WO2001001516A1

WO2001001516A1 - Electromagnetic field in a communications system for wireless networks

Info

Publication number: WO2001001516A1
Application number: PCT/US2000/011886
Authority: WO
Inventors: George G. Chadwick
Original assignee: Deskin Research Group, Inc.; Cocomo Mb Communication, Inc.
Priority date: 1999-06-25
Filing date: 2000-06-21
Publication date: 2001-01-04
Also published as: JP4208224B2; IL146666A0; DE60019792T2; KR20020022060A; HK1048020A1; US7099621B1; ES2241622T3; IL146666A; DE60019792D1; US20040266334A1; US20030143945A1; EP1234353A1; CN1358341A; US6917785B2; EP1234353B1; JP2003512748A; CN1213512C; KR100716862B1; CN1642031A; ATE294454T1

Abstract

The invention is utilized to generate electromagnetic fields (20) within a building or structure (10). Conductors (14) within the building or structure (10) are used as an exciter to create a localized quasi-static electromagnetic field (20) that may be used to connect a wide variety of devices without wires and without suffering undue interference from external noise.

Description

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention includes methods and apparatus for providing a wireless communications system More particularly, the preferred embodiments of the mvention utilize the High Frequency, Very High Frequency and the lower end of the Ultra High Frequency (HF, VHF & UHF) bands to generate electromagnetic fields withm a building or structure Conductors withm the building or structure are used as an exciter to create a localized quasi-static electromagnetic field that may be used to connect a wide variety of devices without wires and without suffering undue mterference from external noise

BACKGROUND ART

Over the past two decades, the meteoπc πse of the personal computer has transformed the world A recent report m Forbes notes that over 100 million personal computers were sold m 1998 alone In just the past few years, the ability to connect all of these millions of computers dispersed across the globe through the World Wide Web has sparked a huge mcrease in the amount of information that is conveyed and business that is conducted on-lme A recent study conducted by the University of Texas and published in Fortune mdicates that the U S Internet industry collected $300 billion in revenues in 1998, nearly as much as the American automotive industry

Many experts in the telecommunications business believe that a new and even more dramatic phase of this communications revolution is about to unfold Although millions of additional personal computers will continue to be added to the Internet, many new electronic devices will soon be connected m extensive networks for the first time In his 1998 book entitled New Rules for the New Economy, Kevin Kelly estimates that there are currently six billion "chips in objects," other than those in computers, which are currently m operation around the world Televisions, household appliances and lighting components, heating and coolmg systems, security alarms and office equipment are all capable of being controlled or monitored by signals transported through network connections Even the most prosaic appliances that utilize simple, single-purpose chips can be monitored or controlled by network signals

One of the most seπous drawbacks of trying to connect many devices in a network using conventional hardware is the need for cables, interface equipment and connector terminals This is especially true in situations where wires are exposed in interior living or working spaces because they have been added after interior construction has been completed A profusion of wires draped from a desk and tangled on the floor is an eyesore, and in some instances, a safety hazard One recent improvement has been the introduction of a limited number of devices that include wireless transmitters and receivers Many printers, laptop computers and personal digital assistants use infrared ports to exchange data with computer systems These infrared units have very limited range, and generally require a line-of-sight to their targets. A number of new compames are attempting to develop wireless network systems A new venture called OpenSky™ has been formed by 3Com™ and Aether Technologies™ Bluetooth™ is a cooperative effort of several telecommunications compames seeking to establish a standard for wireless connectivity in the 2 45 GHz band Home RF™ is a proposed wireless system offered by Microsoft™ Home Wireless Networks™ also plans to offer wireless networking products When radio waves are employed to connect devices in the United States, the manufacturer of the radio devices must be sure to operate withm specific frequency bands and power limits prescribed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) The FCC allocates and coordinates the utilization of the Radio Frequency (RF) bands to ensure that interference among many different users of the spectrum is minimized Some of the frequencies allocated by the FCC are situated in "unlicensed" bands, meaning that the use of these frequencies does not require the formal grant of a license from the FCC Part 15 of the

Code of Federal Regulations contams regulations which permit unlicensed radio transmissions if the transmissions meet many guidelines pertaining to power levels, antenna size, distance and other factors

These complex government regulations present a serious obstacle to the development of any type of new wireless network A wireless network may not be operated in frequency bands that are already licensed to other users, and may not operate m an unlicensed band unless it meets the stringent requirements of Part 15

The problem of providing a high-speed, easily expandable and flexible network for linking many diverse devices and appliances has presented a major challenge to engineers and technicians m the communications industry The development of methods and apparatus that could easily connect many different devices simply, at a relatively low cost, without wires and without causing interference to other users of the radio spectrum would constitute a major technological advance m the telecommunications business, and would satisfy a long felt need withm the electronics and computer industries

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The Electromagnetic Field Communications System for Wireless Networks provides methods and apparatus for wirelessly connecting radio frequency devices within a quasi-static electromagnetic field The field is produced by feeding a radio frequency signal to a conductor withm a structure In a typical residential, commercial or industrial building, the conductor may be a wire or ground shield m the electrical service, a water pipe or a structural member By introducing the radio frequency signal to conductors within a building, the building itself becomes the exciter for the system The HF band has not been exploited in the past for communications networks because of problems stemmmg from 1 ) the high atmospheric and man made noise and 2) the large size of antennas for this region of the spectrum The present mvention solves these problems, and allows the HF band to be used for lntra- communications within a building or residence A building or residence is large relative to the wavelengths m the HF through the lower UHF regions The electromagnetic fields are thus practical to excite, thereby solving the problem of normally used "large antennas " The structure of the excited ground system (or plumbing or structure or sprinkler) forms a cage which shields against man-made and galactic noise This structure contains the RF energy The electromagnetic field established by the exciter is not a propagating wave in the normal sense The field is not characterized by scatter, and is not generally affected by non-metallic walls or personnel The entire building is now active and serves as an ideal medium for wirelessly connecting devices in the volume

Contrast the above set of circumstances with the normally used FCC's Part 15 frequencies of 2400-2483 5 MHz or 5725 to 5850 MHz, where hundreds of millions of dollars are being spent to develop infra-structure communications systems m buildings and residences The corresponding wavelengths are less than five inches at the lowest of these frequencies The structures are now so large that energy propagates m the normal radiation manner These bands are characterized by scatter and multi-path, which result m dead spots Furthermore, signals do not readily pass through walls, and are severely affected by the presence of personnel These problems are usually solved by distributing a number of antennas throughout the structure

The resulting RF environment is characterized by mterference zones where two antennas having near equal amplitudes create signal voids or nulls Coaxial cable must also be routed throughout the structure The term "wireless" now becomes arguable, because while the final connect is wireless, the installed cable is not The advantage gained by operatmg above 2400 MHz is the small size of the antenna, typically less than 2 inches A high price is thus bemg paid for the convenience of this small antenna

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radio frequency signal is generally confined to the High Frequency (HF) from 3-30 MHz, or Very High Frequency (VHF) from 30-300 MHz, and the lower end of the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) from 300-3000 MHz band This selection results in a wavelength of from 100 to 10 meters from the high frequency (HF) band, and from 10 meters to 1 meter for the very high frequency (VHF) band In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the wavelength that is employed should be on the order of the dimension of the building or residence m which the electromagnetic field is created

The electromagnetic field is a non-propagating, quasi-static domain of electromagnetic energy which is generally confined withm the structure in which it is generated Unlike conventional radio, which employs propagating waves that cause energy to radiate and travel away from an antenna, the present invention establishes a spatial region or volume characterized by electromagnetic voltage fields with magnitudes that vary at the frequency of the mput radio signal The electromagnetic field does not generally cause mterference with radio devices outside the structure

The present mvention may be used to create a high-speed local area network within a building or residence A wide variety of devices, including computers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, conventional telephones, televisions, radios, security alarms, office equipment, lighting components, heating and coolmg systems and many other appliances may be connected without wires usmg the electromagnetic field produced by the mvention Any device having the capability to produce information or to be controlled can be wirelessly connected to the enterprise developed to process such information or to control such functions The communications industry has realized that connectivity in residences and commercial buildings is the key to their future business growth Increasingly, since the beginning of 1998, major firms have committed to expanding this market as the key to their growth Such firms as Intel™, Cisco Systems™, Microsoft™ and Sun Microsystems™, among many others, have announced plans to penetrate the residence and building intra-communications market place The proposed invention provides a seamless broadband methodology for achieving this end

An appreciation of other aims and objectives of the present mvention and a more complete and comprehensive understanding of this mvention may be achieved by studymg the following description of preferred and alternative embodiments, and by referring to the accompanying drawings

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a conventional radiating field, which causes radio waves to propagate and to travel away from an antenna

Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a cavity-like electromagnetic field

Figure 3 is a pictorial, cut-away view of a typical house which includes conductors within its walls A radio frequency signal generator is coupled to a conductor within the walls to establish an electromagnetic field within the house

Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention

Figure 5 is a pictorial representation of vaπous devices m a typical house that may be connected wirelessly using the present invention

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

I Electromagnetic Waves

When radio frequency energy is coupled to a cavity, an electromagnetic field is created within the cavity This cavity may be formed of solid metallic surfaces or a grid of wires The coupler or exciter establishes currents m the walls which in turn establish an internal electromagnetic field This field distribution is invariant with the magnitude of the voltage component of the field, varying only at the carrier rate of the excitmg frequency

Figure 1 supplies a simplified schematic illustration of a conventional radio station RS Radio signals contaimng the information that will be broadcast to listeners are fed to a tall metal transmitting tower T over a cable CBL The tower is composed of conductive metal that creates a field of radio waves W These fields propagate or travel great distances through the air, until they reach a radio receiver R like the one pictured in the house H m Figure 1 The radio R detects and signal, and converts it to audible speech or music for a listener to enjoy

The conventional radio waves that are utilized in Figure 1 create a field that is called a "far-field," because the radio waves move out and away from the antenna tower and enable the operation of a radio receiver that is far away The traveling waves move m accordance with a well understood electromagnetic theory of propagation, but in a layman's view, appear like πpples on the surface of a quiet pond that has been disturbed by a stone dropped m the water Conventional radio equipment transmits electromagnetic energy to remote receivers using waves that can travel over great distances

Figure 2 offers an illustration of a very different kind of electromagnetic field This field is electromagnetic To produce such an electromagnetic field, a signal S is conveyed through a conductor connected to the rectangular metal enclosure E shown in Figure 2 Inside the enclosure, the field which is generated is very different from the "far-field" depicted in Figure 1 There are no propagating, traveling waves mside the metal box shown in Figure 2 Inside, every pomt enclosed by the box is associated with an energy or voltage level These pomt-by-pomt voltage levels vary accordmg to the frequency of the input signal that energizes the box and the size of the box The electromagnetic field may be called a "quasi- static" field, since it does not produce traveling waves for distant receivers

A receiver placed inside the box illustrated m Figure 2 can detect the signal S, but unlike conventional radio, the receiver would be "inside" a quasi-static non-propagating wave A more common technical term for a conductive enclosure which is energized to produce a confined electromagnetic field within its walls is a "cavity resonator "

II A Preferred Embodiment of the Invention

The present mvention utilizes the electromagnetic field phenomenon exhibited in Figure 2 to create a region or "bubble" withm an enclosure The field is used to connect many different devices without wires, and even more importantly, without interference to other conventional radio devices In one preferred embodiment of the invention, signals are generated in the High Frequency (HF) band, which spans the frequencies from 3 to 30 MHz In an alternative embodiment of the invention, signals are generated m the Very High Frequency (VHF) band, which spans the frequencies from 30 to 300 MHz Fields may also be generated in the lower end of the UHF band (at least up to 400 MHz)

The selection of these particular frequency ranges is important because the wavelengths associated with these frequencies are generally withm an order of magnitude m size of the dimensions of the structures m which the field is created This relationship is important, because if the structure becomes too large, it becomes an antenna for the creation of a far-field, and both scatter and multi-path begm to occur

The high and very high frequency bands are especially useful for the implementation of the present invention because they are generally shunned by other users of conventional radio frequencies This is true because signals propagated at these frequencies are plagued by many different types of natural atmospheric and man-made sources of noise

Figure 3 portrays a structure or building 10 havmg walls 12 which mclude common metallic conductors 14 such as electrical ground shields, wires, sprinkler conduits, water pipes or structural members These conductors 14 are activated or energized by introducing a signal from a signal generator 16 which is attached to one or more of the conductors 14 with a wire 18 In an alternative embodiment of the mvention, the wire 18 may be omitted by energizmg the conductors 14 with electromagnetic energy which is emitted from the signal generatoi 16

The present invention uses the metal elements 14 already present in virtually all buildings and homes as a cavity antenna to create an electromagnetic field 20 within the building or home A variety of devices 22 that mclude receivers are then able to be connected in a local area network without wires This local area network may, in turn, be connected to public or private telephone lmes, to a satellite transceiver, or to some other interface to the outside world

Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention The system has a controller which may be a card in a PC or a separate base station This terminal is connected to the house ground system (or structure or plumbing, etc ) to excite the volume Numerous devices then transmit withm the volume, and are thus connected to the network Their signals are received by the controller The controller, which includes a router m one embodiment of the invention, separates the individual signals of different bandwidths and/or modulation formats, and routes them to their addressed target The target may be the processor itself, if devices are being momtored, or a remote device such as a video receiver which is receiving data from a VCR or TV The target may also be a remote for which settings are bemg changed

For frequencies below 300 MHz, the transmitter, the receiver and all other hardware may be implemented digitally In fact, a major advantage of the system is that the hardware for the frequencies m this invention is considerably cheaper than in the bands above 2400 MHz

In one embodiment of the mvention, the connection to the conductors m the volume is made through a matching section and then through a coaxial cable The output of the coaxial cable is connected to the conductor, leaving the ground shield unterminated When RF energy is connected to a terminal, part of the energy is transmitted as desired, and part is reflected The reflection occurs because the impedance of the exciter is not the same as the generator, and, moreover, changes with frequency while the generator does not The reflected energy represents a loss in efficiency and should be minimized The matching section transforms the exciter impedance to achieve a minimum reflection over the band of operation

Generally, the exciter should be connected between 0 1 and 0 4 wavelengths above true ground to achieve a reasonable match This restricts the bandwidth for a given attachment to 400%- more than adequate for the purposes mtended

Figure 5 is a pictorial representation of various devices m a typical house that may be connected wirelessly using the present mvention Accordmg to a first aspect of the mvention, the invention provides a method for generatmg a radio frequency signal which is fed to a conductor 14 within a structure 10 A quasi-static non-propagating electromagnetic field 20 is created withm the structure, and is used to convey the radio frequency signal to a receiver 22 located withm the structure 10 A number of different signals may be fed to the conductor simultaneously, enablmg the transmission of multiple signals In one embodiment of the mvention, signals may be conveyed using the HF, VHF and lower UHF bands simultaneously, as long as appropriate filtering is performed to msure adequate signal separation

In one embodiment of the invention, the mvention may be installed by inserting a common three- prong electrical plug into a conventional three-slotted electrical socket The plug has first and second power prongs, and a third p ong for a ground connection The signal is fed to the ground wire of the electrical system of the structure via the ground prong on the plug The use of the ground prong is an especially method of implementing the invention, but the alternative use of water pipes and conductive structural members of the building such as steel beams provide important advantages, since they are generally free of electrical noise In some situations, it may be possible to add conductors 14 to the ceiling oi undei the flooring to enhance the electromagnetic field In another embodiment of the mvention, the invention provides a signaling system for use in a building structure 10 This embodiment utilizes a radio frequency signal generator 16,22 and one or more radio frequency signal receivers characterized m that the generator 16,22 is arranged to supply its signals to the conductors(s) 14, and the conductor(s) is/are arranged to create, m response to said signals, a quasi- static non-propagatmg electromagnetic field 20 withm said structure In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the preferred signal frequency is substantially 30

MHz, but may he anywhere m the range of 3 to 400 MHz, preferably in the range of 5 to 100 MHz, and most preferably m the range of 15 to 60 MHz

III Wireless Operation Without Interference

The selection of the High Frequency, Very High Frequency, and the lower end of the Ultra High Frequency bands offers two important advantages to the implementation of the mvention First, since most other radio services avoid these bands due to atmospheric and man-made noise, these frequencies are generally available for a revolutionary new service such as that offered by the present invention Secondly, these frequency bands require large antennas At 30 MHz, an appropriate conventional antenna size is 50 feet, while a 150 foot conventional antenna would be preferable for 10 MHz These dimensions are well- suited for this frequency band For a building which is 50 by 100 feet and 20 feet tall, the building is 0 2 x 1 0 x 0 2 wavelengths at 30 MHz, or 0 1 x 0 5 x 04 wavelengths at 15 MHz

When the electromagnetic field system is operated, the electrical conduits in the structure form a small set of grids, which are small relative to the HF wavelengths, and "cut off' radiation from outside sources, sigmficantly reducmg the effects of atmospheπc and man-made noise This gπd acts as a screen which prevents energy from penefratmg when the grid size drops below 0 5 wavelengths The attenuation mcreases rapidly as the gπd size (m wavelengths) reduces A gπd opening of 25 feet on a side is more than adequately small at 30 MHz and easily realized m any structure

In the VHF and lower UHF bands, the gπd protection slowly disappears as the size of the wavelengths become smaller Fortunately, however, the man-made and galactic noise abate even more quickly This latter interference usually drops below receiver noise at about 40 MHz In these upper bands, noise shielding is not paramount, and the building excitation may continue to work as described above

However, as the frequency mcreases, energy begins to propagate outside the structure

Experimental work has been performed from 3 to 30 MHz, 140 to 150 MHz and from 390 to 400

MHz This expeπmentation has corroborated the above teachings The experiments were used to transmit video and audio data in both a commercial building ( 100 feet by 200 feet) and a two story residence It is quite possible to operate multiple HF, VHF and UHF bands m the same structure, as long as filtering is used

Because of the umque properties of the electromagnetic field, many of the shortcomings that plague conventional radio communication such as scattering, dead spots and multi-path mterference are avoided Some higher frequencies are unable to pass through walls, and are severely effected by the presence of human bodies Since HF and VHF waves are so large, these problems are generally avoided by the present mvention

IV Terminology

In this Specification and m the Claims that follow, the term "conductor" is used to descπbe a type material that is characteπzed by an ability to convey or transport an electrical current The use of the term is not, however, limited to typical conductors such as metal wires, cables or pipes The conductor that is used to implement the invention may comprise any substance in which electrons or other charges are generally free to move to form a current and, consequently, generate a field

Similarly, the term "structure" is not mtended to be limited to any specific type of building When used in this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the term "structure" encompasses any complete or partial enclosure, or elements of a structure, including but not limited to a wall, partition, floor, window, ceiling or roof, which form a cavity resonator INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The preferred embodiments of the mvention utilize the High Frequency, Very High Frequency and the lower end of the Ultra High Frequency (HF, VHF & UHF) bands to generate electromagnetic fields withm a building or structure Conductors within the building or structure are used as an exciter to create a localized quasi-static electromagnetic field that may be used to connect a wide vaπety of devices without wires and without suffering undue mterference from external noise The present mvention will be capable of bemg applied to a vast array of uses, mcludmg the creation of localized commercial and residential wireless networks

CONCLUSION

Although the present mvention has been described in detail with reference to a particular prefeπed embodiment, persons possessing ordinary skill m the art to which this invention pertains will appreciate that various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the Claims that follow The methods and apparatus that have been disclosed above are mtended to educate the reader about the preferred embodiments, and are not mtended to constrain the limits of the invention or the scope of the Claims

LIST OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS

Figure 1

CBL Cable

H House

R Radio

RS Radio station

T Transmission tower w Radio waves

Figure 2

E Enclosure

Figure 3

10 Structure or enclosure

12 Walls

14 Conductors

16 Signal generator

18 Connection from signal generator to conductor

20 Electromagnetic field

22 Device with receiver

Claims

What is claimed is

1 A method compπsmg the steps of

generating a radio frequency signal, and

feeding said radio frequency signal to a conductor (14), said conductor generally being within a structure (10), characterized in that the method further comprises the steps of

creating a quasi-static non-propagating electromagnetic filed (20) within said structure, and

usmg said electromagnetic filed to convey said radio frequency signal to a receiver (22) generally located withm said structure

2 A method as recited in Claiml, m which said radio frequency signal is generated usmg the High Frequency band

3 A method as recited in Claiml, m which said radio frequency signal is generated usmg the Very High Frequency band

4 A method as recited in Claiml , m which said radio frequency signal is generated using the low end of the Ultra High Frequency band

5 A method as recited m Claim 1 , in which said radio frequency signal is generated using a frequency band which is characterized by a wavelength such that said structure ( 10) has a maximum dimension which is generally less than ten wavelengths in any dimension 6 A method as recited in Claim 1, in which said radio frequency signal is generated usmg a frequency band which does not generally cause mterference outside said structure in the HF band

7 A method as recited m any preceding Claim, m which said radio frequency signal is fed to said conductor (14) usmg a direct, hard-wired connection (18)

8 A method as recited in any of Claims 1 to 6, in which said radio frequency signal is fed to said conductor (14) by exciting said conductor with transmitted radio frequency energy

9 A method as recited m any preceding Claim, in which said conductor (14) is an electrical wire

10 A method as recited in any preceding Claim, in which said conducto (14) is a water pipe

11 A method as recited m any preceding Claim, m which said conductor (14) is a structural member

12 A method as recited m any preceding Claim, comprising the additional steps of

allowing simultaneous operation m the HF, VHF and lower UHF band with multiple connections, and

filtering said multiple connections to insure signal separation

13 A method as recited m any preceding Claim, comprising the additional steps of

installing said receiver by inserting an electrical plug havmg first and second power prongs and a third, ground prong mto an electrical socket, and

feeding said signal to said conductor (14) through said third ground prong on said plug 14 A signaling system for use in a building structure (10) havmg one or more conductors (14) withm its fabπc, the system comprismg a radio frequency signal generator ( 16,22) and one or more radio frequency signal receivers (22,16) characterized m that the generator (16,22) is arranged to supply its signals to the conductors(s) (14), and the conductor(s) is/are arranged to create, m response to said signals, a quasi-static non-propagating electromagnetic field (20) withm said structure