WO2000054689A1

WO2000054689A1 - Apparatus and method for compensating for respiratory and patient motion during treatment

Info

Publication number: WO2000054689A1
Application number: PCT/US2000/006660
Authority: WO
Inventors: Achim Schweikard; John R. Adler
Original assignee: Accuray Incorporated
Priority date: 1999-03-16
Filing date: 2000-03-14
Publication date: 2000-09-21
Also published as: EP1176919A1; DE60011607T2; JP5214569B2; JP4416332B2; AU3882700A; EP1176919B1; ATE269035T1; JP2003523220A; US6144875A; KR100750279B1; KR20020003207A; EP1176919A4; JP2009297554A; DE60011607D1

Abstract

This invention relates to internal markers (152) attached to the target organ (151) being imaged by a stereotaxic x-ray device. The internal markers (152) on the target organ (151) may be imaged by a first x-ray source (160), and a second x-ray source (162) which are positioned at some predetermined angle with respect to each other similar to the diagnostic x-ray beams. The x-ray sources may generate a first, a second diagnostic x-ray beam (164, 166) that pass through a target organ (151) near the internal markers (152) that are received by a first, a second x-ray receiver (168, 170), respectively, which receive the x-ray beams, and generate an electrical signal corresponding to the received x-rays. The stereotaxic x-ray device permits the precise location of the internal markers (152) to be determined by analyzing the images generated.

Description

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COMPENSATING FOR RESPIRATORY AND PATIENT MOTION DURING TREATMENT

Background of the Invention

This invention relates generally to an apparatus for improving the accuracy and

efficacy of surgical treatments and more particularly to locating a target region to be

treated and tracking the motion of the target region due to respiratory and other patient

motions during the treatment.

Various different treatments may accurately track the motion of a target region

in order to apply the treatment to the target region. In radiation therapy and

radiosurgery, for example, a tumor may be destroyed by a beam of ionizing radiation

which kills the cells in the tumor. The problem is that the tumor may move during

treatment, especially due to the breathing motion of the patient. Such respiratory

motion is difficult to track using external sensors, since the extent and direction of the

internal breathing motion of the patient cannot be seen with traditional imaging

devices. The breathing and other motion of the patient means that it is more difficult

to focus the radiation on the tumor which means that the treatment may be less

effective and healthy tissue may be unnecessarily damaged.

To allow for adequate distribution of radiation dosage to the tumor, the

radiation beam is typically moved during the treatment. For conventional systems, the

beam is moved along circular arcs in space. The goal is to give a very high dose of radiation to the tumor only, while protecting surrounding healthy tissue as much as

possible. Although this radio-surgery technique has been applied with dramatic

success to brain tumors, the extension of this technique to tumors outside the head or

neck areas remains difficult. The main reason for this difficulty has been the problem

of accurate target localization (i.e., accurate tracking of the motion of the target). In

particular, breathing motion and other organ and patient motion make it difficult to

track the target tumor with high precision so that it is difficult to achieve the goal of

providing a high dose of radiation to the tumor while protecting surrounding healthy

tissue. Furthermore, conventional systems can only move the radiation beam along

circular arcs in space so that irregular breathing motions cannot be easily followed

since these breathing motions may not occur along the axis of the circular arcs traced

by the radiation beam.

Another radiosurgery technique uses a mechanical robotic device having six

degrees of freedom that targets a radiation beam as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.

5,207,223 to Adler. The robotic device permits the radiation treatment beam to be

accurately positioned to apply the treatment beam directed to the target region. A

method for neurosurgical navigation is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,769,861. This

method relates to finding fixed targets, such as a brain tumor, but does not address

tracking the motion of a target organ, such as lung due to breathing, with respect to the

skin surface, or tracking the motion of internal abdominal organs with respect to

externally visible motion. A fiducial that may be implanted into the human body so that it is detectable by an imaging system is also disclosed in which the fiducial

implant is implanted into the bone or organs of the human body. This fiducial implant

permits internal structures of the human body to be analyzed, but does not attempt to

compensate for motion of a target organ which moves throughout the respiratory cycle.

Thus, it is desirable to provide an apparatus and method for compensating for

respiratory and other patent motion in radiation treatment and it is to this end that the

present invention is directed.

Summary of the Invention

In accordance with the invention, an apparatus and method for compensating

for breathing and other motion of a patient is provided which combines internal

markers placed on the target organ with one or more external sensors to accurately

track the position and motion of a moving target region, such as an internal organ. In

particular, the position of the internal markers, determined periodically by x-rays, may

be combined with the position of the external sensors. The internal markers may be

imaged only periodically since an invasive technology, such as x-rays, are needed to

image the internal markers. The external continuous or real-time sensor, which may

be an external marker, determines external motion during treatment. Thus, the position

of the target organ may be precisely determined by the position of the internal markers

when the internal markers are periodically imaged and may be determined based on the

external sensor data while the internal markers are not being imaged. The position and

motion of the internal markers relative to the external sensors are determined so that the position of the internal markers and therefore the target organ may be accurately

determined by the position of the external sensor. Thus, the position of the target

organ may be accurately determined throughout the medical procedure being

performed.

The internal markers may be imaged using a number of different imaging

technologies, including x-rays, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound and other

technologies which permit markers inside of the body of the patient to be imaged.

Alternatively, three dimensional ultrasound images may be used to establish the

location of the internal target region in lieu of discrete fiducials. The position of the

external sensor may also be determined using a number of different technologies

including infrared imaging, visual imaging, magnetic localization, the measurement of

respiration, and any other type of technology which permits the external markers to be

imaged. In addition to using external sensors (i.e., external fiducials may not be

used), it is also possible to visually image a body surface which is then correlated to

the internal fiducials.

Thus, in accordance with the invention, an apparatus for performing treatment

on an internal target region while measuring and in some cases compensating for

breathing and other motion of the patient is provided. The apparatus comprises a first

imaging device for periodically generating positional data about the internal target

region and a second imaging device for continuously generating positional data about

one or more external markers attached to the patient's body. The apparatus further comprises a processor that receives the positional data about the internal target region

and the external sensor readings/measurements in order to generate a correspondence

between the position of the internal target region and the external marker or sensor

readings and a treatment device that directs the treatment towards the position of the

target region of the patient based on the positional data of the external markers or

sensor readings. An apparatus for compensating for motion of a patent during

treatment is also disclosed as well as a method for compensating for motion of the

patient.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating a conventional radiation treatment device;

Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating more details of the radiation treatment device;

Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating more details of the radiation treatment device;

Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating the radiation treatment device;

Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating internal markers on a target organ moving as

the target organ moves;

Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating one or more internal markers attached to the

target organ being imaged by x-ray devices; Figures 7 A - 7D are diagrams illustrating the imaging of the internal markers in

accordance with the invention;

Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating the internal markers in combination with an

external marker to track the motion of the target region in accordance with the

invention;

Figures 9A - 9D are diagrams illustrating the reduction in the safety seam in

accordance with the invention;

Figure 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method for compensating for breathing

and other motion in a radiosurgical device; and

Figure 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method for correlating the internal and

external markers in accordance with the invention.

Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment

The invention is particularly applicable to an apparatus and method for

compensating for breathing and other patient motion during radiation treatment

(radiosurgery) and it is in this context that the invention will be described. It will be

appreciated, however, that the apparatus and method in accordance with the invention

has greater utility, such as to other types of medical procedures with other types of

medical instruments, such as positioning biopsy needles, ablative, ultrasound or other focused energy treatments, or positioning a laser beam for laser beam treatment. Prior

to describing the invention, a typical radiosurgery device will be described to provide a

better understanding of the invention.

Figures 1 - 4 are diagram illustrating an example of a stereotaxic radiation

treatment device 10. The radiation treatment device 10 may include a data processor

12, such as a microprocessor, and a disc or tape storage unit 13 (shown in Figure 4)

which may store a three dimensional image of a patient 14. The three dimensional

image may be loaded into the data processor, if not already there, to compare the three

dimensional image to images generated during the surgical procedure. The three

dimensional image may be generated by various conventional techniques such as

computer aided tomography (CAT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MR). The

radiation treatment device 10 may also include a beaming apparatus 20 which, when

activated, emits a collimated surgical ionizing beam directed at a target region 18

(shown in Figure 2). The collimated surgical ionizing beam may have sufficient

strength to cause the target region to become necrotic. A variety of different beaming

apparatus may be used which generate an ionizing radiation or heavy particle beam

such as a linear accelerator and preferably an x-ray linear accelerator. Such an x-ray

beaming apparatus is commercially available. The beaming apparatus may be

activated by the operator throwing a switch 23 at a control console 24 connected to the

beaming apparatus 20 by a cable 22. The radiation treatment device 10 may also include an apparatus for passing a

first diagnostic beam 26 and a second diagnostic beam 28 through the region

previously imaged by the three-dimensional image. The diagnostic beams are

positioned at a predetermined non-zero angle with respect to each other, such as being

orthogonal as shown in Figure 2. The diagnostic beams may be generated by a first x-

ray generator 30 and a second x-ray generator 32, respectively. A first and second

image receiver 34, 36 may receive the diagnostic beams 26, 28 to generate an image

from the diagnostic beams which is fed into the microprocessor 12 (as shown in Figure

4) so that the diagnostic images may be compared to the three-dimensional image.

The radiation treatment device 10 may also include a device for adjusting the

relative positions of the beaming apparatus 20 and the patient 14 so that the ionizing

beam is continuously focused on the target region 18. In the radiation treatment device

shown in Figure 1, the positions of the beaming apparatus and the patient may be

altered with six degrees of freedom by a gantry 40 and a moveable operating table 38

with a tilting top 44. The positions of the beaming apparatus relative to the patient

may also be accomplished by using a processor controllable robotic arm mechanism 46

as shown in Figure 3 which has six axes of motion. The robotic arm mechanism

permits the beaming apparatus to be moved freely about the patient's body including

up, down, longitudinally along or laterally along the body of the patient.

Figure 4 is a block diagram of the radiation treatment device 10 including the

microprocessor 12, the tape drive 13, the beaming apparatus 20, the robotic arm 46 or the gantry 40, the x-ray cameras 30, 32, 34 and 36, and the operator control console 24

as described above. In addition, the device 10 may include safety interlocks 50 to

ensure that the beaming apparatus is not activated accidentally. The device 10 may

also include an operator display 48 for tracking the progress of the treatment and

controlling the treatment. Any further details of the radiosurgery device may be found

in U.S. Patent No. 5,207,223 which is owned by the assignee of this application and

which is incorporated herein by reference.

To accurately target the area to be irradiated in radiation therapy or

radiosurgery, it is necessary to determine with high precision where the target is

located during treatment. The above radiosurgery device may be ideally used for the

treatment of brain or head tumors since the brain is fixed with respect to a rigid skull.

The radiosurgery device may also be used with other fixed target regions in which it is

easy to ensure that the ionizing beam strikes the target region, but not surrounding

healthy tissue. If the target is adjacent to the diaphragm, however, the target will move

during treatment due to breathing of the patient. The lung and other organs will move

when the patient breaths or whenever the patient moves during the treatment.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide an apparatus and method that follows a moving

target region during a variety of different treatments, including radiation treatment.

The apparatus may compensate for movements of the target region caused by breathing

of the patient as well as movement of the target region caused by other movements of

the patient. In accordance with the invention, to determine the position of an internal

moving target region such as an internal organ, external and internal markers

(landmarks) may be used, as described below, and a model of their relative motions

based on a series of images is determined prior to treatment. During treatment, little

information is available on the placement of the internal landmarks except when the

internal markers are periodically imaged using invasive devices, such as x-rays.

However, the position of the external markers or a video image of the chest and/or

abdomen may be determined with high precision and speed. Similarly, external

sensors can provide measurement data is real time, i.e., at very high speed. Thus, the

position of the external landmarks may be used in real time during treatment by

inferring the placement of the internal (exact) markers by referencing the pre-operative

model of the relative motion of internal and external markers. For verification, the

placement of the internal markers can be determined periodically during treatment. An

apparatus that compensates for breathing and other patient motion in accordance with

the invention will now be described.

Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating a set of internal markers 152 in accordance

with the invention placed on a target organ 151 within a body 150 of the patient. The

moving target organ 151 may be, for example, an organ near the diaphragm such as a

lung or a liver which may move as the patient moves or as the patient inhales or

exhales. In accordance with the invention, it is desirable to be able to track the motion

of the target organ so that the treatment, such as ionizing radiation, is applied to the target organ and not to the healthy surrounding tissue. To track the movement of the

target organ 151, the one or more internal markers 152 may be attached to various

locations on the target organ 151. Then, as the target organ moves, the internal

markers also move as shown by arrows 154. From the movement of the internal

markers, it is possible to precisely determine the position of the target organ. In a

preferred embodiment, more than one internal marker may be used in order to measure

the movement of different areas of the target organ and the internal markers may be

made of gold so that, although the internal markers are not visible outside of the body, the internal markers may be viewed using an imaging technique, which may preferably

be stereotaxic x-ray imaging, but may also be ultrasound.

Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating one or more internal markers 152 attached to

the target organ 151 being imaged by a stereotaxic x-ray device. As shown in Figure

6, the internal markers 152 on the target organ 151 may be imaged by a first x-ray

source 160 and a second x-ray source 162 which are positioned at some predetermined

angle with respect to each other similar to the diagnostic x-ray beams shown in Figures

1- 3. The x-ray sources may generate a first and second diagnostic x-ray beam 164,

166 which pass through the target organ 151 near the internal markers 152 and are

received by a first and second x-ray receiver 168, 170, respectively, which receive the

x-ray beams and generate an electrical signal corresponding to the received x-rays.

The stereotaxic x-ray device permits the precise location of the internal markers 152 to

be determined by analyzing the images generated. Figures 7 A - 7D are diagrams illustrating examples of the x-ray images of a

target organ that include the internal markers 152 in accordance with the invention.

Figures 7 A and 7C show the same x-ray image with the internal markers 152

unenhanced and with the internal markers 152 being computer enhanced, respectively.

Similarly, Figures 7B and 7D also illustrate the same x-ray image with unenhanced

internal markers and computer enhanced internal markers, respectively. Thus, the

stereotaxic x-ray imaging permits the precise location of the internal markers to be

determined. The problem is that, using the stereotaxic x-ray device, internal marker

positions may be determined only at predetermined intervals during treatment. In

particular, the interval between imaging of the internal markers is necessary in order to

limit the patient's exposure to the radiation and because the treatment beam can not be

activated while the x-ray diagnostic imaging occurs. However, determining the exact

position of the target organ periodically is not sufficient in order to accurately

compensate for breathing and other motions of the patient. Therefore, one or more

external markers may be placed on the skin of the patient near the target organ in

accordance with the invention as will be described with reference to Figure 8. As an

alternative to external markers, the current state of respiration may be measured by

viewing video images of the chest and/or abdomen movement.

Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating the target organ 151 within a patient's body

150 having internal markers 152 in combination with one or more external markers

180 attached to the skin of the patient in accordance with the invention. The one or more external markers 180 that are attached to the skin of the patient permit the motion

182 of the abdomen or chest wall to be determined. In the example of the breathing of

a patient, the external marker may track the external motion as the patient inhales and

exhales. The external markers 180 may be automatically tracked with a number of

optical methods, such as infrared or visible light, and the position of the external

marker may be determined more than 60 times per second. The external markers may

also be attached to a belt, a flexible ring or a vest which fits around the waist of the

patient.

If only external markers are used to compensate for the motion of the patient,

however, they cannot accurately reflect the internal motion of the target organ since the

target organ may move a small amount while the external marker may move a larger

amount and vice versa. The external markers are not sufficiently precise to

compensate for the motion of the patient. Therefore, the combination of the internal

markers and the external markers is necessary in order to accurately track the motion of

the target organ. Thus, the periodic x-ray imaging of the internal markers is

synchronized with the continuous optical tracking of the external markers to provide

accurate tracking of the motion of the target organ. In order to synchronize the motion

of the internal and external markers, it is necessary to determine the relationship

between the positions of the internal and external markers which may occur at the start

of the treatment process and will be described below with reference to Figure 10. When some movement of the target organ is detected, the treatment system,

such as the radiosurgery device described above, may compensate for the movement in

a number of different ways. For example, the treatment system may move the

treatment device, such as the beaming apparatus 20, relative to the patient or vice

versa. The treatment system may also move a shaping or collimating device into the

path of the treatment device to change the characteristics of the treatment device. The

treatment system may also only activate the treatment device when the target organ is

within the treatment path or block the treatment device when the target organ is not

within the treatment path. Now, one of the benefits of the motion compensation

apparatus in accordance with the invention will be illustrated and described.

Figures 9 A - 9D are diagrams illustrating one benefit of the motion

compensation apparatus in accordance with the invention. In particular, Figure 9A

shows a volume of be treated 200 without a safety seam. In particular, the volume may

have no safety seam provided that the position of the target region to be treated is

precisely known so that healthy tissue is not damaged. If the position of the target

region cannot be exactly determined, such as for a moving target organ due to

breathing and other patient motion, the volume 200 requires a safety seam 202 as

shown in Figure 9B. The problem with the safety seam is that the required radiation

dose increases very rapidly with the diameter of the target. For example, for a

spherical target the ratio between the diameter of the target and the required dose is

cubic. The safety seam 202 for a typical radiosurgery device is shown in Figure 9C. Figure 9D shows the much reduced safety seam 202 which is possible due to the

motion compensation apparatus and method in accordance with the invention. A

reduction of the safety seam by a factor of two results in a volume reduction of the

dose by a factor of eight. Thus, the unwanted dose to healthy tissue may be reduced by

a factor of four while the dose to the target organ or tumor may be doubled. For a large

variety of cancer cases with particularly grim prognosis, the motion compensation

apparatus in combination with typical radiosurgery devices can greatly improve the

efficacy of the treatment. Now, a method for motion compensation during treatment in

accordance with the invention will be described.

Figure 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method 210 for compensating for

breathing and other motion of a patient during treatment, such as with a radiosurgical

device. The first few steps in the method may be performed at a time prior to the

actual treatment of the patient. In particular, a surgeon may attach a set of internal

markers in the proximity of or within the target organ during a short surgical procedure

in step 212 and then, just prior to treatment, the surgeon may attach a set of external

markers to the chest or abdominal wall of the patient near the target organ in step 214.

Next, the processor of the radiosurgery device correlates the position of the internal

markers and the external markers in step 216 just prior to starting the treatment of the

patient. The method for correlating the internal markers with the external markers is

described below with reference to Figure 11. Once the positions of the internal and external markers have been correlated, the treatment of the patient may begin. The

next steps of the method occur during the treatment of the patient.

First, the apparatus determines if the total elapsed time since the last time the

internal markers were imaged is equal to a predetermined number of seconds. The

predetermined number of seconds is preferably between two and ten seconds and more

preferably about ten seconds. If the total elapsed time is equal to the predetermined

number of seconds, then the treatment beam is deactivated and the internal markers are

imaged using, for example, stereotaxic x-ray imaging in step 220. Next, the total

elapsed time is reset to zero and the method returns to step 218. Thus, in accordance

with the invention, the internal markers are imaged every predetermined number of

seconds. Returning to step 218, if the total elapsed time is not equal to the

predetermined number of seconds, then the external markers are optically tracked in

step 224 while the treatment beam is activated in step 226. The external markers may

be tracked so that position data is provided to the processor of the radiosurgery device

as much as sixty times per second. The processor may then correlate the position of

the external markers with the internal markers and generate positional data about any

change in the position of the target organ. Thus, between the periodic imaging of the

internal markers, the position of the external markers is used to track the position of the

target.

When some movement of the target organ is detected, the treatment system,

such as the radiosurgery device described above, may compensate for the movement in a number of different ways. For example, the treatment system may move the

within the treatment path. Now, a method for correlating the positions of the internal

and external markers in accordance with the invention will be described.

Figure 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method 230 for correlating the positions

of the internal and external markers in accordance with the invention. Several steps of

the method occur during the pre-operative process while several steps occur during the

actual treatment. In particular, in step 232, a series of time sequence images are

generated for both the internal and external markers throughout the respiratory cycle so

that a plurality of points corresponding to the internal and external markers are

generated during the pre-operative phase. The plurality of points corresponding to the

external markers and the internal markers may each be referred to as a point cloud.

Next, the processor in the radiosurgery device may fit a curve to the points generated

for the internal markers and a separate curve to the points generated by the external

markers in step 234. These curves permit the positions of the external and internal

markers to be correlated to each other. During the actual treatment, the system generates a position, x, of the external

markers by a technique, such as infrared imaging, at a particular time and that position,

x, is fit to the previously generated curve of the external marker positions in step 236.

Next, in step 238, a position, y, of a point on the internal marker curve which

corresponds to the position, x, is determined by comparing the two curves which is a

process known as interpolation. This process may be performed for each marker.

Using this method, the position of the external markers may be correlated to the

position of the internal markers which permits the system to accurately determine the

amount of movement of the target organ without actually imaging the internal organ.

Another way to perform the correlation of the positions of the internal and external

markers is to use a neural network trained to perform interpolation or other known

mathematical interpolation methods for establishing the correspondence between the

internal and external markers after having computed the point clouds.

Now, four different embodiments of the method for compensating for breathing

and other patient motion in accordance with the invention will be described. In all of

these embodiments, the respiratory and diaphragmatic excursion may be limited and

minimized by binding the abdomen or compressing the abdomen. In a first

embodiment, one or more small metal markers (also known as landmarks) are attached

to the target organ before treatment. There may be three or four metal markers with

possibly distinct shapes or sizes, which may be, for example, small gold beads. The

exact position of these internal markers is determined by two x-ray cameras, which acquire a stereo image of the target site. There may also be one or more infra-red

probes which are attached to the patient's skin surface. The infra-red probes give a

very accurate and high speed position reading, but they only show the surface of the

patient's body. In this embodiment, internal imaging of the internal markers and

external imaging of the external markers (i.e., x-ray imaging and infrared imaging) are

combined. In particular, prior to treatment, a series of images with both modalities

(i.e., x-ray and infrared, respectively) is obtained. For these images, the time of image

acquisitions is recorded, or at least the images with both modalities are acquired

simultaneously so that the time of image acquisition does not vary by more than

approximately 0.01 sec. In this way, a series of pre-operative images of both external

and internal landmarks is acquired where each image has a time-stamp. These series of

images determines a model of the relative motion between internal and external

landmarks as described above.

During the actual operation, it is difficult to obtain x-ray images more than

once every predetermined number of seconds due to concerns about exposing the

patient to too much radiation and due to the fact that the treatment beam cannot operate

when x-ray imaging is being done. The x-ray imaging alone would therefore be too

slow to follow breathing motion with high precision. Therefore, the external landmarks

on the skin surface, as seen by the infrared system, are used for intra-operative

localization, where we continuously reference the previously computed model of

relative motions of the internal and external markers. This allows the exact placement of the internal landmarks (gold beads) to be predicted at time points where no x-ray

images are available. Now, a second embodiment of the method will be described.

In a second embodiment of the method in accordance with the invention, no

internal landmarks attached to the target organ are used. Instead, an ultra-sound

camera is used to acquire the pre-operative image series, again in combination with an

infra-red tracking system. The infra-red system in this embodiment establishes both

the position of the external landmarks and the position of the (movable) ultra-sound

camera, which must be moved by a human operator during this pre-operative phase.

During the pre-operative phase, the ultra-sound images may be analyzed manually or

semi-automatically in order to locate the target. During treatment, the external

landmarks (infra-red probes) are used to compensate for the motion of the target organ

since the motion model we have established allows the determination of the position of

the internal target organ from the position of the external markers. Now, a third

embodiment of the method will be described.

A third embodiment is very similar to the second embodiment except that a

device for measuring the air flow may be used instead of the ultrasound camera. The

device may be a mouthpiece that records the direction and volume of airflow and

correlates these measurements with the location of the internal fiducials or any other

mechanism for detecting the location of the internal organs. In this embodiment, a

reference position of the target organ, such as a lung, such as at full exhalation or at

full inhalation or any intermediate respiratory state may be used to correlate the current respiratory state to a state imaged prior to the treatment so that the motion and position

of the target organ may be determined during the treatment and the position of the

treatment device may be moved based on the determined motion of the target organ.

Now, a fourth embodiment of the invention will be described.

In a fourth embodiment of the invention, a slightly different technique is used.

In particular, during most radiation treatments, the patient is awake and conscious so

that it is often difficult to determine whether a motion observed by real-time tracking

of external markers is indeed due to breathing and not to other small movements of the

patient's body. Such other movements of the body may be caused, for example, by

sneezing or other sudden motions. To detect and accurately track these other motions,

a pair of x-ray cameras in addition to the ultra-sound camera described above may be

used. In this embodiment, the ultra-sound camera is only used before the operation to

determine the correlation between the target motion and the motion of external

landmarks as described above. Thus, a series of pre-operative images is again acquired

to determine the relationship between the motion of the patient's skin surface and the

target organ. During treatment, the x-ray cameras may be used to determine sudden

motion of the patient based on well known computer methods for automatically finding

bony landmarks in x-ray images. These x-ray images may be compared to pre-

operative tomographic images (CT or MR images) to determine sudden movement of

the patient. While the foregoing has been with reference to a particular embodiment of the

invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes in this

embodiment may be made without departing from the principles and spirit of the

invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

Claims:

1. An apparatus for compensating for breathing and other motions of the

patient during treatment, the apparatus comprising:

a first detection device for periodically generating positional data about the

internal target region;

a second detection device for continuously generating positional data about one

or more external sensors; and

a processor that receives the positional data about the internal target region and

the external sensors in order to generate a correspondence between the position of the

internal target region and the external sensors so that the treatment is directed towards

the position of the target region of the patient based on the positional data obtained

from the external sensors.

2. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the first detection device comprises

one or more markers attached to the internal target region within the patient's body and

an imaging device for imaging the markers within the patient's body.

3. The apparatus of Claim 2, wherein the imaging device comprises a

stereotaxic x-ray device.

4. The apparatus of Claim 3, wherein the one or more markers comprise

metal beads attached to the internal target region.

5. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the first detection device comprises

an ultrasound device for imaging the internal target region prior to treatment.

6. The apparatus of Claim 5, wherein the first detection device further

comprises an imaging device for detecting movement of the patient during the

treatment.

7. The apparatus of Claim 6, wherein the imaging device comprises a

stereotaxic x-ray device.

8. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the second detection device

comprises one or more infrared markers attached to the body of the patient and an

infrared imaging device for imaging the infrared markers.

9. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the second detection device

comprises a visible imaging device.

10. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the second detection device

comprises a flow meter that measures respiration of the patient.

11. The apparatus of Claim 10, wherein the second detection device further

comprises means for compressing the abdomen of the patient to limit respiratory

motion.

12. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the processor further comprises

means for correlating the periodic positional data of the internal target region with the

positional data of the external markers.

13. The apparatus of Claim 1 , wherein the treatment comprises radiation

treatment.

14. The apparatus of Claim 1 , wherein the treatment comprises a biopsy

needle.

15. The apparatus of Claim 1 , wherein the treatment comprises a laser beam

treatment.

16. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the treatment comprises a focused

energy treatment including one of ablation and ultrasound.

17. The apparatus of Claim 1 , wherein the external markers comprises a

device worn around the waist of the user with the one or more external markers

attached to the device, the device comprising one of a belt, ring and vest.

18. The apparatus of Claim 1 further comprising means for altering the

treatment in response to changes in the position of the target region.

19. The apparatus of Claim 18, wherein the altering means comprises

means for moving the treatment relative to the patient.

20. The apparatus of Claim 18, wherein the altering means comprises

means for changing the characteristics of the treatment.

21. The apparatus of Claim 20, wherein the changing means comprises

means for collimating the treatment beam.

22. The apparatus of Claim 20, wherein the changing means comprises

means for blocking the treatment beam at predetermined times.

23. A method for compensating for breathing and other motions of the

patient during treatment, the method comprising:

periodically generating positional data about the internal target region; continuously generating positional data about external motion of the patient's

body using one or more external sensors; and

generating a correspondence between the position of the internal target region

and the external sensors so that the treatment is directed towards the position of the

target region of the patient based on the positional data of the external sensors.

24. The method of Claim 23, wherein periodically generating positional

data comprises attaching one or more markers to the internal target region within the

patient's body and imaging the markers within the patient's body.

25. The method of Claim 24, wherein the imaging comprises generating a

stereotaxic x-ray image of the patient.

26. The method of Claim 23, wherein generating the periodic positional

data comprises imaging the internal target region with an ultrasound device prior to

treatment.

27. The method of Claim 26, wherein generating the positional data prior to

treatment further comprises detecting movement of the patient during the treatment.

28. The method of Claim 23, wherein generating the positions of the

external markers comprises attaching one or more infrared markers to the patient and

imaging the infrared markers with an infrared imaging device.

29. The method of Claim 23 further comprising binding the patient to

reduce respiratory motion, and wherein the external sensor comprises a flow meter that

measures respiration.

30. The method of Claim 23, wherein generating the correspondence further

comprises correlating the periodic positional data of the internal target region with the

positional data of the external sensors.

31. The method of Claim 23 , wherein the treatment comprises radiation

treatment.

32. The method of Claim 23, wherein the treatment comprises a biopsy

needle.

33. The method of Claim 23, wherein the treatment comprises a laser beam

treatment.

34. The method of Claim 23, wherein the treatment comprises a focused

energy treatment including one of ablation and ultrasound.

35. The method of Claim 23, wherein attaching the external markers

comprises attaching a device to the patient having one or more external markers

attached to the device, the device comprising one or a belt, a ring and a vest.

36. The method of Claim 23 further comprising altering the treatment in

response to changes in the position of the target region.

37. The method of Claim 36, wherein the altering comprises moving the

treatment relative to the patient.

38. The method of Claim 36, wherein the altering comprises changing the

characteristics of the treatment.

39. The method of Claim 38, wherein the changing comprises collimating

the treatment beam.

40. The method of Claim 38, wherein the changing comprises blocking the

treatment beam at predetermined times.

41. An apparatus for performing a treatment on an internal target region

while compensating for breathing and other motions of the patient, the apparatus

comprising:

a first imaging device for periodically generating positional data about the

internal target region;

a second imaging device for continuously generating positional data about one

or more external sensors attached to the patient's body;

internal target region and the external sensory data; and

a treatment device that directs the treatment towards the position of the target

region of the patient based on the data of the external sensors.

42. An apparatus for compensating for breathing and other motions of the

patient during treatment, the apparatus comprising:

a first detection device for periodically generating positional data about the

internal target region;

a second detection device for continuously generating positional data about one

or more external markers showing external motion of the patient's body when the first

imaging device is not active; and

a processor that determines the position of the internal target region to be

treated when the first imaging device is not active, the position being determined based on the generated position of the external markers which corresponds to a

predetermined position of the internal target region.