WO2001063327A1 - Ligne de transmission optique et systeme de transmission optique comprenant celle-ci - Google Patents
Ligne de transmission optique et systeme de transmission optique comprenant celle-ci Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001063327A1 WO2001063327A1 PCT/JP2001/001355 JP0101355W WO0163327A1 WO 2001063327 A1 WO2001063327 A1 WO 2001063327A1 JP 0101355 W JP0101355 W JP 0101355W WO 0163327 A1 WO0163327 A1 WO 0163327A1
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- optical transmission
- transmission line
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- optical
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
- G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
- G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
- G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
- G02B6/02252—Negative dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
- G02B6/0228—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion slope properties around 1550 nm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29371—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating principle based on material dispersion
- G02B6/29374—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating principle based on material dispersion in an optical light guide
- G02B6/29376—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating principle based on material dispersion in an optical light guide coupling light guides for controlling wavelength dispersion, e.g. by concatenation of two light guides having different dispersion properties
- G02B6/29377—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating principle based on material dispersion in an optical light guide coupling light guides for controlling wavelength dispersion, e.g. by concatenation of two light guides having different dispersion properties controlling dispersion around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2513—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion
- H04B10/2525—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion using dispersion-compensating fibres
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical transmission line applied to a relay transmission line arranged between stations and an optical transmission system including the same.
- Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical transmission using signals of multiple wavelengths included in the 1.55 zm wavelength band enables high-speed, large-capacity information transmission.
- factors that limit the transmission capacity include the nonlinearity and dispersion slope of the optical transmission line. Therefore, in order to improve the performance of WDM optical transmission systems, it is important to reduce the nonlinearity of the optical transmission line (for example, to increase the effective area) and to reduce the dispersion gap of the optical transmission line. It is.
- a single-mode optical fiber (hereinafter referred to as SMF) has a zero dispersion wavelength in the 1.3 ⁇ m wavelength band, and has a positive wavelength dispersion and a positive dispersion slope in the 1.55 wavelength band.
- SMF single-mode optical fiber
- DCF dispersion compensating optical fiber
- the dispersion slope of the entire optical transmission line is reduced.
- the effective area of the entire optical transmission line can be increased, and the nonlinearity of the optical transmission line can be reduced. Is planned.
- a conventional optical transmission line disclosed in T. Naito, et al., "1 erabit / s WDM Transmission over 10,000 km", ECOC'99, PD-2-l (1999) as a first prior art. Has a configuration in which the SMF and the DCF are connected.
- the conventional optical transmission line disclosed in 79-81 has a configuration in which an SMF (hereinafter, referred to as Ge_SM) having a core region to which Ge is added and a DCF are connected.
- Ge_SM an SMF
- Tsuritani et al., "1 Tbit / s (100x10.7 Gbit / s) Transoceanic Transmission Using 30nm-Wide Broadband Optical Repeaters with. AefrEniarged. Positive Dispersion Fiber and Slope- Compensating DCF", ECOC '99, PD-2-7 (1999) shows eight conventional optical transmission lines. It has a configuration in which the magnified rice cake and the rice cake are connected.
- the optical transmission lines according to the first and second conventional examples have a bending loss of about 1 dBZm and are designed to be excessively strong against bending. No significant reduction effect can be obtained.
- the relative refractive index difference of the core region in the DCF is about 1.2%. Therefore, the effect of reducing nonlinearity cannot be obtained sufficiently.
- the relative refractive index difference of the core region in the DCF is estimated to be about 2.0%, a sufficient effect of reducing nonlinearity cannot be expected. Note that none of the optical transmission lines according to the third to fifth conventional examples is optimized with respect to the ratio of the length of the DCF to the entire optical transmission line.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems, and provides an optical transmission line having a structure for effectively reducing both nonlinearity and dispersion slope, and an optical transmission system including the same. It is intended to be.
- the optical transmission line according to the present invention is a transmission medium suitable for WDM optical transmission using signals of a plurality of wavelengths (WDM signals) different from each other, and is provided between predetermined stations such as a transmitting station, a relay station, and a receiving station.
- a relay transmission line having a span length comprising: a single-mode optical fiber having a zero-dispersion wavelength in a 1.3- ⁇ m wavelength band; and a dispersion-compensating optical fiber that compensates for chromatic dispersion of the single-mode optical fino.
- the single-mode optical fiber and the dispersion-compensating optical fiber are arranged in the order of the single-mode optical fiber and the dispersion-compensating optical fiber along the signal propagation direction, and they are fusion-spliced. ing.
- the average dispersion slope S ave at a wavelength of 155 O nm as viewed from the entire optical transmission line is ⁇ 0.03 ps / nm 2 Zkm or more and 0.0256 ps Znm 2 km or less, and a wavelength of 1550 nm
- the effective effective area at EA eff is 50 zm 2 or more.
- the effective dispersion area equivalent to the average dispersion slope S ave ; EA eff is
- the optical transmission line is a relay transmission line in which the single mode optical fiber and the dispersion compensation optical fiber are fusion-spliced, and the signal propagates in the order of the single mode optical fiber and the dispersion compensation optical fiber.
- the sign of the chromatic dispersion of the single-mode optical fiber and that of the dispersion-compensating optical fiber are different from each other, and the signs of the respective dispersion slopes are also different from each other.
- the absolute value of the dispersion slope becomes smaller.
- the average dispersion slope S ave is more preferably not more than 0.0021 ps / nm 2 km. In this case, high-speed, large-capacity WDM transmission becomes possible at a higher bit rate (for example, about SOGbitZs). Further, the equivalent effective area EA eff is more preferably 55 ⁇ m 2 or more (more preferably 60 zm 2 or more), and the non-fountain shape of the optical transmission line is further reduced. In addition, the average transmission loss of the optical transmission line at a wavelength of 1550 nm is preferably not less than 0.185 dB / km and not more than 0.210 dB / km.
- the average transmission loss is preferably equal to or greater than 0.185 dBZkm and equal to or less than 0.220 dBZkm. In any case, since the transmission loss of the optical transmission line is sufficiently small, the input signal power can be further reduced, and the deterioration of the signal waveform due to the nonlinear effect can be effectively suppressed. .
- the effective area A eff at a wavelength of 155 Onm is preferably 100 zm 2 or more.
- the effective effective area EA eff increases because the signal power density decreases due to the enlargement of the effective area, while the deterioration of the signal waveform due to the nonlinear effect is suppressed.
- the core region of the single-mode optical file I Bas preferably Ge 0 2 is pure silica force not added. Since the transmission loss due to Rayleigh scattering in the core region is small (the transmission loss of the entire optical transmission line is small), the input signal power can be suppressed, resulting in a large equivalent effective area EA eff. is there.
- the relative refractive index difference of the core region with respect to the reference region is preferably 1.4% or more and 1.8% or less.
- the equivalent effective area EA eff of the optical transmission line becomes large (more than 95% of the maximum equivalent effective area).
- the length ratio of the dispersion compensating optical fiber in the optical transmission line (relay transmission line) is preferably in the range of 23% to 36%, and the chromatic dispersion of the dispersion compensating optical fiber at the wavelength of 155 Onm. Is preferably not less than 81 ps / nm, km and not more than 36 psZnmZkm. In these cases, the equivalent effective area EA efi of the optical transmission line can be set to 95% or more of the maximum equivalent effective area.
- the average chromatic dispersion at a wavelength of 1550 ⁇ m as viewed from the entire optical transmission line is negative. Suppress modulation instability This is because the deterioration of the signal waveform due to the cross-phase modulation can be effectively suppressed.
- the optical transmission system according to the present invention is suitable for a WDM optical transmission system that enables large-capacity optical communication, and includes at least a receiving station and a transmitting station. One or more relay stations may be arranged between the receiving station and the transmitting bird.
- the optical transmission line according to the present invention having the above-described structure includes at least a relay station between the receiving stations and the relay station, between the relay stations, and between the relay station and the receiving station as a relay transmission path arranged between the stations. Applies to any of the relay transmission lines. If there is no relay station between the transmitting station and the receiving station, the optical transmission path is applied to a relay transmission path between the transmitting station and the receiving station.
- the absolute value of the chromatic dispersion and the absolute value of the dispersion slope of the entire optical transmission line are set to be small, and the nonlinearity and the average dispersion slope of the optical transmission line are both reduced.
- Bandwidth for example, 1530 ⁇ !
- WDM transmission with a high bit rate IOGbitZs
- the optical transmission system according to the present invention includes a plurality of relay transmission lines continuous via a relay station or the like and an optical transmission line having the above-described structure (having a negative average chromatic dispersion at a wavelength of 150 nm ) May be applied, and an optical transmission line consisting only of a single-mode optical fiber may be applied to the relay transmission line following these relay transmission lines.
- the absolute value of the average chromatic dispersion as viewed from the entire optical transmission system can be reduced, and the deterioration of the signal waveform due to the accumulated chromatic dispersion can be effectively suppressed.
- an EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
- Raman amplifier an optical amplifier
- the optical transmission line according to the present invention compensates for chromatic dispersion of a single-mode optical fiber having a single-mode optical fiber having a zero-dispersion wavelength in a 1.3-m wavelength band. Since a dispersion compensating optical fiber is provided, nonlinearity can be suppressed by increasing the span length (relay distance) between stations. In addition, by applying a Raman amplifier as an optical amplifier installed in a relay station, the span length, which was about 50 km with a typical submarine cable, can be extended to 80 km or more.
- the equivalent effective area EA e ⁇ ⁇ and the span length L (km) of the optical transmission line are:
- Equation (2) shows that the relationship between the equivalent effective area EA ei: f and the span length L is
- the optical transmission line when applied to an optical transmission system in which a Raman amplifier is installed in a relay station, the optical transmission line has a span length of 50 km or more. It is.
- the core area of the dispersion compensating optical fiber is 1.4 ⁇ 0.2%, preferably, about the reference area. It preferably has a relative refractive index difference of 1.4 ⁇ 0.1%.
- Figure 1 shows the chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm, dispersion slope, transmission loss, mode field diameter, effective cross-sectional area, and bending loss at a diameter of 20 mm for each of the three types of DCF (DCF 1 to DCF3). It is a table.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of the DCF 1 in each of the state of being wound around the bobbin and the state of being cabled.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of DCF2 in a state of being wound around a bobbin and a state of being made into a cable.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of the DCF3 in the state of being wound around the bobbin and the state of being cabled.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of one embodiment of an optical transmission line according to the present invention.
- 6A and 6B are a diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of a DCF applicable to the optical transmission line according to the present invention, and a refractive index profile thereof.
- FIG. 7 is a table showing various characteristics of the SMF at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the DCF ratio and the equivalent effective area EA eff when the bending loss is 2 dB Zm.
- the bending loss is a graph showing the relationship between DCF ratio equivalent effective area EA ei f when the 1 OdBZm.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the average dispersion slope save and the maximum equivalent effective area EA e ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in the optical transmission line according to the present invention.
- FIG. 11 shows the configuration of an embodiment of the optical transmission system according to the present invention (an optical transmission line in which SMF and DCF are fusion-spliced is provided in each of nine consecutive sections, and only one SMF is provided in one subsequent section).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an optical transmission system provided with an optical transmission line made up of:
- FIG. 12 is a graph in which the range satisfying the conditions regarding the average dispersion slope S ave and the equivalent effective area EA eif in the graph shown in FIG. 10 is indicated by oblique lines.
- FIG. 13 is a table showing various characteristics at the wavelength of 1550 nm of each of the first to about 16 samples (optical transmission lines) indicated by points (1) to (16) in the graph of FIG.
- Fig. 14 shows the optical transmission path when the bending loss of the DCF is fixed at 2 dB Zm and the average dispersion slope S ave as seen from the entire optical transmission path is fixed at 0.004 psZnm 2 / km.
- 6 is a table showing various characteristics of each of the first to sixth samples at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
- Figure 15 shows that the bending loss of the DCF is 10 dB / m, and the average dispersion slope S ave as seen from the whole optical transmission line is fixed at 0.006 psZnm 2 km.
- 14 is a table showing various characteristics of each of the seventh to twelfth samples at a wavelength of 155 Onm.
- Figure 16 shows that the optical loss when the bending loss of 0 (1 ⁇ is 2 (1; 6/111) and the average dispersion slope S ave is fixed at 0.020 p sZnm 2 / km as viewed from the entire optical transmission line. It is a table showing the characteristics of the thirteenth to eighteenth samples of the transmission line.
- Figure 17 shows the 19th to 19th optical transmission lines when the DCF bending loss is 10 dB Zm and the average dispersion slope S ave is 0.020 psZnm 2 / km as viewed from the entire optical transmission line.
- 26 is a table showing various characteristics of each of the 24th sample at a wavelength of 155 Onm.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of the optical transmission line in which the A eff expanded P SCF and the DCF are fusion-spliced.
- FIG. 19 is a table showing various characteristics of the A eff expanded PSCF and the DCF at a wavelength of 155 Onm.
- Figure 20 is the A eff expansion PSCF and DCF transgressions fusion-spliced optical transmission line, wavelength
- FIG. 4 is a table showing various characteristics at 1550 nm.
- Figure 21 for A e "enlarged PSCF and DCF transgressions fusion-spliced optical transmission line, a table showing the transmission loss in each wavelength included in the wavelength 153 ⁇ ! ⁇ In 1600 nm.
- FIG. 22 is a table showing various characteristics at a wavelength of 1550 nm of an optical transmission line to which another type of optical fiber is applied as the SMF of the optical transmission line according to the present invention.
- Figure 23 is a graph showing the relationship between the span length (km) and the equivalent effective area EA eff .
- FIGS. 24A and 24B are graphs respectively showing the power attenuation and the phase shift with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 50 km to which the Raman amplifier is not applied.
- FIGS. 25A and 25B are graphs respectively showing the power attenuation and the phase shift amount with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 8 Okm to which the Raman amplifier is not applied.
- FIGS. 26A and 26B are graphs showing the power attenuation and the phase shift with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 100 km to which the Raman amplifier is not applied. .
- FIG. 27 is a table showing various characteristics of various optical fiber samples prepared to obtain the measurement results shown in FIGS. 24A to 26B.
- FIG. 28 is a graph showing the relationship between the DCF contribution to the nonlinearity index ⁇ ⁇ and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the DCF for each of the optical transmission lines having a span length of 50 km, 80 km, and 100 km. It is.
- Figures 29A to 29C show the relative values of m and the DCF at each level when the gain by Raman amplification is fixed for each of the optical transmission lines with span lengths of 5 Okm, 80 km, and 100 km.
- 6 is a graph showing a relationship with the graph.
- the inventors have studied the transmission loss characteristics of the three types of DCF having various characteristics (wavelength 1550 nm) shown in Fig. 1 when they are wound around a plastic bobbin (diameter 280 mm).
- the transmission loss characteristics were measured in a cabled state (assuming a submarine cable). As a result, it was found that the transmission loss of DCF was reduced in the cupped state compared to the state wound on the bobbin.
- FIG. 1 shows the chromatic dispersion, dispersion slope, transmission loss, mode field diameter (MFD), and effective area (A efi ;) at a wavelength of 155 Onm for each of the three types of DCFs (DCF 1, DCF 2, and DCF 3).
- FIG. 4 is a table showing bending loss at a diameter of 2 Omm (measured while being wound on a mandrel having a diameter of 2 Omm).
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of DCF 1
- Fig. 3 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of DCF 2
- Fig. 4 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of the transmission loss of DCF 3.
- You. Graphs G 210, G 310, and G 410 in FIGS. 2 to 4 show the transmission loss characteristics of each DCF when wound on a bobbin, and graphs G 220, G 320, and G 420 show cable transmissions.
- Fig. 4 shows the transmission loss characteristics
- the bending loss is reduced by being cabled and the transmission loss on the long wavelength side is reduced, so that the allowable range of the bending level is expanded. I do. If the bending loss is about 2 dBZm, the loss does not increase up to a wavelength of about 1625 nm even in a bobbin winding state, and is therefore preferable for transmitting an L-band (wavelength 1565 ⁇ ! ⁇ 1625 nm) signal.
- the bending loss is about 1 OdBZm
- the loss does not increase to a wavelength of about 1625 nm due to the cable if the bending loss is about 1 OdBZm. This is preferable for transmitting
- the bending loss is about 50 dBZm
- the loss does not increase to a wavelength of about 1565 nm due to cabling if the bending loss is about 50 dBZm. Therefore, the signal of the C band (wavelength 1530 ⁇ ! ⁇ 1565 nm) is transmitted. It is preferable in doing.
- the allowable range of the bending loss of the DCF was determined from the characteristics after the cable was formed.
- the inventors next examined the bending loss dependence of the relationship between the equivalent effective area and the dispersion slope, and determined the relationship between the equivalent effective area and the dispersion slope from the allowable range of the bending loss determined as described above. The optimization of the relationship was discussed.
- the effective effective area EA eff of the optical transmission line is defined as follows. First, a value (non-linear index) obtained by integrating the amount of phase shift caused by self-phase modulation (SPM) over the relay section (span length L) is introduced as a quantity that quantitatively expresses nonlinearity. This is given by the following equations (3a) and (3b).
- k is the wave number
- z is a variable that represents the distance (longitudinal position) from the optical input end of the optical transmission line
- N 2 (z) is the nonlinear refractive index at the optical transmission line position z (by the XPM method).
- a eff f (z) is the effective area at the position z of the optical transmission line.
- P (z) is the optical power at the position z of the optical transmission line, and is the transmission loss of the optical transmission line.
- P 0 is the optical power at the optical input end of the optical transmission path
- optical Pawa one P in the light output end (L) is adjusted to be constant to the SZN ratio in the light output end and a fixed You.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical transmission line according to the present invention.
- the optical transmission line 1 is disposed as a relay transmission line between a station (transmitting station or relay station) 2 and a station (receiving station or relay station) 2.
- 1 has a configuration in which the upstream SMF 11 and the downstream DCF 12 are fusion-spliced.
- the SMF 11 is a single-mode optical fiber having a zero dispersion wavelength in the 1.3 zm wavelength band and a positive wavelength dispersion and a positive dispersion slope in the 1.55 m wavelength band.
- DCF 12 is a dispersion-compensating optical fiber having negative chromatic dispersion and negative dispersion slope in the 1.55 m wavelength band.
- the relay station is provided with an EDF A or a Raman amplifier as the optical amplifier 20.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of the DCF 12.
- This DCF 12 has a core region 12 a having a refractive index extending along a predetermined axis, for example, an optical axis, and a refractive index n 2 provided on the outer periphery of the core region 12 a and having a lower refractive index n 2 than the core region 12 a.
- the core region 12a has an outer diameter 2a, and has an outer diameter 2a with respect to the outer cladding region 12c as a reference region. / 2n 3 2) of having a relative refractive index difference, the inner Kuradzudo region 12 b, and having an outside diameter 2 b, a reference area with respect to the outer clad region 12 c ⁇ - (two (n 3 2 -n 2 2 ) / 2 n 3 2 ).
- the refractive index profile 120 shown in FIG. 6B corresponds to the refractive index of each part on the line L in FIG. 6A, and the region 121 is the core region 12 on the line L.
- the refractive index of a the region 122 represents the refractive index of the inner cladding region 12b on the line L
- the region 123 represents the refractive index of the outer cladding region 12c on the line L.
- the inventors fixed the relative refractive index difference ⁇ ⁇ of the inner cladding region 12b of the DCF 12 to ⁇ 0.4%, and set the outer diameter 2a of the core region 12a of the DCF 12 and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ +
- the optimum design of the optical transmission line 1 was examined by changing the outer diameter ratio Ra. Furthermore, the bending loss (wavelength 1550 nm, bending diameter 20 mm) of the DCF 12 is fixed to a predetermined value, and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the core region of the DCF 12 is in the range of 1.0% to 2.0%.
- the wavelength dispersion, dispersion slope and effective area A e of the DCF 12 are calculated, and the effective effective area of the optical transmission line 1 for each value of the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the DCF 12 is calculated. EA eff was calculated.
- FIG. 7 is a table showing various characteristics of the SMF 11 at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
- the SMF 11 has a core region of pure silica (silica that is deliberately free of impurities), has a transmission loss of 0.170 dBBZkm at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and has an effective area of 110 ⁇ m 2 A eif , 20. 4 ps / nmZk m wavelength dispersion, 0. 0 59 ps / nm 2 / km dispersion slope, 2. 8 x 10- 2. It has a nonlinear refractive index N 2 of m 2 / W. That is, this SMF 11 is an A efi expanded PS CF.
- the inventors Under the condition that the length L of the optical transmission line 1, which is a relay transmission line, is 50 km, and the average chromatic dispersion as viewed from the entire optical transmission line is 1 psZnm / km, the inventors have developed an SMF 11 and a DCF 12 The length ratio was examined.
- the average transmission loss of the optical transmission line 1 is obtained by weighted averaging the transmission loss of each of the SMF 11 and the DCF 12 with each length, and the average dispersion slope of the optical transmission line 1 is SMF 11 and
- the dispersion slope of each DCF 12 is obtained by weighted average of each length.
- the equivalent effective area EA e ⁇ of the optical transmission line 1 is calculated by the above equations (3a) and (3b) over the entire length (span length) of the optical transmission line 1 arranged between the stations 2. It is obtained by performing integral calculation and using the above equation (4).
- the reason for setting the average chromatic dispersion of the optical transmission line 1 to ⁇ 2 ps / nmZkm is as follows. In other words, in optical transmission lines applied to submarine cables, each relay transmission line generally gives a negative average chromatic dispersion to avoid modulation instability. For this reason, it is preferable that the optical transmission line 1 also have a negative average chromatic dispersion so that modulation instability is suppressed.
- the average chromatic dispersion of the optical transmission line 1 is set to -SpsZnmZkm.
- the bending loss (wavelength 1550 nm, bending diameter 20 mm) is a range of 2 dB / m to 10 dB as the range of the bending loss where the loss does not increase up to a wavelength of 1600 nm when the cable is a submarine cable.
- Figure 8 shows the relationship between the DCF ratio and the effective effective area EA eff when the bending loss is 2 dB Zm, and the average dispersion slope S ave of the optical transmission line 1 and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the DCF 12.
- 3 is a graph showing the value of.
- Figure 9 shows the relationship between the DCF ratio and the equivalent effective area EA eff when the bending loss is 10 dB / m, and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the average dispersion slope S ave of the optical transmission line 1 and the DCF 12 respectively. This is a graph showing the value of.
- the graph G810 shows that the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of DCF 12 is 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1 for the average dispersion slope S ave of 0.004 p sZnm 2 / km. 6 is a graph in which calculation results at 6%, 1.8% and 2.0% are plotted.
- the graph G820 the average frequency dispersion slope S ave is 0. 000 psZnm 2 / km
- graph G830 the average dispersion slope S ave is 0. 010 ps / nm 2 / km
- graph G840 the average dispersion slope S ave is 0. 020 ps / nm 2 / km
- graph G910 one 0.
- graph G 920 is 0. 000 ps / nm 2 / km
- the graph G930 Is 0.010 ps / nm 2 / ⁇ !!!
- Graph G 940 shows the results of each calculation at 0.020 psZ nm 2 / km.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the average dispersion slope S ave in the optical transmission line 1 and the maximum value of the effective effective area EA eff when the average dispersion slope S ave is obtained.
- graph G1010 shows that the bending loss (wavelength 1 550 nm, bending diameter 20 mm) is 2 dB / m
- graph G1020 shows that the bending loss is 4 dB / m
- graph G1030 shows that Bending loss is 6 dB / m
- graph G 1040 shows the relationship of bending loss of 8 dBm
- graph G 1050 shows the relationship of bending loss of 10 dB / m.
- BL is the bending loss of DCF 12 at a bending diameter of 20 mm. That is, the graphs G1010 to G1050 are each expressed by the above equation (5) as a graph showing the relationship between the average dispersion slope S ave and the equivalent effective area EA eff .
- the bending loss BL of the DCF 12 needs to be 1.0 dB / m or less.
- the fiber is extremely resistant to bending (that is, if the bending loss is extremely reduced), the optical characteristics deteriorate from the viewpoints of transmission loss and nonlinearity. Therefore, the bending loss BL of the DCF 12 must be 2 dBZm or more. Is preferred.
- an optical transmission line having a negative average chromatic dispersion is applied to a plurality of continuous transmission lines via a repeater, and the transmission lines are connected to these relay transmission lines.
- the average chromatic dispersion as viewed from the entire submarine cable is set to approximately 0 psZnm / km.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical transmission system according to the present invention.
- a plurality of relay stations 2 are arranged between a transmitting station 200 and a receiving station 300.
- nine consecutive sections via the relay station 2 and the optical transmission line 1 on which the SMF 11 and the DCF 12 are fusion-spliced as relay transmission paths. Is applied, and in the following one section, an optical transmission line consisting only of SMF 11 is applied as a relay transmission line.
- Each of the nine optical transmission lines 1 (relay transmission lines) has a length of 50 km and an average chromatic dispersion of 2 ps / nm km.
- the absolute value of the accumulated chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line needs to be suppressed to 1000 psZnm or less.
- the signal wavelength band includes both the C band and the L band (ie, when the signal wavelength band is 1530 ⁇ m to 1600 nm and the bandwidth is 70 nm)
- the signal transmission of the 10 Gb iX / s is performed. to accommodate the average dispersion slope of the whole 10 section shown in Figure 1 1 0.
- the absolute value of the accumulated chromatic dispersion of the optical transmission line must be suppressed to 25 Ops / nm or less.
- the average dispersion slope of the entire 10 sections shown in Fig. 11 is less than 0.0072 ps / nn ⁇ Zkm. Need to be.
- the average dispersion slope S ave of the remaining nine sections and the optical transmission line 1 applied to the remaining nine sections excluding the relay section consisting of only the SMF 11 is ⁇ 0.0113 p sZnm 2 Zkm or more and 0.0256 preferably at p sZnm 2 / km or less, further one 0. 0113 p sZnm 2 / km or more but 0. 0021 p sZnm 2 Zkm more favorable preferable to out below.
- the equivalent effective area EA eff of the optical transmission line 1 By setting the equivalent effective area EA eff of the optical transmission line 1 to 50 m 2 or more in addition to the above conditions, the nonlinearity of the optical transmission line 1 is effectively reduced.
- the permissible range of bending loss (wavelength 1550 nm, bending diameter 20 mm) for the optical transmission line 1 with a span length of 50 km is set to 2 dBZm or more and 10 dBZm or less
- G (S ave ) is the upper limit of EA eff with S ave as the variable
- both the nonlinearity and the dispersion slope of the optical transmission line 1 are effectively reduced. Therefore, the optical transmission line 1 and an optical transmission system using the same enable high-speed, large-capacity WDM transmission at 1 GbitZs.
- FIG. 12 is a graph in which the range that satisfies the condition (the relationship between the average dispersion slope S ave and the equivalent effective area EA eff ) given by the above equation (6) shown in FIG. .
- the graphs G1210, G1220, G1230, G1240, and G1250 in FIG. 12 correspond to the graphs G1010, G1020, G1030, G1040, and G1050 in FIG. 10, respectively.
- FIG. 13 is a table showing various characteristics at points (1) to (16) plotted in FIG. In Fig.
- the DCF ratio (%) of the optical transmission line 1 the average dispersion slope S ave (ps / nmVkm) of the optical transmission line 1, and the optical transmission line 1 Span loss (dB), equivalent effective area of optical transmission line 1 EA eif ( ⁇ m 2 ), relative refractive index difference of core region 12a of DCF 12 ⁇ + (%), 0. ?
- the average dispersion slope S ave of the optical transmission line 1 is - if 0. 0113ps / nm 2 / km or more but 0. 0021 ps / nm 2 Roh km or less, the dispersion slope of the optical transmission line 1 is further reduced You. Therefore, the optical transmission line 1 and the optical transmission system including the same enable high-speed, large-capacity WDM transmission at 20 Gbit / s. Also, If the equivalent effective area EA eif of the optical transmission line 1 is 55 m 2 or more, more preferably 60 zm 2 or more, the nonlinearity of the optical transmission line 1 is further reduced.
- Figure 14 shows the optical transmission line 1 when the bending loss of the DCF 12 is 2 dB / m and the average dispersion slope S ave is fixed at 0.004 psZnm nm / km as viewed from the entire optical transmission line.
- FIG. 6 is a view showing various characteristics of the first to sixth samples of the structure at a wavelength of 155 Onm, wherein the first to sixth samples have DCFs 12 having different structures from each other.
- Figure 15 shows the seventh to seventh optical transmission lines 1 when the bending loss of the DCF 12 is 10 dBZm and the average dispersion slope S ave is fixed at --0.006 ps / nm 2 / km as viewed from the entire optical transmission line.
- FIG. 12 is a table showing various characteristics of each of the 12 samples at a wavelength of 1550 nm. These seventh to twelfth samples have DCFs 12 having different structures from each other.
- Figure 16 shows the 13th to 18th optical transmission line 1 when the bending loss of the DCF 12 is 2 dB / m and the average dispersion slope S ave is 0.020 psZnm 2 / km as viewed from the entire optical transmission line.
- 9 is a table showing characteristics of each sample at a wavelength of 155 Onm, wherein the thirteenth to eighteenth samples have DCFs 12 having different structures from each other. Also, Fig.
- 19 is a table showing characteristics of each of the 19th to 24th samples at a wavelength of 1550 nm, wherein the 19th to 24th samples have DCFs 12 having different structures from each other. 14 to 17, the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + (%) of the core region 12a of the DCF 12, the outer diameter ratio Ra of the DCF 12, and the outer cladding region 12b of the DCF 12 are shown in order from the left column.
- the difference between the effective area EA eii ( ⁇ m 2 ) and the equivalent effective area EA eii is shown. ing.
- the difference of the equivalent effective area EA eif is equivalent effective area EA eff at the maximum value (maximum equivalent effective area) and the relative refractive index difference delta + equivalent effective area EA eif which may be implemented at each condition Represents the difference.
- the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + (where the equivalent effective area EA eii is 95% or more of the maximum equivalent effective area is %) Is 1.4% or more and 1.8% or less.
- the optical transmission line 1 can obtain almost the maximum equivalent effective area EA efi, and is optimally designed.
- the range of the above-mentioned equivalent effective area EA eif is replaced with a DCF ratio the DCF ratio is 23% or more and 36% or less.
- the chromatic dispersion of the DCF 12 is -81 ps nm km or more and -36 ps / nm / km or less. become.
- the area EA efi can be increased as compared with the conventional optical transmission line, and the nonlinearity of the optical transmission line 1 is reduced more effectively.
- the transmission loss of the entire optical transmission line 1 at a wavelength of 1550 nm is 0.185 dBZkm or more and 0.210 dBZkm or less, which is equal to or less than the DSF transmission loss.
- the optical transmission line 1 has 1530 ⁇ ! Of the wavelength band from 16001600 nm, the loss due to Rayleigh scattering is the largest at the wavelength of 1530 nm.
- the loss difference is about 0.1 dBZkm, the actual transmission loss in this wavelength band is more than 0.185 dB / km and less than 0.220 dBZkm.
- Figure 18 is a graph showing the wavelength dependence of transmission loss of the optical transmission line having an enlarged ⁇ 3_Rei_1 ⁇ and 0 (1 ⁇ transgressions fusion connected configuration.
- FIG. 19 is A eff enlarged PSCF Fig. 20 shows the characteristics of an optical transmission line having a configuration in which the Aeff- enlarged FS CF and DCF are fusion-spliced at a wavelength of 155 O nm.
- An optical transmission line having a configuration in which the A eff expanded P SCF and the DCF having the above-described characteristics are fusion-spliced has an overall average transmission loss of 0.197 dBZkm at a wavelength of 155 Onm, — 2p s It has an average chromatic dispersion of / nm / km, an average dispersion slope of -0.001 TpsZnn ⁇ Zkm, and an equivalent effective area EA ef of 71.4 ⁇ m 2 . Also, 1530 ⁇ !
- the average transmission loss of the optical transmission line in the wavelength band of ⁇ 1600 nm is more than 0.195 dB / km and less than 0.203 dB / km, which are almost uniform.
- the transmission loss at the wavelength of 1550 nm of the optical transmission line as described above is 0.185 d
- this optical transmission line is 0.185 dB / km or more and 0.220 dBZkm or less in the wavelength band of 1530 nm to 1600 nm. Therefore, the power of the signal input to the A eif expanded PSCF can be reduced, and as a result, this optical transmission line effectively suppresses the occurrence of nonlinear optical phenomena.
- FIG. 22 is a table showing various characteristics at a wavelength of 1550 nm in another optical transmission line to which another type of fiber is applied as the SMF 11 of the optical transmission line 1.
- the effective area is expanded for SMF 11 as a normal SMF (Ge-SM) with Ge added to the core region, a normal SMF (PSCF) with a core region of pure silica, G e-SM (A ef ii ⁇ Ge— SM) and PSCF with expanded effective area (A eii expanded PSCF)
- G e-SM normal SMF
- PSCF normal SMF
- a ef ii ⁇ Ge— SM normal SMF
- PSCF normal effective area
- transmission loss dB / km
- chromatic dispersion ps / nm / km
- Effective area A eif ⁇ m 2
- nonlinear refractive index N 2 xl O— 2 ° m 2 ZW
- equivalent effective area EA eff ⁇ m 2
- the SMF P SCF, A eff expanded PS
- SMF Ge-SM, A eff expanded Ge- SM
- CF has an equivalent effective area EA eif about 10% larger. This is because the PSCF and the A e PS expanded PSCF have smaller transmission loss due to Rayleigh scattering, and the transmission loss of the entire optical transmission line, so that the input signal power can be further reduced.
- SMF A eff expanded Ge—SM, A efi expanded PSCF
- SMF A eff expanded Ge—SM, A efi expanded PSCF
- normal SMF Ge—SM, PSCF
- EDFAs are often used as optical amplifiers installed in each relay station.
- Raman amplifier attempts have been made to extend the relay distance by using a Raman amplifier as an optical amplifier.
- Fig. 2 shows the equivalent effective area EA eff and the length (span length) of the optical transmission line 1.
- the span length extends as equivalent effective area EA e "are in to that relationship expansion.
- the equivalent effective area EA e" is expanded, Conversely, it can be seen that the relative nonlinearity becomes smaller.
- the equivalent effective area EA efi and the span length L (km) in the optical transmission line 1 are related to the following equation (7).
- FIGS. 24A and 24B are graphs respectively showing the power attenuation and the phase shift amount with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 50 km to which Raman amplification is not applied.
- FIGS. 25A and 25B are graphs respectively showing the power attenuation and the phase shift amount with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 80 km to which Raman amplification is not applied.
- 26A and 26B are graphs respectively showing the power attenuation and the phase shift amount with respect to the signal propagation distance for various samples (optical transmission lines) having a span length of 10 Okm to which Raman amplification is not applied.
- the output power from the optical transmission line is fixed at --22 dBm, and the characteristics shown in Fig. 27 are used as the 25th sample of the optical transmission line.
- graphs G2410a and G2410b are the 25th sample
- graphs G2420a and G2420b are the 26th sample
- graphs G2430a and G2430b are the 27th sample
- a, G244 Ob are the 28th sample
- graphs G2450a and G2450b are the 29th sample
- graphs G2460a and G2460b are the 30th sample.
- 25A and 25B graphs G2510a and G2510b are the 25th sample
- graphs G2520a and G2520b are the 26th sample
- graphs G2530a and G2530b are the 27th sample
- graphs G2550a and G255 Ob are the 29th samples
- graphs G2560a and G2560b are the 30th samples and related graphs.
- 26A and 26B graphs G2610a and G2610b are the 25th sample
- graphs G2620a and G2620b are the 26th sample
- graphs G2630a and G2630b are the 27th sample
- graphs G2640a and G2640b are The 28th sample
- the graphs G2650a and G265 Ob are for the 29th sample
- the graphs G266 ⁇ a and G2660b are for the 30th sample.
- Fig. 28 shows the contribution ratio of DCF to the nonlinearity index ⁇ ⁇ and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ + of the DCF for the optical transmission lines with span lengths of 50 km, 80 km, and 100 km. Is shown. As you can see from this figure, the span length is long The contribution of D CF becomes smaller.
- graph G 2810 is an optical transmission line with a span length of 50 km
- graph G2820 is an optical transmission line with a span length of 80 km
- graph G2830 is an optical transmission line with a span length of 100 km. Is shown.
- Figure 29A shows the relationship between the relative value at each gain level and the DCF ⁇ + when the gain by Raman amplification is fixed for an optical transmission line with a span length of 50 km
- Figure 29B shows the optical transmission with a span length of 80 km.
- the relationship between the relative value at each gain level and the ⁇ + of DCF when the gain due to Raman amplification is fixed
- Fig. 29C shows the optical transmission line with a span length of 100 km 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the ⁇ relative value and the DCF ⁇ + at each gain level when the gain is fixed.
- graphs G 2911, G 2912, and G 2913 have Raman gains of 0 dB
- graphs G2921, G2922, and G2923 each have a Raman gain of 7 dB
- graphs G2931, G2932, and G2933 Shows the calculation results when the Raman gain is set to 10 dB, respectively.
- the vertical axis of each graph is the relative ratio defined by the following equation (9) ( ⁇ ( ⁇ nonlinearity is minimized when the relative ratio is minimized).
- the optimal ⁇ + of DCF at a span length of 50 km ( ⁇ + at which the ⁇ ⁇ relative ratio takes the minimum value) is 1.6%
- the optimal CF + of DCF at a span length of 80 km is From Figure 5C and Figure 29C, the optimal value of D D at a span length of 100 km is 1.4%, which is optimal for a longer span length regardless of the presence or absence of Raman amplification. It can be seen that it becomes smaller (the optimal ⁇ + distance dependence).
- the optimum ⁇ + when the span length is long is that the fluctuation width is 10% or less, that is, 1.4 ⁇ 0.2% when the relative ratio is 0.4 dB or less, preferably the fluctuation width is 5% Below, that is, when the relative ratio is 0.2 dB or less, it is 1.4 ⁇ 0.1%.
- this result is not limited to the optical transmission line to which the DCF having the W-shaped refractive index profile as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B is applied, and the cladding region has increased in calorific value.
- the present invention is also applied to an optical transmission line to which a DCF having a triple clad type / quadruple clad type refractive index profile is applied.
- a structure in which a single mode optical fiber and a dispersion compensating optical fiber are fusion-spliced, and various characteristics at a wavelength of 155 Onm are as follows. It has an average dispersion slope S ave of sZnm 2 Zkm or more and 0.0256 psZ nm 2 Zkm or less, an effective effective area EA eff of 50 ⁇ m 2 or more, and a bending loss of 2 dBZm or more and 10 dBZm or less.
- An optical transmission line designed such that the average dispersion slope S ave and the equivalent effective area EA eff satisfy predetermined conditions is applied.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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AU3415101A AU3415101A (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2001-02-23 | Optical transmission line and optical transmission system including it |
EP01906254A EP1271193A4 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2001-02-23 | OPTICAL TRANSMISSION LINE AND OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM THEREWITH |
AU2001234151A AU2001234151B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2001-02-23 | Optical transmission line and optical transmission system including it |
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JP2000048238 | 2000-02-24 | ||
JP2000-48238 | 2000-02-24 |
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PCT/JP2001/001355 WO2001063327A1 (fr) | 2000-02-24 | 2001-02-23 | Ligne de transmission optique et systeme de transmission optique comprenant celle-ci |
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US (1) | US6496631B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1271193A4 (ja) |
AU (2) | AU3415101A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2001063327A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
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EP1289078A3 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2005-06-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical transmission line and optical communication system |
JP2009031605A (ja) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-12 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 光ファイバデバイス |
JP2013526124A (ja) * | 2010-03-26 | 2013-06-20 | コーニング インコーポレイテッド | 低非線形長距離用光通信システム |
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FR2805620B1 (fr) * | 2000-02-24 | 2002-05-31 | Cit Alcatel | Fibre optique monomode en cable pour reseau de transmission a fibre optique a multiplexage en longueur d'onde |
WO2001092931A2 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-06 | Corning Incorporated | Dispersion slope compensating optical fiber |
US6519402B2 (en) * | 2000-11-27 | 2003-02-11 | Fujikura, Ltd. | Dispersion compensating optical fiber, and dispersion compensating optical fiber module |
CA2340848A1 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2002-09-15 | John D. Mcnicol | Dispersion management for long-haul high-speed optical networks |
JP4523188B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-16 | 2010-08-11 | 富士通株式会社 | 光増幅伝送システム |
US6862391B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2005-03-01 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical transmission line, and optical fiber and dispersion compensating module employed in the same |
JP4612228B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-05 | 2011-01-12 | 富士通株式会社 | 光通信装置及び波長分割多重伝送システム |
JP3869305B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-26 | 2007-01-17 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 光伝送路 |
US7307782B2 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2007-12-11 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Raman amplifier and optical communication system including the same |
AU2002323053A1 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2003-02-24 | Corning Incorporated | Dispersion managed discrete raman amplifiers |
FR2828939B1 (fr) * | 2001-08-27 | 2004-01-16 | Cit Alcatel | Fibre optique pour un systeme de transmission a multiplexage en longueurs d'onde |
FR2832221B1 (fr) * | 2001-11-15 | 2004-02-13 | Cit Alcatel | Fibre de compensation de dispersion chromatique pour systeme de transmission a fibre optique en bande u |
EP1326354A3 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2005-07-20 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical fiber transmission line, optical cable, and optical transmission system |
US6687443B2 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2004-02-03 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical fiber transmission line, optical cable, and optical transmission system |
AU2002357068A1 (en) * | 2001-12-17 | 2003-06-30 | Corning Incorporated | System for selecting optical fiber reels from inventory to fill an order |
US6782174B1 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2004-08-24 | Tyco Telecommunications (Us) Inc. | Method of repairing a slope-matched cable system and replacement cable portion for use therein |
FR2854516B1 (fr) * | 2003-04-29 | 2005-07-22 | Cit Alcatel | Module de compensation de dispersion chromatique |
US7058268B2 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2006-06-06 | Tyco Telecommunications (Us) Inc. | Deployable optical fiber transmission lines, optical transmission cable, and method of making same |
CA2950091C (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2019-10-15 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Hybrid fiber optic cable for distributed sensing |
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EP1072909A2 (en) * | 1999-07-19 | 2001-01-31 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Dispersion compensating optical fiber and optical transmission line |
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EP1289078A3 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2005-06-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical transmission line and optical communication system |
JP2009031605A (ja) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-12 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 光ファイバデバイス |
JP2013526124A (ja) * | 2010-03-26 | 2013-06-20 | コーニング インコーポレイテッド | 低非線形長距離用光通信システム |
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US20020048439A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
AU3415101A (en) | 2001-09-03 |
US6496631B2 (en) | 2002-12-17 |
AU2001234151B2 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
EP1271193A1 (en) | 2003-01-02 |
EP1271193A4 (en) | 2005-07-06 |
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