrode.
  • a solution with "lowered” hydrogen ion activity refers to a solution whose hydrogen activity has been altered by the addition of a base, such that the hydrogen ion activity of the altered solution is lowered compared to the hydrogen ion activity of the same solution in an unaltered state.
  • the oase selected to D - alter the solution may be cnosen from any base or compound with a pKb lower than the original impregnation solution.
  • a base which does not alter the formulation of the impregnation solution i.e., which does not alter the desired metal-s concentration in the impregnation solution and deposited on the carrier.
  • Organic bases will not alter the impregnation solution metals concentrations, examples of which are tetraalkylammo um hydroxides and 1,8-b ⁇ s- (dimethylamino) -naphthalene . If changing tne metals concentration of the impregnation solution is not a concern, metal hydroxides may be used.
  • an indication of the change in the hydrogen activity may be measured with a pH meter, with the understanding that the measurement obtained is not pH by a true, aqueous definition.
  • '"Measured pH” ' as used herein shall mean such a non-aqueous system pH measurement using a standard pH prooe .
  • Even small changes in the "measured pH” from the initial impregnation solution to that with added base are effective and improvements in catalytic properties continue as the "measured pH” change increases with base addition.
  • High base additions do not seem to adversely affect catalyst performance; however, high additions of hydroxides have been seen to cause sludging of the impregnation solution, creating manufacturing difficulties.
  • the hydrogen ion activity lowering procedure is also quite effective when used by itself; i.e., when no lomzable species concentrations are lowered prior to impregnation .
  • the impregnated carrier also known as a catalyst precursor, is dried in the presence of an atmosphere which also reduces the catalytic metal. Drying methods known in the art include steam drying, drying in an atmosphere with a controlled oxygen concentration, drying in a reducing atmosphere, air drying, and staged drying using a suitable ramped or staged temperature curve.
  • drying methods known in the art include steam drying, drying in an atmosphere with a controlled oxygen concentration, drying in a reducing atmosphere, air drying, and staged drying using a suitable ramped or staged temperature curve.
  • the invention will be described—in more detail for a catalyst suitable for the vapour phase production of epoxides, also known as an epoxidation catalyst .
  • An epoxidation catalyst typically comprises an inorganic carrier, for example an alumina-based carrier such as ⁇ -alumina, with one or more catalytically reactive metals deposited on the carrier.
  • the carrier typically contains certain lomzable species, for example an ⁇ -alumina carrier, typically contains species including sodium, potassium, alummates, soluble silicates, calcium, magnesium, alummosilicates , and combinations thereof. It has been found that silicates, and certain other amons, are particularly undesirable lomzable species in an epoxidation catalyst.
  • the sodium solubilization rate in 3:1 w/w of boiling water is controlled to less tnan 5 ppmw Na/5 minutes.
  • the soluoilization rate may oe controlled by lowering the concentration of lomzable species on the surface, as described above.
  • the carrier navmg the controlled solubilization rate is impregnated with metal ions or compound(s), complex(es) and/or salt(s) dissolved in a suitable solvent sufficient to cause the ⁇ esired deposition on the carrier.
  • a typical deposition is from 1 to 40 wt%, preferably from 1 to 30 wt% of silver, basis the weight of the total catalyst.
  • the impregnated carrier is subsequently separated from the solution and the deposited metal (sj compound is reduced to metallic silver.
  • promoters may be deposited either prior to, comcidentally with, or subsequent to the deposition of the metal.
  • Promoters for epoxidation catalysts are typically selected from sulphur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA through Group VIII metals, rare earth metals, and combinations thereof.
  • the promoter material is typically compound(s) and/or salt(s) of the promoter dissolved a suitable solvent.
  • Group IA metals are typically selected from potassium, rubidium, cesium, lithium, sodium, and combinations thereof; with potassium and/or cesium and/or rubidium Pemg preferred. Even more preferred is a combination of cesium plus at least one additional Group IA metal, such as cesium plus potassium, cesium plus rubidium, or cesium plus lithium.
  • Group IIA metals are typically selected from magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and combinations thereof
  • Group VIII transition metals are typically selected from cobalt, iron, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and combinations thereof
  • rare earth metals are typically selected from lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, erbium, ytterbium, and mixtures thereof.
  • Non-limitmg examples of other promoters include perrhenate, sulphate, molybdate, tungstate, chromate, phosphate, borate, sulphate a on, fluoride amon, oxyamons of Group IIIB to VIB, oxyamons of an element selected from Groups III through VIIB, alkali (ne) metal salts with anions of halides, and oxyamons selected from Groups IIIA to VIIA and IIIB through VIIB.
  • the amount of Group IA metal promoter is typically in the range of from 10 ppm to 1500 ppm, expressed as the metal, by weight of the total catalyst, and the Group Vllb metal is less than 3600 ppm, expressed as the metal, by weight of the total catalyst .
  • the nydrogen ion activity of the impregnation solution is lowered, such as by the addition of a base.
  • the typical impregnation solution for an epoxidation catalyst begins quite basic, so a strong base is used to further lower, the hydrogen ion activity.
  • strong bases examples include alkyl ammonium hydroxide such as tetraethyl- ammomum hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide.
  • an organic base such as tetraethylammo um hydroxide is preferred. Base additions in these systems typically result in a "measured pH” cnange ranging up to about 3, realizing that the "measured pH” is not a true pH since the impregnation system is not aqueous.
  • the carrier employed in these catalysts in its oroadest aspects can be any of the large number of conventional, porous refractory catalyst carriers or carrier materials which are considered relatively inert. Such conventional materials are known to those skilled in the art and may be of natural or synthetic origin. Carriers for epoxidation catalysts are preferably of a macroporous structure and have a surface area below about
  • Examples of carriers for different catalysts are the aluminium oxides (including the materials sold under the trade name "Alundum”), charcoal, pumice, magnesia, zircoma, kieselguhr, fuller's earth, silicon carbide, porous agglomerates comprising silica and/or silicon carbide, silica, magnesia, selected clays, artificial and natural zeolites, alkaline earth carbonates, and ceramics.
  • Refractory carriers especially useful in the preparation of olefm epoxidation catalysts comprise the aluminous materials, in particular those comprising -alumma.
  • ⁇ -aiumina-containing carriers preference is given to those having a specific surface area as measured by the B.E.T. method of from 0.03 to 10 m 2 /g, preferably from 0.05 to 5 m 2 /g, more preferably from 0.1 to 3 m 2 /g, and a water pore volume as measured by conventional water absorption techniques of from 0.1 to 0.75 ml/g by volume.
  • the B.E.T. method for determining specific surface area is described detail Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. Y. and Teller, E., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 60, 309-16 (1938).
  • ⁇ -alumma containing carriers are particularly preferred. These ⁇ -alumina carriers have relatively uniform pore diameters and are more fully characterized by having B.E.T. specific surface areas of from 0.1 to 3 m 2 /g, preferaoly from 0.1 to 2 m 2 /g, and water pore volumes of from 0.10 to about 0.55 ml/g. Manufacturers of such carriers include Norton Chemical Process Products Corporation and United Catalysts, Inc. (UCI) .
  • the resulting epoxidation catalysts just described are used for the vapour phase production of epoxides, especially ethylene oxide.
  • a typical epoxidation process involves loading catalysts into a reactor.
  • the feedstock to be converted typically a mixture of ethylene, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ethyl chloride, s passed over the catalyst bed at elevated pressure and temperature.
  • the catalyst converts the feedstock to an outlet stream product which contains ethylene oxide.
  • Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) may also be added to the feedstock to boost catalyst conversion performance.
  • Table I shows the carriers used for the Examples
  • Carrier washing was carried out by immersing 100 grams of carrier m 300 grams of boiling de-iomzed water for 15 minutes. The carrier was then removed and placed a fresh 300 grams of boiling water for another 15 minutes. This procedure was repeated once more for a total of three immersions, at which point the carrier was separated from the water and dried in a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The dried carrier was then used for preparation of a catalyst by the procedures outlined in the following Examples. Impregnation Solution —
  • a silver-am e-oxalate stock solution was prepared by the following procedure:
  • the sodium hydroxide solution was added slowly to the silver nitrate solution, with stirring, while maintaining a solution temperature of 50 °C. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, then the temperature was lowered to 40 °C.
  • the sodium solubilization rate of selected carriers was determined by measuring the sodium content of the extracting medium with an Orion model no. 8611BN sodium selective electrode connected to an Orion model 290A voltmeter.
  • 300 grams of carrier was boiled in 900 grams of de-ionized water for a total of fifteen minutes. During this period, 3 ml aliquots were taken at predetermined intervals .
  • the sodium content of each aliquot was analyzed at 25 °C using procedures well established for ion selective electrodes.
  • the sodium concentration in the solution sampled at 5 minutes is used to evaluate the carrier as being a good or poor candidate for catalyst preparation. Results are given in Table II.
  • Silver solution pH measurements were done using a Metrohm model 744 pH meter, employing a model 6.0220.100 combination electrode and a Pt 100 model 6.1110.100 resistance thermometer for temperature compensation. T ⁇ e meter was calibrated with commercially available buffer solutions before each use.
  • a 50 ml aliquot of the doped silver solution to be used for a catalyst impregnation was filtered into a 100 ml glass beaker through a 2 micron filter attached in-line to a plastic syringe.
  • the pH probe was lowered into the magnetically stirred solution, and the reading obtained after 3 minutes was recorded as the equilibrated pH .
  • the probe was cleaned between each measurement with deiomzed water, and checked for calibration. Special care was taken to prevent accumulation of AgCl solids on the electrode membrane. Such accumulation was removed by soaking the probe in ammonium hydroxide solution, as recommended by the manufacturer.
  • a catalyst precursor was prepared from Carrier A by first subjecting the carrier to carrier washing. Following the wash, approximately 30 grams of washed Carrier A were placed under a 3.33 kPa vacuum for 1 minute at ambient temperature. Approximately 50 grams of the impregnating solution was then introduced to submerse the carrier, and the vacuum was maintained at 3.33 kPa for an additional 3 minutes. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. The vacuum was then released and the excess impregnating solution was removed from the catalyst pre-cursor by cent ⁇ fugation at 500 rpm for two minutes. The catalyst pre-cursor was then dried while being shaken at 240 °C for 4 minutes m a stream of air flowing at 11.3 m ⁇ /hr.
  • Example la Comparative
  • Carrier A was impregnated as described in Example 1; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing.
  • the cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • Carrier B was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • Example 2a (Comparative)
  • Carrier B was impregnated as described in Example 1; nowever, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing.
  • the cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst .
  • Example 3
  • Carrier C was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was 300 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • Example 3a (Comparative) Carrier C was impregnated as described m Example 1; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier wasnmg.
  • the cesium target was 360 ppm/gram fmisned catalyst .
  • Example 4 Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • 35% aqueous tetraethylammomum hydroxide (TEAH) was added to the stock impregnation solution at a target of 117.8 micromoles OH " /ml Ag solution, to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2.
  • TEAH aqueous tetraethylammomum hydroxide
  • Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was 720 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • TEAH was dissolved water and added to the stock solution at a target of 117.8 micromoles OH " /ml Ag, to lower the hydrogen activity to a "measured pH” of 13.2, and NH4Re ⁇ 4 was dissolved in water and added to the stock solution to provide 1.5 micromoles Re/gram finished catalyst.
  • Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2.
  • Example 7a (Comparative) Carrier A was impregnated as described in Example 7 ; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing.
  • the cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst .
  • Example 8 300 g of Carrier A were immersed 900 ml of a boiling 0.1 M solution of ammonium acetate for 15 mm, then immersed in 300 ml of de-ionized water at 25 °C for 15 minutes, followed by immersion three times in 300 ml of boiling de-iomzed water for 15 minutes each. The carrier was then removed and dried in a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The carrier was then impregnated as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation- solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2.
  • Example 9 300 g of Carrier A were immersed 900 ml of a boiling 0.1 M solution of ammonium acetate for 15 mm, then immersed in 300 ml of de-ionized water at 25 °C for 15 minutes, followed by immersion three times in 300 ml of boiling
  • the ⁇ -alumina source material for Carrier A was washed with de-iomzed water at 25 °C, then homogenized with the same ingredients used to form Carrier A before extruding, drying, and firing in a muffle furnace.
  • the resulting carrier was designated Carrier D.
  • Carrier D was used to prepare a catalyst n the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium target was
  • a catalyst was prepared from Carrier D in the same manner as outlined in Example 9; however, tne carrier was not subjected to carrier washing.
  • the cesium target was 360 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1.
  • the cesium tar-g-et was 650 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
  • LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2
  • NH4Re ⁇ was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to provide 1.5 micromoles Re/gram finished catalyst.
  • the catalysts of Examples 1-12 were used to produce ethylene oxide from ethylene and oxygen. 3 to 5 grams of crushed catalyst were loaded into a 6.35 mm inside diameter stainless steel U-shaped tube. The U tube was immersed a molten metal bath (heat medium) and the ends were connected to a gas flow system. The weight of the catalyst used and the inlet gas flow rate were adjusted to achieve a gas hourly space velocity of 6800 ml of gas per ml of catalyst per hour. The inlet gas pressure was 1450 kPa.
  • the initial reactor (heat medium) temperature was 180 °C.
  • the temperature was ramped at a rate of 10 °C per hour from 180 °C to 225 °C, and then adjusted so as to achieve a constant ethylene oxide level of 1.5 %v n the outlet gas stream.
  • Performance data at this conversion level are usually obtained when the catalyst has been on stream for a total of at least 1-2 days. Due to slight differences in feed gas composition, gas flow rates, and the calibration of analytical instruments used to determine the feed and product gas compositions, the measured selectivity and activity of a given catalyst may vary slightly from one test run to the next.

Abstract

There is provided a catalyst carrier comprising a refractory inorganic material having a sodium solubilization rate no greater than 5 ppmw/5 minutes. There is further a catalyst comprising a refractory inorganic material carrier having a sodium solubilization rate no greater than 5 ppmw/5 minutes; and one or more catalytically reactive metals deposited on said carrier. There is also provided a catalyst suitable for the vapour phase production of alkylene oxide from olefins and oxygen comprising an alumina-based carrier having a sodium solubilization rate no greater than 5 ppmw/ 5 minutes; and catalytically reactive silver deposited on said carrier.

Description

EPOXIDATION CATALYST CARRIER, PREPARATION AND USE THEREOF
Field c tne Invention
The invention relates .o a catalyst with improveα ~ catalytic properties, particularly a catalyst suitable for the preparation of epoxictes. Background of the Invention
Methods have been described for lowering tne total concentration of soluble species in tne bul of a catalyst carrier. These metnods generally involve a process cy wnicn tne carrier is manufactured _r sucn a way so as to lower tne concentration cf tnose species throughout the oul of the carrier. These approacnes limit the formulation of carriers, often times with undesirable consequences such as high carrier density. US Patent No. 4,797,270 discloses water washing to reduce tne sodium content of an alumina powder. The pH of the wasn water may need to be adiusted for extraction of other metals and Japanese patent JP56164013 discloses the use of a low pH ιacιd) to extract uranium and tnoπurr rrom a caicineα α-aiumma raw material. US Patent Nos . 4,361,504 and 4,366,092 suggest that etnylene oxide catalyst be water wasned after the deposition of silver or silver/gold on the carrier. EP-211521 discloses washing of a catalyst with hot water to remove oasic materials left on the catalyst from a silver impregnation process cr the pnysical deposition cf alkali metais. US Patent No. 4, 3D"7, 167 discloses a process for a supported catalyst wnerem an impregnated support _.s immersed in an inert water immiscible organic solvent containing a dissolved aliphatic amine . US Patent No. 4,810,689 discloses depositing a silver compound, αecomDosmα tne silver comDound to silver m tne presence of an alkali metal compound, removing organic deposits by washing and introducing fresh alkali metal by impregnation during or after the washing stage. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,186,106 and 4,125,480 disclose washing with an inert liquid after deposition of the catalytic metaj. and before deposition of a promoter material.
The prior art remains concerned with the total amount of impurities; i.e., impurities throughout the bulk. Unfortunately, the impurity removal techniques taught typically attack the carrier itself. It has now been found that controlling the solubilization rate of certain species, and in particular sodium, on a carrier surface results in a catalyst with improved catalytic properties. Summary of the Invention According to the present invention, there is provided a catalyst carrier having a sodium soludilization rate, as measured by the amount released by immersion m 3:1 w/w of boiling water, of no greater than 5 ppmw, basis the total weight of the carrier, per 5 minutes. A further embodiment of the invention provides a process for preparing said catalyst carrier wnerein said sodium solubilization rate is achieved by a means effective in rendering lomzable species present on the surface of the carrier ionic and removing at least part of that species, or rendering the lomzable species insoluble, or rendering the lomzable species immobile.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a catalyst, especially a catalyst suitable for the vapour phase epoxidation of olefins, the catalyst comprising said carrier and one or more catalytically reactive metals and optionally one or more promoting materials deposited thereon.
Detailed Description of the invention
It has been found that carriers which have a controlled solupilization rate, in particular controlled sodium and/or soluble silicate solubilization rates, provide catalysts with improved catalytic properties, such as activity, selectivity and activity and/or selectivity performance over time. Controlling the solubilization rate is believed to work to improve the_ properties of most catalysts, no matter how impure the bulk carrier material. Further, controlling the solubilization rate will work for organic or inorganic carriers . The typical carrier of the invention has a sodium solubilization rate m boiling water which is controlled to oe no greater than 5 ppmw/5 minutes. "Solubilization rate" as used herein refers to the measurable solubilization rate of the sodium in a solvent after the carrier is placed in the solvent for a specified time and at a ratio of boiling solvent to carrier of 3:1. Thus, a solubilization rate in boiling water of 5 ppmw sodium/ 5 minutes is the amount of sodium measured in the water after the carrier has been in the boiling water for five minutes.
Carriers are commonly inorganic materials such as, for example, alumina-, silica-, or titania-based compounds, or combinations thereof, such as alumina- silica carriers. Carriers may also be made from carbon- based materials such as, for example, charcoal, activated carbon, or fullerenes. lomzable species typically present on the inorganic type carriers include sodium, potassium, alummates, soluble silicate, calcium, magnesium, aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof. Of particular concern are the lomzable anionic species present on the surface, particularly lomzable silicates. The solubilization rate of silicates may be measured by inductively coupled plasma \ICP) techniques and the amount of silicon species on a surface rray oe measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . However, since sodium is soluble in the same solutions that silicates are soluble in, the solubilization rate of sodium becomes a simpler check of the ionic species removal and it has been chosen as the indicator to define the present invention. Another _ measurement technique is to measure the electrical conductivity of the treatment solution.
As used herein, the "surface" of the carrier is that area of the carrier which may be measured by the standard method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T). Specifically, the surface of the carrier is the site at which reaction takes place. Lowering the concentration of lomzable species on the surface of the carrier has oeen found to be an effective and cost efficient means of achieving the desired surface sodium solubilization rate. An "lomzable" species is a species which is capable of being rendered ionic, whereas the term "ionic" or "ion" refers to an electrically charged chemical moiety.
Lowering the surface solubilization rate of lomzable species may be accomplished by any means which is effective in (I) rendering the lomzable species ionic and removing the species, or (χi) rendering the lomzable species insoluble, or (m) rendering tne lomzable species immobile. However, use of aggressive media is discouraged as these media tend to dissolve the carrier, extract too much material from the bulk, and generate acidic or basic sites in the pores. Acids, which are considered aggressive media, will remove the cations on a carrier but are fairly ineffectual n removing the undesirable amons, such as silicates. Effective means of lowering concentration include washing the carrier; ion exchange; volatilizing, precipitating, or sequestering the impurities; causing a reaction to make the lomzable species on the surface insoluble; and combinations thereof. The oαik carrier may be treated, or the raw materials used to form the carrier may be treated before the carrier is manufactured. Even greater improvements in solubilization rate control are seen when both the carrier raw materials and the finished carrier are treated. __
To make a catalyst from the carrier, the carrier is typically impregnated with metal compound(s), complex(es) and/or salt(s) dissolved in a suitable solvent sufficient to deposit or impregnate a catalytically effective amount of metal on the carrier. As used herein, "catalytically effective amount" means an amount of metal that provides a measurable catalytic effect. For example, a catalytically effective amount of metal when referring to an olefm epoxidation catalyst is that amount of metal which provides a measurable conversion of olefm and oxygen to alkylene oxide. In addition, one or more promoters may also be deposited on the carrier either prior to, coincidentally with, or subsequent to the deposition of the catalytically reactive metal. The term "promoter" as used herein refers to a component which works effectively to provide an improvement in one or more of the catalytic properties of the catalyst when compared to a catalyst not containing such component.
Further improvement in the catalyst properties are seen when the metal deposition is effected by contacting the carrier with an impregnation solution whose hydrogen ion activity has been lowered. "Hydrogen ion activity" as used herein is the hydrogen ion activity as measured by the potential of a hydrogen ion selective electrode. As used herein, a solution with "lowered" hydrogen ion activity refers to a solution whose hydrogen activity has been altered by the addition of a base, such that the hydrogen ion activity of the altered solution is lowered compared to the hydrogen ion activity of the same solution in an unaltered state. The oase selected to D - alter the solution may be cnosen from any base or compound with a pKb lower than the original impregnation solution. It is particularly desirable to choose a base which does not alter the formulation of the impregnation solution; i.e., which does not alter the desired metal-s concentration in the impregnation solution and deposited on the carrier. Organic bases will not alter the impregnation solution metals concentrations, examples of which are tetraalkylammo um hydroxides and 1,8-bιs- (dimethylamino) -naphthalene . If changing tne metals concentration of the impregnation solution is not a concern, metal hydroxides may be used.
When the impregnation solution is at least partially aqueous, an indication of the change in the hydrogen activity may be measured with a pH meter, with the understanding that the measurement obtained is not pH by a true, aqueous definition. '"Measured pH" ' as used herein shall mean such a non-aqueous system pH measurement using a standard pH prooe . Even small changes in the "measured pH" from the initial impregnation solution to that with added base are effective and improvements in catalytic properties continue as the "measured pH" change increases with base addition. High base additions do not seem to adversely affect catalyst performance; however, high additions of hydroxides have been seen to cause sludging of the impregnation solution, creating manufacturing difficulties. When the base addition is too low, the hydrogen ion activity will not be affected. The hydrogen ion activity lowering procedure is also quite effective when used by itself; i.e., when no lomzable species concentrations are lowered prior to impregnation .
The impregnated carrier, also Known as a catalyst precursor, is dried in the presence of an atmosphere which also reduces the catalytic metal. Drying methods known in the art include steam drying, drying in an atmosphere with a controlled oxygen concentration, drying in a reducing atmosphere, air drying, and staged drying using a suitable ramped or staged temperature curve. By way of example, the invention will be described—in more detail for a catalyst suitable for the vapour phase production of epoxides, also known as an epoxidation catalyst .
An epoxidation catalyst typically comprises an inorganic carrier, for example an alumina-based carrier such as α-alumina, with one or more catalytically reactive metals deposited on the carrier. The carrier typically contains certain lomzable species, for example an α-alumina carrier, typically contains species including sodium, potassium, alummates, soluble silicates, calcium, magnesium, alummosilicates , and combinations thereof. It has been found that silicates, and certain other amons, are particularly undesirable lomzable species in an epoxidation catalyst. According to the invention, the sodium solubilization rate in 3:1 w/w of boiling water is controlled to less tnan 5 ppmw Na/5 minutes. The soluoilization rate may oe controlled by lowering the concentration of lomzable species on the surface, as described above. The carrier navmg the controlled solubilization rate is impregnated with metal ions or compound(s), complex(es) and/or salt(s) dissolved in a suitable solvent sufficient to cause the αesired deposition on the carrier. When silver is the deposition material, a typical deposition is from 1 to 40 wt%, preferably from 1 to 30 wt% of silver, basis the weight of the total catalyst. The impregnated carrier is subsequently separated from the solution and the deposited metal (sj compound is reduced to metallic silver. One or more promoters may be deposited either prior to, comcidentally with, or subsequent to the deposition of the metal. Promoters for epoxidation catalysts are typically selected from sulphur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA through Group VIII metals, rare earth metals, and combinations thereof. The promoter material is typically compound(s) and/or salt(s) of the promoter dissolved a suitable solvent.
For olefm epoxidation oxide catalysts, Group IA metals are typically selected from potassium, rubidium, cesium, lithium, sodium, and combinations thereof; with potassium and/or cesium and/or rubidium Pemg preferred. Even more preferred is a combination of cesium plus at least one additional Group IA metal, such as cesium plus potassium, cesium plus rubidium, or cesium plus lithium. Group IIA metals are typically selected from magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and combinations thereof, Group VIII transition metals are typically selected from cobalt, iron, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and combinations thereof; and rare earth metals are typically selected from lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, erbium, ytterbium, and mixtures thereof. Non-limitmg examples of other promoters include perrhenate, sulphate, molybdate, tungstate, chromate, phosphate, borate, sulphate a on, fluoride amon, oxyamons of Group IIIB to VIB, oxyamons of an element selected from Groups III through VIIB, alkali (ne) metal salts with anions of halides, and oxyamons selected from Groups IIIA to VIIA and IIIB through VIIB. The amount of Group IA metal promoter is typically in the range of from 10 ppm to 1500 ppm, expressed as the metal, by weight of the total catalyst, and the Group Vllb metal is less than 3600 ppm, expressed as the metal, by weight of the total catalyst . For further improvement m catalytic properties, the nydrogen ion activity of the impregnation solution is lowered, such as by the addition of a base. The typical impregnation solution for an epoxidation catalyst begins quite basic, so a strong base is used to further lower, the hydrogen ion activity. Examples of strong bases include alkyl ammonium hydroxide such as tetraethyl- ammomum hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide. In order to maintain the desired impregnation solution formulation and metal loading, an organic base such as tetraethylammo um hydroxide is preferred. Base additions in these systems typically result in a "measured pH" cnange ranging up to about 3, realizing that the "measured pH" is not a true pH since the impregnation system is not aqueous.
The carrier employed in these catalysts in its oroadest aspects can be any of the large number of conventional, porous refractory catalyst carriers or carrier materials which are considered relatively inert. Such conventional materials are known to those skilled in the art and may be of natural or synthetic origin. Carriers for epoxidation catalysts are preferably of a macroporous structure and have a surface area below about
10 m^/g and preferably below about 3 rn^/g. Examples of carriers for different catalysts are the aluminium oxides (including the materials sold under the trade name "Alundum"), charcoal, pumice, magnesia, zircoma, kieselguhr, fuller's earth, silicon carbide, porous agglomerates comprising silica and/or silicon carbide, silica, magnesia, selected clays, artificial and natural zeolites, alkaline earth carbonates, and ceramics. Refractory carriers especially useful in the preparation of olefm epoxidation catalysts comprise the aluminous materials, in particular those comprising -alumma. In the case of α-aiumina-containing carriers, preference is given to those having a specific surface area as measured by the B.E.T. method of from 0.03 to 10 m2/g, preferably from 0.05 to 5 m2/g, more preferably from 0.1 to 3 m2/g, and a water pore volume as measured by conventional water absorption techniques of from 0.1 to 0.75 ml/g by volume. The B.E.T. method for determining specific surface area is described detail Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. Y. and Teller, E., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 60, 309-16 (1938).
Certain types of α-alumma containing carriers are particularly preferred. These α-alumina carriers have relatively uniform pore diameters and are more fully characterized by having B.E.T. specific surface areas of from 0.1 to 3 m2/g, preferaoly from 0.1 to 2 m2/g, and water pore volumes of from 0.10 to about 0.55 ml/g. Manufacturers of such carriers include Norton Chemical Process Products Corporation and United Catalysts, Inc. (UCI) .
The resulting epoxidation catalysts just described are used for the vapour phase production of epoxides, especially ethylene oxide. A typical epoxidation process involves loading catalysts into a reactor. The feedstock to be converted, typically a mixture of ethylene, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ethyl chloride, s passed over the catalyst bed at elevated pressure and temperature. The catalyst converts the feedstock to an outlet stream product which contains ethylene oxide. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) may also be added to the feedstock to boost catalyst conversion performance.
The following Examples will illustrate the invention. Examples Carriers
Table I shows the carriers used for the Examples
TABLE I
Figure imgf000013_0001
Metnod of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller, loc. cit. Flat Plate Crush Strength, single pellet. Determined by mercury intrusion to 3.8 x 10^ Pa using Micromeritics Autopore 9200 or 9210 (130° contact angle, 0.473 N/m surface tension of Hg) .
Carrier Wa ter Washing Procedures for Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12
Carrier washing was carried out by immersing 100 grams of carrier m 300 grams of boiling de-iomzed water for 15 minutes. The carrier was then removed and placed a fresh 300 grams of boiling water for another 15 minutes. This procedure was repeated once more for a total of three immersions, at which point the carrier was separated from the water and dried in a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The dried carrier was then used for preparation of a catalyst by the procedures outlined in the following Examples. Impregnation Solution —
A silver-am e-oxalate stock solution was prepared by the following procedure:
415 g of reagent-grade sodium hydroxide were dissolved m 2340 ml de-iomzed water and the temperature was adiusted to 50 °C.
1699 g high purity " Spectropure" silver nitrate were dissolved in 2100 ml oe-io zed water and the temperature was adjusted to 50 °C.
The sodium hydroxide solution was added slowly to the silver nitrate solution, with stirring, while maintaining a solution temperature of 50 °C. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, then the temperature was lowered to 40 °C.
Water was removed from the precipitate created in the mixing step and the conductivity of the water, which contained sodium and nitrate ions, was measured. An amount of fresn deiomzed water equal to the amount removed was added back to the silver solution. The solution was stirred for 15 minutes at 40 °C. The process was repeated until the conductivity of the water removed was less than 90 μmho/cm. 1500 ml fresh deiomzed water was then added.
630 g of high-purity oxalic acid dihydrate were added in approximately 100 g increments. The temperature was keep at 40 °C and the pH was kept above 7.8.
Water was removed from the mixture to leave a highly concentrated silver-containing slurry. The silver oxalate slurry was cooled to 30 °C.
699 g of 92 %w ethylenediam e (8% de-iomzed water) was added while maintaining a temperature no greater than 30 °C. The resulting solution contained approximately 27-33 %w silver.
Enough 45 %w aqueous CsOH and water was added to this solution to give a finished catalyst having 14.5 %w silver and a desired cesium loading (see Examples). — Sodium Measurement Procedures
The sodium solubilization rate of selected carriers was determined by measuring the sodium content of the extracting medium with an Orion model no. 8611BN sodium selective electrode connected to an Orion model 290A voltmeter. In a typical experiment, 300 grams of carrier was boiled in 900 grams of de-ionized water for a total of fifteen minutes. During this period, 3 ml aliquots were taken at predetermined intervals . The sodium content of each aliquot was analyzed at 25 °C using procedures well established for ion selective electrodes. The sodium concentration in the solution sampled at 5 minutes is used to evaluate the carrier as being a good or poor candidate for catalyst preparation. Results are given in Table II.
TABLE II. Sodium Solubilization Rates per 5 minutes for Selected α-Alumina Carriers
Figure imgf000015_0001
a From Table I . k Following ammonium acetate exchange as described in Example 8. pH Measurement Procedures
Silver solution pH measurements were done using a Metrohm model 744 pH meter, employing a model 6.0220.100 combination electrode and a Pt 100 model 6.1110.100 resistance thermometer for temperature compensation. Tιe meter was calibrated with commercially available buffer solutions before each use. In a typical measurement, a 50 ml aliquot of the doped silver solution to be used for a catalyst impregnation was filtered into a 100 ml glass beaker through a 2 micron filter attached in-line to a plastic syringe. The pH probe was lowered into the magnetically stirred solution, and the reading obtained after 3 minutes was recorded as the equilibrated pH . The probe was cleaned between each measurement with deiomzed water, and checked for calibration. Special care was taken to prevent accumulation of AgCl solids on the electrode membrane. Such accumulation was removed by soaking the probe in ammonium hydroxide solution, as recommended by the manufacturer. Example 1
A catalyst precursor was prepared from Carrier A by first subjecting the carrier to carrier washing. Following the wash, approximately 30 grams of washed Carrier A were placed under a 3.33 kPa vacuum for 1 minute at ambient temperature. Approximately 50 grams of the impregnating solution was then introduced to submerse the carrier, and the vacuum was maintained at 3.33 kPa for an additional 3 minutes. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. The vacuum was then released and the excess impregnating solution was removed from the catalyst pre-cursor by centπfugation at 500 rpm for two minutes. The catalyst pre-cursor was then dried while being shaken at 240 °C for 4 minutes m a stream of air flowing at 11.3 m^/hr. Example la (Comparative)
Carrier A was impregnated as described in Example 1; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing. The cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst. —
Example 2
Carrier B was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. Example 2a (Comparative)
Carrier B was impregnated as described in Example 1; nowever, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing. The cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst . Example 3
Carrier C was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 300 ppm/gram finished catalyst.
Example 3a (Comparative) Carrier C was impregnated as described m Example 1; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier wasnmg. The cesium target was 360 ppm/gram fmisned catalyst .
Example 4 Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, 35% aqueous tetraethylammomum hydroxide (TEAH) was added to the stock impregnation solution at a target of 117.8 micromoles OH"/ml Ag solution, to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2.
Example 5
100 g of Carrier A were immersed in 300 ml of boiling
5 %w TEAH for 15 mm, then immersed six times in 300 ml of boiling αe-iomzeo water for 15 minutes eacn. The carrier was then removed and dried n a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The carrier was then impregnated with a cesium target of 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, 35 %w TEAH was added to the stock impregnation solution at a target of 117.8 micromoles —
OH~/ml Ag, to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.6. Example 6
Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 720 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, TEAH was dissolved water and added to the stock solution at a target of 117.8 micromoles OH"/ml Ag, to lower the hydrogen activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2, and NH4Reθ4 was dissolved in water and added to the stock solution to provide 1.5 micromoles Re/gram finished catalyst. Example 7
Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2. Example 7a (Comparative) Carrier A was impregnated as described in Example 7 ; however, the carrier was not subjected to carrier washing. The cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst . Example 8 300 g of Carrier A were immersed 900 ml of a boiling 0.1 M solution of ammonium acetate for 15 mm, then immersed in 300 ml of de-ionized water at 25 °C for 15 minutes, followed by immersion three times in 300 ml of boiling de-iomzed water for 15 minutes each. The carrier was then removed and dried in a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The carrier was then impregnated as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 450 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation- solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2. Example 9
The α-alumina source material for Carrier A was washed with de-iomzed water at 25 °C, then homogenized with the same ingredients used to form Carrier A before extruding, drying, and firing in a muffle furnace. The resulting carrier was designated Carrier D. Carrier D was used to prepare a catalyst n the same manner as described in Example 1. The cesium target was
510 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved m water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2. Example 10
A catalyst was prepared from Carrier D in the same manner as outlined in Example 9; however, tne carrier was not subjected to carrier washing. The cesium target was 360 ppm/gram finished catalyst. Example 11
100 g of Carrier A were immersed in 300 ml of a boiling 0.1 M solution of barium acetate at 25 °C for 15 mm, then immersed in 300 ml of de-io zed water at 25 °C for 15 minutes, followed by immersion three times in 300 ml of boiling de-iomzed water for 15 minutes each. The carrier was then removed and dried in a well ventilated oven at 150 °C for 18 hours. The carrier was then impregnated as described in Example 1. The cesium target was 400 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2. Example 12
Carrier A was subjected to carrier washing and impregnation as described in Example 1. The cesium tar-g-et was 650 ppm/gram finished catalyst. In addition, LiOH was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to lower the hydrogen ion activity to a "measured pH" of 13.2 and NH4Reθ was dissolved in water and added to the stock impregnation solution to provide 1.5 micromoles Re/gram finished catalyst.
The catalysts of Examples 1-12 were used to produce ethylene oxide from ethylene and oxygen. 3 to 5 grams of crushed catalyst were loaded into a 6.35 mm inside diameter stainless steel U-shaped tube. The U tube was immersed a molten metal bath (heat medium) and the ends were connected to a gas flow system. The weight of the catalyst used and the inlet gas flow rate were adjusted to achieve a gas hourly space velocity of 6800 ml of gas per ml of catalyst per hour. The inlet gas pressure was 1450 kPa.
The gas mixture passed through the catalyst bed (in a once-through operation) during the entire test run (including start-up) consisted of 25% ethylene, 7.0% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide, 63% nitrogen, and 2.0 to 6.0 ppmv ethyl chloride.
The initial reactor (heat medium) temperature was 180 °C. The temperature was ramped at a rate of 10 °C per hour from 180 °C to 225 °C, and then adjusted so as to achieve a constant ethylene oxide level of 1.5 %v n the outlet gas stream. Performance data at this conversion level are usually obtained when the catalyst has been on stream for a total of at least 1-2 days. Due to slight differences in feed gas composition, gas flow rates, and the calibration of analytical instruments used to determine the feed and product gas compositions, the measured selectivity and activity of a given catalyst may vary slightly from one test run to the next.
The initial performance values for selectivity at 1.5% ethylene oxide were measured and are reported — Table III.
TABLE III. Performance Characteristics of Catalysts Prepared From Unwashed and Washed α-Alumina
Figure imgf000022_0001
It can be seen that significant improvement in catalyst properties are seen when the sodium solubilization rate is lowered. Carriers A and B have dramatically lower sodium solubilization rates (see Table II) after being subjected to the Carrier Washing- Procedure. Notice that despite the lower bulk sodium for Carrier C, it has a high sodium solubilization rate. Even further improvement is seen when the material used to make the carrier is washed before the carrier is formed, Carrier D.
The hydrogen ion activity of the deposition solution for catalysts in Examples 4-12 was lowered by the addition of a base. It can be seen that lowering the hydrogen ion activity of the deposition solution further improves the catalytic properties. It is also evident that the phenomenon of the pH effect is not restricted to a particular catalyst formulation, as best illustrated in Examples 6 and 12, where a selectivity enhancing dopant, such as rhenium, is added to the impregnating solution. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from its spirit or scope as set forth herein.

Claims

C L A I M S
1. A catalyst carrier having a sodium solubilization rate, as measured by the amount released by immersion in 3:1 w/w of boiling water, of no greater than 5 ppmw, basis the total weight of the carrier, per 5 minutes.
2. A process for preparing a catalyst carrier according to claim 1 wherein said sodium solubilization rate is achieved by a means effective in rendering lomzable species present on the surface of the carrier ionic and removing at least part of that species, or rendering the lomzable species insoluble, or rendering the lomzable species immobile.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said means is selected from washing, ion exchange, volatilizing, impurity control, precipitation, sequestration, and combinations thereof.
4. A catalyst comprising a carrier according to claim 1 and one or more catalytically reactive metals and optionally one or more promoting materials deposited on said carrier.
5. A catalyst according to claim 4, characterized m that it is suitable for the vapour phase epoxidation of olefins .
6. A catalyst according to claim 5, characterized in that said carrier is an alumina-based carrier and said catalytically reactive metal is silver.
7. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim any one of claims 4-6, characterized in that said catalytically reactive metal is deposited on said carrier by submerging the carrier in an impregnation solution the hydrogen ion activity of which is lowered.
8. A process for the catalytic epoxidation of an alkene with an oxygen containing gas, wherein a catalyst according to any one of claims 4-6, or a catalyst as prepared according to claim 7, is used.
9. A process according to claim 11, characterized in _ that at least one of the nitrogen oxides is added to the oxygen containing gas .
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