WO2001071724A1

WO2001071724A1 - Method and apparatus for an easy identification of a state of a dram generator controller

Info

Publication number: WO2001071724A1
Application number: PCT/US2001/008030
Authority: WO
Inventors: Oliver Weinfurtner
Original assignee: Infineon Technologies North America Corp.
Priority date: 2000-03-23
Filing date: 2001-03-13
Publication date: 2001-09-27
Also published as: KR20020087103A; US6530051B1; EP1266381A1; KR100697896B1; TW548647B; EP1266381B1

Abstract

In a controller for controlling a generator system on a memory chip, the controller operates as a state machine in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states. A state storage device is responsive to input signals from a transition arrangement including a 1-out-of-N code indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states. The state storage device generates a revised plurality of N state output signals comprising a true State signal and a complementary true State signal for the next state of the plurality of N states. The state storage device is also responsive to an asynchronous Reset signal received from an external source for generating a Reset and a complementary Set output signal. A state identification circuitry is responsive to a selectively applied activation signal for inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device and sequentially reading out the plurality of N state signals currently stored in the state storage device. The the 1-out-of N code forming the plurality of N state signals are used to determine which state of the state diagram the controller is presently in when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AN EASY IDENTIFICATION OF A STATE OF A DRAM GENERATOR CONTROLLER

Cross-Reference to Relat tø. Applications

This application is , related to and drawn from Provisional Application Serial No. 60/079,717, fifed March 27, 1998, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/253,996, filed February 22, 1999, and having the same inventor and assignee.

This application is also relates to co-pending applications entitled "Method and Apparatus; For A Flexible Controller For A DRAM Generator System", "Method and Apparatus For An Improved Reset And Power-On Arrangement For A DRAM Generator Controller", and "Method and Apparatus for A Flexible Controller Including An Improved Output Arrangement For A DRAM Generator Controller", which are filed on the same date as the present application, and have the same inventor and assignee. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to apparatus for measuring a logic state of a controller of, for example, a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and, more particularly, to circuitry that allows for the easy identification of the State in a state diagram being used by the DRAM controller that is used to control a DRAM generator system. Background of the Invention

Modern Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chips have many different voltages (e.g., more than 10) on-chip that have to be generated by a plurality of generator circuits. These voltages include several reference voltages (e.g., for receiver circuits and for bias current generation) as well as several voltages that supply various functional blocks on the chip with operating current (e.g., voltages for sense amplifiers and word line drivers). All of these voltages are generated from one external source voltage by the plurality of generator circuits.

There are basically three operating modes which occur for the voltage generating circuits. These modes are (1) a normal operating phase, (2) a test and burn-in phase, and (3) a power-on phase. In each of these modes the generator system operates in a different way, and needs to be controlled in a specific way. A controller for the generator system has to ensure a proper coordination of all generator functions for each of the various modes. More particularly, once the external source voltage (VEXT) is applied to the DRAM chip, the generator system goes through a power-on phase. After the power- on phase, all voltages on the DRAM chip are stable, and the generator system (and the whole chip) enters the normal operating phase. For burn-in and for test purposes, a multitude of additional functions have to implemented into the generator system.

The problem is that the overall logic behavior of the generator system, and its controller, is relatively complex. This is especially true during a late phase of a design project as all of the sub-systems are being put together, and it is very likely that changes in the logic functionality of the controller have to be made. In a current one-Gigabit (GB) chip, known by the designation ZEUS DD1 , logic control functions of a generator system therein are ere clearly separated from the voltage generating functions. The logic behavior of the generator system is implemented in a digital controller (a finite state machine). In order to realize a finite state machine, design and layout synthesis is used in the one-GB Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip. The logic behavior therein is specified in a truth table, and the concept was to create circuitry automatically within a short time by using the respective software tools. Thus, changes or corrections of the controller could theoretically be performed within a few hours, even in a late stage of a project.

Still further, for characterization and debugging of the generator system, it is very valuable to have access to the state information. Being able to read out the controller states allows for an easy identification of controller errors and problems in the generator system. This is especially helpful during the power-on sequence when the controller sequentially turns on all generator sub-systems but always has to wait for confirmation signals from one subsystem before it can turn on a next sub-system. If, for example, the power-on sequence does not finish, it can easily be determined from the controller's state what the problem is (e.g., the controller is waiting for a VPP (pump voltage) limiter signal that indicates that the VPP has reached a predetermined level) if such controller diagnosis technique were available. The problem is that it is not always practical to measure all internal nodes by pico-probing since not all internal nodes can be connected to a last metal layer on which probe pads are formed. Also, pico-probing requires a lot of experience and time for each individual measurement. Therefore, such method is not suitable for obtaining "mass data". Still further, if the controller uses a 1-out-of-N coding, each analysis requires the probing of approximately 50 probe points which is very impractical.

Additionally, problems in existing solutions are that both design and layout synthesis tools do not provide a required solution to many problems for providing a flexible and fast controller design. For example, the design synthesis tool demands a large amount of time for learning the handling and functionality of the tool, and this tool also made manual corrections and working around of problems necessary. The layout synthesis tool created results that contained errors and required manual inspections and corrections. Additionally, one could not provide timing constraints to inputs to the tool for generating certain voltages. This required manual checks of a synthesized layout for a critical path which then required manual corrections. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a technique where changes in the logic behavior of the controller is obtainable in a systematic and very quick manner.

The present invention provides a controller circuit for a generator system that is very flexible so that its functionality can easily be adjusted to a specific generator system to allow for last minute changes of the behavior of a generator circuit, and includes circuitry for debugging purposes to provide a simple method to read out the state information of the controller. Summary of the Invention

The present invention is directed to a controller circuit for a generator system located on a chip such as a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). The specific behavior of the present controller circuit is made very flexible so that its functionality can easily be adjusted to the specific associated generation system and permit quick "last-minute-changes" in the controller circuit's behavior, and includes state identification circuitry for debugging purposes to provide a simple method to read out the state information of the controller.

Viewed from one aspect, the present invention is directed to a controller for controlling a generator system on a memory chip, the controller operating as a state machine in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states. The controller comprises a state storage device, and state identification circuitry. The state storage device is responsive to input signals including a 1-out-of-N code indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states for generating a revised plurality of N state output signals comprising a true State signal and a complementary true State signal for the next state of the plurality of N states. The state identification circuitry is responsive to a selectively applied activation signal for inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device and sequentially reading out the plurality of N state signals including the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device. The 1-out-of-N code which is read out from the state storage device is used to indicate which state of the state diagram the controller is presently in when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram.

Viewed from another aspect, the present invention is directed to controller for controlling a remote system on a memory chip which operates in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states. The controller comprises an evaluation arrangement, a state storage device, state identification circuitry, and an output arrangement. The evaluation arrangement is responsive at any instant of time for evaluating only one of a plurality of N input signals to the controller from remote devices in relation to only one of a plurality of N state signals. The evaluation arrangement generates one of a plurality of Y output signals that has a predetermined logical value for entering a next state in the state diagram when a condition has been met wherein the one state signal and the one input signal have met predetermined logical conditions. The state storage device is response to the one of a plurality of Y output signals that has a predetermined logical value from the evaluation arrangement, and generates a revised plurality of N state output signals for transmission back to the evaluation arrangement. The revised plurality of N state output signals indicate a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states. The state identification circuitry is responsive to a selectively applied activation control signal when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram for inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device, The state identification circuitry sequentially reads out the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device for determining from the 1-out-of-N code which state of the state diagram the controller is presently in. The output arrangement is responsive to the revised plurality of N state output signals from the state storage device for generating separate predetermined ones of M output signals associated with said next state for controlling the generator system.

Viewed from still another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of controlling a generator system on a memory chip with a controller operating as a state machine in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states. In a first step, a revised plurality of N state output signals is generated in a state storage device in response to the plurality of Y input signals for indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states. In a second step the output of the revised plurality of N state signals is inhibited from the state storage device by selectively activating a state identification circuitry when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram. In a third step, concurrent with the second step, the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device are sequentially read out for determining from the 1-out-of-N code which state of the state diagram the controller is currently in.

The invention will be better understood from the following -more detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings and claims. Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 is a general type of state diagram of a generator controller for use by a state machine of a generator controller to control a generator system of, for example, a prior art one-Gigabit (GB) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip; FIGS. 2 and 3 show separate exemplary arrangements of a partial state diagram for a transition from a first state to a second state on two logically AND-combined input variables;

FIGS. 4 and 5 show separate exemplary arrangements of a partial state diagram for a transition for a first state to a second state on two logically OR-combined input variables;

FIGS. 6 and 7 show separate exemplary state transitions in a partial state diagram for a conditional branching from a first state into two potentially successor second and third states;

FIGS. 8 and 9 show separate exemplary state transitions in a partial state diagram where three states have a common successor state;

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a controller including a State Identification circuit for a generator system of a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 shows a circuit diagram for one of a plurality of corresponding exemplary Set-Reset-Master-Slave Flip-Flops for use in an exemplary state storage device forming part of the controller of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 shows a circuit diagram for an exemplary evaluation arrangement forming part of the controller of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 13 shows a state diagram for explaining the operation and structure of the exemplary evaluation arrangement of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 shows a circuit diagram for an exemplary transition arrangement forming part of the controller of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 15 shows a circuit diagram for an exemplary output arrangement forming part of the controller of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 16A and 16B show an overall arrangement of the exemplary controller of FIG. 10 including the circuitry for the state storage device, the evaluation arrangement, and the transition arrangement, shown in FIGS. 11 , 12, and 14, respectively, for operation with an exemplary linear state diagram comprising 5 states as is shown in FIG. 13 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 17 shows a timing diagram of the simulation results of the exemplary controller of FIGS. 16A and 16B as the controller realizes the exemplary linear state diagram of FIG. 13 in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 18 shows an exemplary arrangement of a State Identification circuitry for use with the controller of FIGS. 10, and 16A and 16B in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 19 shows an exemplary arrangement of an activation logic circuit for use in the State Identification circuitry of FIG. 18; and

FIG. 20 shows an exemplary timing diagram of the operation of the State Identification circuitry of FIG. 18. Detailed Description

In the various figures, corresponding designation numbers represent corresponding elements.

Referring now to FIG. 1 , there is shown a general type of state diagram 10 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) for use by a state machine of a generator controller to control a generator system (not shown) of, for example, a prior art 1 -Gigabit (GB) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip (not shown). The state diagram 10 is shown as comprising a plurality of thirty-three states designated S1-S33 indicated within circles 11- 43, respectively. It is to be understood that the state diagram 10 is exemplary only, and that state machines can have any logical behavior and routing through a state diagram depending on the generator system to be controlled. Therefore, a state diagram can have any number of states arranged in a predetermined sequence to permit a state machine to achieve a proper control sequence of each operational mode of a generator system on an associated DRAM chip. In the state diagram 10, each of the states S1-S33 indicates a state wherein a certain function is performed, and a "C" at an output of a particular state indicates that a predetermined Condition must occur for a transition out of that state.

In a typical operation, when an external supply voltage is powered up and supplied to the DRAM chip, the state machine is forced into a RESET state as indicated for state S1 within circle 11. After the state machine is initialized in state S1 , the state machine generally goes into a Power-Up mode and proceeds through a sequence of states S2 to S24 shown by circles 12-34, respectively. The Power-Up mode sequence through states S2-S24, for example, coordinates a sequential tuming-on of all generator subsystems (not shown). More particularly, as the state machine proceeds through the state diagram 10, predetermined ones of the states S2-S24 will turn-on one or more of the generator subsystems within the generator system (not shown). All conditional transitions in the state diagram 10 are marked with a "C" next to a transition arrow leading out of that state. The "C" indicates that the state machine stays in the respective state until one (or more) input signal (not shown) take on a required value as, for example, an input signal is in a "low" (typically a "0") or a "high" state (typically a "1") , or the input has reached at a specified threshold level. Only then does the transition to a next state occur. Once in the Reset state S1 shown in circle 11 , an unconditional transition occurs into state S2 shown by circle 12 since no condition "C" is shown at the output of state S1. In state S2 shown by circle 12, the sequence of the state diagram 10 remains in state S2 until a specific condition "C" occurs as is indicated at the output of state S2. Once the condition "C" is detected by the state machine, the state machine proceeds to state S3 shown by circle 13. The output of state S3 does not have a required input signal condition before transitioning to state S4 shown by circle 14 and, may, for example, just cause a predetermined delay. State S4 also does not have a Condition for a transition into state S5 shown by circle 15 and may, for example, turn on a predetermined generator in the generator system. As the state machine proceeds through the state diagram 10, it generates, for example, 20 output signals (not shown) which have specific values by which it controls the generator sub-systems. At the end of the Power-Up mode sequence, the state machine stays in an IDLE mode indicated by state S24 shown by circle 34. When certain test or configuration operations need to be performed, the state machine transits through some or all of the respective sequences of states S25-S33 indicated by circles 35-43, respectively, and the path directions as is required by each operation, and then returns to the IDLE mode at state 24 shown by circle 34.

Although there are some variations to the structure of a state diagram from design to design, and although added functionality is likely to be expected for further projects, state diagram 10 can be regarded as fairly typical for application to a generator controller in a DRAM chip. The typical state diagram 10 is characterized by the following aspects. First, the state diagram has a linear structure over large portions of the diagram which indicates that most states have only one predecessor state and only one successor state. Second, when successor branching occurs (more than one potential successor to a state), then there are, in most cases, not more than two potential successor states. Third, when predecessor branching occurs, then there are, in most cases, not more that two potential predecessors to each state. Fourth, most conditional (C) transitions between two states depend on one input variable. Fifth, the state diagram 10 generally has forty to sixty states, ten to twenty input signals, and twenty to twenty-five output signals.

To enable implementation of a universally programmable state machine in accordance with the present invention, the state machine needs to comprise very basic building blocks and predetermined transformations in the state diagram. The basic structure of such state machine only allows the implementation of (a) states with only one exit condition (C) which means that in every state only one input signal can be evaluated with the consequence that every state can have only one conditional successor, and (b) states that have no more than two predecessors.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, there is shown separate exemplary arrangements of a partial state diagram for a transition from a first state S1 to a second state S2 on two logically AND-combined input variables (not shown). In FIG. 2, within the state S1 an evaluation of each of first and second input variables is made and only when each of the first and second variables obtain a predetermined condition C1 AND C2, respectively, will there be a transition 51 from state S1 to state S2. Until such predetermined condition of C1 AND C2 exists, state S1 continuously re-evaluates the conditions of the first and second input variables, as is indicated by the loop 50, until the state machine detects that the input variables thereto meet the predetermined condition of C1 AND C2. Then a transition to state S2 is performed.

I I In FIG. 3, the arrangement of FIG. 2 is transformed into a sequence of two transitions where a first transition 54 is from state S1 to an intermediate state Si, and a second transition 55 is from state Si to a state S2. In this arrangement, each transition 54 or 55 depends on only one input variable (not shown) meeting only one condition. More particularly, a first input variable is provided to state S1 where it is continuously evaluated, as is indicated by loop 56, until it meets a predetermined condition C1 (e.g., the input variable is high). At this time there is a transition in the state diagram to state Si. State Si continuously evaluates, as is indicated by loop 57, a second input variable until that second variable meets a predetermined condition C2 (e.g., the input variable is high). At this time there is a transition from state Si to state S2. In each of FIGS 2 and 3, the transition to state S2 requires that both conditions C1 AND C2 exist before a transition is made to state S2. The difference between FIGS. 2 and 3 is that the implementation of the hardware in the associated state machine is different where the arrangement of FIG. 3 is a simple hardware implementation.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, there is shown separate exemplary arrangements of a partial state diagram for a transition for a first state to a second state based on two logically OR-combined input variables. In FIG. 4, in state S1 an evaluation of each of first and second variables (not shown) is made. When the first or second variable obtains a predetermined condition of C1 OR C2, respectively, a transition 60 from state S1 to state S2 occurs. Until such predetermined condition of C1 OR C2 exists, state S1 continuously re-evaluates the conditions of the first and second variables, as is indicated by the loop 61 , until state S1 finds that the input variables meet the predetermined condition of C1 OR C2.

In FIG. 5, the arrangement of FIG. 4 is transformed into an arrangement of three states S1 , Si, and S2 wherein a parallel evaluation of first and second input variables (not shown) is performed. State S1 evaluates the first input variable to determine if a condition C1 is met by the first input variable, and state Si evaluates the second input variable to determine if a condition C2 is met by the second input variable. In operation, state S1 initially determines whether the condition C1 is met, and if condition C1 is met the state machine immediately goes to state S2. If condition C1 is not met in state S1 , an inverted C1 signal is sent to state Si via path 64 to cause state Si to evaluate the second input variable to determine if the second input variable meets the condition C2. If condition C2 is met in state Si, the state machine transitions to state S2. If condition C2 is not met, control is returned via path 66 from state Si to state S1. This cycling between states S1 and Si repeats until either one of the conditions C1 OR C2 is met. This transformation principle shown in FIG. 5 can be extended to more than two OR-combined input variables by the inclusion of more intermediate states in parallel with states S1 and Si. Under such arrangement, the state machine would cycle through all of the intermediate states (states S1 , Si, etc) until one input variable meets its stated condition "C" before transitioning to state S2. The difference between FIGS. 4 and 5 is that the implementation of the hardware in the associated state machine is different and simpler for the arrangement of FIG. 5.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is shown separate exemplary state transitions in a partial state diagram for a conditional branching from a first state S1 into two potentially successor second and third states S2 and S3. In FIG. 6, state S1 evaluates first and second input variables (not shown), and if the first input variable meets a condition C1 , the state machine transitions to state S2. If the first input variable does not meet the condition C1 and the second input variable meets a condition C2, the state machine transitions from state S1 to state S3. If both of the first input variable and the second input variables do not meet the condition of C1 and C2, respectively, then state S1 loops through the sequence again as is indicated by the loop 70 until a condition C1 or C2 is met to transition either to state S2 or state S3, respectively.

In FIG. 7, the arrangement of FIG. 6 is transformed into an arrangement of four states S1 , Si, S2, and S3 wherein a parallel evaluation of two input variables (not shown) are performed. In operation, state S1 initially determines whether a condition C1 is met, and if condition C1 is met the state machine immediately transitions to state S2. If condition C1 is not met in state S1 , an inverted C1 signal is sent to state Si via path 74 to cause state Si to evaluate the second input variable to determine if the second input variable meets a condition C2. If condition C2 is met, the state machine then transitions to state S3. If condition C2 is not met, control is returned via path

76 from state Si to state S1. The cycling between states S1 and Si repeats until either one of the conditions C1 or C2 is met. This transformation principle can be extended to more than two potential successor states by the addition of more intermediate states (Si) in parallel. In such arrangement, the state machine would cycle through all of the intermediate states Si until one of the more than two input variables would meet its condition (C) before the state machine goes into the respective successor state.

Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, there is shown separate exemplary state transitions in a partial state diagram where three states S1 , S2, and S3 have a common successor state S4. In FIG. 8, first, second, and third input variables (not shown) are evaluated in parallel by states S1 , S2, and S3, respectively. If State S1 determines that the first input variable meets a condition C1 , the state machine transitions directly to state S4. Similarly, if state S2 or S3 determines that the second or third input variable, respectively, meets a respective condition C2 or C3, the state machine transitions directly to state S4.

In FIG. 9, the arrangement of FIG. 8 is transformed into an arrangement of five states S1 , S2, Si, S3, and S4. A parallel evaluation of first, second, and third input variables is performed in states S1 , S2, and S3. In operation, state S1 initially determines whether a condition C1 is met, and if condition C1 is met the state machine immediately transitions to state S4. State S2 determines whether a condition C2 is met, and if condition C2 is met the state machine immediately transitions to state Si. Similarly, state S3 determines whether a condition C3 is met, and if condition C3 is met the state machine immediately transitions to state Si. The transition from state Si to state S4 occurs unconditionally upon detection of a transition from states S2 and/or S3.

FIGS. 2-8 describe transformations which provide a "universal" state diagram, as is shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 7, and 9, that comprise only a few basic hardware elements. A penalty for these transformations from FIGS. 2, 4, 6, and 8 (which include complex conditions) to FIGS. 3, 5, 7, and 9 (which include sequential simple conditions) is an introduction of one or more intermediate states Si. The advantage of the arrangements of FIGS. 3, 5, 7, and 9 is that they comprise vary basic building blocks which only allow (a) states with only one exit condition (C) which means that in every state only one input signal can be evaluated with the consequence that every state can have only one conditional successor, and (b) states that have no more than two predecessors.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown a block diagram of an exemplary controller 100 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) for a generator system (not shown) of, for example, a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip (not shown) in accordance with the present invention. The controller 100 comprises an evaluation arrangement 102, a transition arrangement 104, a state storage device 106, an output arrangement 108, buses 101 , 103, 105, 107, and 109 which are shown by bold lines, and state identification circuitry (STATE ID CKT.) 117 which is coupled to Testpad A (TPA) 118 and to Testpad B (TPB) 119. Input signals are received by the evaluation arrangement 102 via the bus 101 and the bus 107, and it generates output signals which are transmitted over bus 103 to the transition arrangement 104. The transition arrangement 104, which is responsive to the output signals it receives from the evaluation arrangement 102, generates output signals which are transmitted to the state storage device 106 via bus 105. The state storage device 106 receives as inputs the output signals from the transition arrangement 104 via bus 105, and externally generated Reset and Clock signals via leads 111 and 113, respectively. The state storage device 106 is responsive to the received input signals and generates output signals which are transmitted via bus 107 to inputs of both the Evaluation arrangement 102 and the output arrangement 108. The output arrangement 108 generates output signals which are transmitted via the bus 109 to remote devices such as generators of a generator system. An external power source (not shown) provides a predetermined potential VEXT to the controller 100 via lead 114 for use in the evaluation arrangement 102, the transition arrangement 104, and the output arrangement 108. The normal operation of the controller 100 will described hereinbelow in regard to FIGS. 11-14.

When it becomes necessary to read out the states of the controller 100 for an easy identification of errors in the controller 100 and problems in the generator system, the State Identification circuitry 117 is activated. Such debugging technique is especially helpful during a power-on sequence when the controller 100 sequentially turns on all generator sub-systems but always has to wait for confirmation signals from one sub-system before it can turn on a next one. For example, if the power-on sequence does not finish, the State Identification circuit 117 is used to easily determine from the state of the controller 100 what the problem is. An activation input signal (ACT) causes the State Identification circuitry 117 to interrogate Set-Reset Master-Slave Flip-Flops 110a-110n+3 (shown in FIG. 11 and 18) in time with the clock signals received over lead 113, and provide a readout (OUT) which is used to determine where the error exits in the controller 100 or remote generator system.

Referring now to FIG. 11 , there is shown an exemplary arrangement of a state storage device 106 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) forming part of the controller 100 of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. The state storage device 106 comprises a plurality of n+3 Set-Reset-Master- Slave Flip-Flop (S-R M-S F/F) circuits 110a to 110n+3 (of which only shown only S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a, 110b, and 110n+3 are shown within a separate dashed line rectangle) with asynchronous reset (ASRES). The S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a to 110n are assigned to separate ones of States 0-x, while the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110n+1 to 110n+3 are assigned for use by the State Identification circuitry 117 as will be described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 18-20. The S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a is enlarged to show a circuit diagram for an exemplary S-R M-S F/F circuit 110 with asynchronous reset (ASRES). The remaining S-R M-S F/F circuits 110b-110n+3 are similarly configured and function in the same manner is described hereinbelow for S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a.

For an understanding of the operation of the controller 100, the number (N) of state signals equals the number of states (S) in a state diagram as shown, for example, in FIG. 1. This means that a 1-out-of-N coding is used for the controller 100, and every state (S) is represented by one bit in a state vector. When a state (S) is active, the associated bit in the state vector for that state is high (logically high) and all of the other bits in the state vector are low (logically low). Each of the N state bits is stored by a separate one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n.

The S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a comprises first and second inverters 112 and 116, and first and second Set-Reset (S-R) flip-flip (F/F) stages 114 and 115 (each shown within a separate dashed line rectangle). Each of the S-R F/F stages 114 and 115 comprises first, second, and third two-input NAND gates 120, 121 , and 122, respectively, a two-input NOR gate 123, and a NOR-S-R flip flop 124 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) comprising first and second two-input NOR gates 125 and 126. A clock (CLK) signal is received at an input terminal 130 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a via a lead 113 and coupled to a first input of each of the first and second NAND gates

120 and 121 in the first S-R F/F stage 114 via the first inverter 112, and directly to first inputs of the first and second NAND gates 120 and 121 in the second S-R F/F stage 115. A Reset (R) signal is received at an input terminal 132 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a via bus 105 and coupled to a second input of the first NAND gate 120 in the first S-R F/F stage 114. A Set (S) signal is received at an input terminal 133 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a via bus 105 and coupled to a second input of the second NAND gate 121 in the first S-R F/F stage 114. An Asynchronous Reset (ASRES) signal is received at an input terminal 131 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a via lead 111 and coupled to a first input of the third NAND gate 122 in each of the first and second S-R F/F stages 114 and 115 via the second inverter 116, and directly to a first inputs of the NOR gate 123 in each of the first and second S-R F/F stages 114 and 115. Outputs from the first and second NAND gates 120 and

121 in each of the first and second S-R F/F stages 114 and 115 are coupled to second inputs of the third NAND gate 122 and NOR gate 123, respectively, in the associated first and second S-R F/F stage 114 and 115. Outputs from the third NAND gate 122 and the NOR gate 123 in each of the first and second S-R F/F stages 114 and 115 are coupled to first inputs of the first and second NOR gates 125 and 126 in the associated NOR-S-R flip-flop 124. An output (Q) of the first NOR gate 125 in the NOR-S-R flip flop 124 of the first S-R F/F stage 114 is coupled to a second input of the second NOR gate 126 in the first S-R F/F stage 114, and to a second input of the second NAND gate 121 in the second S-R F/F stage 115. An output (Qn) of the second NOR gate 126 in the NOR-S-R flip-flop 124 of the first S-R F/F stage 114 is coupled to a second input of the first NOR gate 125 in the first S-R F/F stage 114, and to a second input of the first NAND gate 120 in the second S-R F/F stage 115. The output (Q) of the first NOR gate 125 in the NOR-S-R flip-flop 124 of the second S-R F/F stage 115 is coupled to a second input of the second NOR gate 126 in the second S-R F/F stage 115 and to an output terminal 134 from the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a. The output (Qn) of the second NOR gate 126 in the NOR-S-R flip-flop 124 of the second S-R F/F stage 115 is coupled to a second input of the first NOR gate 125 in the second S-R F/F stage 115, and to an output terminal 135 from the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a.

In operation, the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a is asynchronously resettable. When the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a receives an ASRES signal at input terminal 131 which is high (e.g., a logical "1"), both of the S-R F/F stages 114 and 115 are immediately set to low (e.g., a logical "0"), independently from what is received in the Set and Reset input signals at input terminals 132 and 133 and the clock signal at input terminal 130. This asynchronous reset function is needed in order to ensure proper reset of each of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n in the state storage device 106 at the beginning of a power-on mode sequence. When the ASRES input signal is low (logical "0"), the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a operates as follows. While the clock signal is low, the first S-R F/F stage 114 is controlled by the Set (S) and Reset (R) input signals, but the second S-R F/F stage 115 is locked. The information at the output terminals 134 and 135 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a are static and not dependent on the clock, Reset, or Set input signals. When the clock signal rises from a logical low to a logical high, the first S-R F/F stage 114 is locked and the second S-R F/F stage 115 is opened so that the current value stored in the NOR-S-R flip-flop 124 of the first S-R F/F stage 114 is transferred to the NOR-S-R flip-flop 124 of the second S-R F/F stage 115. A change in the Reset or Set input signals at terminals 132 or 133, respectively, will not affect the values stored in the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a.

With each of the first and second stages 114 and 115 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a comprising a NOR-S-R flip-flop 124, a truth table for the Set (S_n) signal at the input to NAND gate 120 of the S-R F/F stage 114, the Reset (R_n) signal at the input to NAND gate 121 of the S-R F/F stage 114, the Q signal at output terminal 134, and the Qn signal at output terminal 135 of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a is shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

The subscripts "_n" and "_n_-ι" in Table 1 indicate the current state after input/output signals have changed, and a previous state before these signals changed, respectively. More particularly, a current input combination of S=0 and R=0 will not change the output signals Q and Qn. If both S and R become low, then Q and Qn both become low. However, if afterwards both S and R go high at the same time, then Q and Qn can no longer be predicted as indicated by the (0) designation in Table 1. This latter situation has to be avoided in order the maintain a well defined logical behavior of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a, and in accordance with the present invention, this situation is not able to occur.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a circuit diagram for an exemplary evaluation arrangement 102 (show within a dashed line rectangle) forming part of the controller 100 of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. The exemplary evaluation arrangement 102 is shown as receiving five state signals State signals (State 0-4) and five input variable signals (IN0-IN4) which cause the arrangement to operate as is described hereinbelow. However, it is to be understood that the evaluation arrangement 102 can comprise many more input state and input variable signals that cause the evaluation arrangement 102 to operate in the same manner.

The exemplary evaluation arrangement 102 comprises five inverters 150-154, ten NAND gates 160-169, and a matrix 170 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) comprising fifteen parallel horizontal leads 171 that are connected to predetermined ones of twelve parallel vertical leads 172 by separate permanent connections 173 (shown with a solid line between two associated terminals). Unconnected associated terminals 174 are shown where permanent connections can be made if desired. More particularly, the IN0 input signal is received via bus 101 from a specific remote device (not shown) and coupled to the first vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 and to the second vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 by the first inverter 150. The IN1 input signal is received via bus 101 from a separate remote device (not shown) and coupled to the third vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 and to the fourth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 by the second inverter 151. The IN2 input signal is received via bus 101 from a separate remote device (not shown) and coupled to the fifth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 and to the sixth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 by the third inverter 152. The IN3 input signal is received via bus 101 from a separate remote device (not shown) and coupled to the seventh vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 and to the eighth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 by the fourth inverter 153. The IN4 input signal is received via bus 101 from a separate remote device (not shown) and coupled to the ninth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 and to the tenth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 by the fifth inverter 154. The eleventh vertical lead 172 is connected to a externally supplied voltage (VEXT), and the twelfth vertical lead 172 is connected to ground which is shown coupled through permanent connections 173 to the first, third, sixth, ninth, tenth, and fifteenth horizontal leads.

The State 4 input signal is received via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 (shown in FIG. 10) and coupled to the second horizontal lead 171 at a first side of the matrix 170 and to first inputs of the first and second NAND gates 160 and 161 at a second opposite side on the matrix 170. The first and third horizontal leads 171 are connected to second inputs of the first and second NAND gates 160 and 161 , respectively. The State 3 input signal is received via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 and coupled to the fifth horizontal lead 171 at a first side of the matrix 170 and to first inputs of the third and fourth NAND gates 162 and 163 at a second opposite side on the matrix 170. The fourth and sixth horizontal leads 171 are connected to second inputs of the third and fourth NAND gates 162 and 163, respectively. The State 2 input signal is received via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 and coupled to the eighth horizontal lead 171 at a first side of the matrix 170 and to first inputs of the fifth and sixth NAND gates 164 and 165 at a second opposite side on the matrix 170. The seventh and ninth horizontal leads 171 are connected to second inputs of the fifth and sixth NAND gates 164 and 165, respectively. The State 1 input signal is received via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 and coupled to the eleventh horizontal lead 171 at a first side of the matrix 170 and to first inputs of the seventh and eighth NAND gates 166 and 167 at a second opposite side on the matrix 170. The tenth and twelfth horizontal leads 171 are connected to second inputs of the seventh and eighth NAND gates 166 and 167, respectively. The State 0 input signal is received via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 and coupled to the fourteenth horizontal lead 171 at a first side of the matrix 170 and to first inputs of the ninth and tenth NAND gates 168 and 169 at a second opposite side on the matrix 170. The thirteenth and fifteenth horizontal leads 171 are connected to second inputs of the ninth and tenth NAND gates 168 and 169, respectively. The first and second NAND gates 160 and 161 generate tran4u and tran4l output signals, respectively. Similarly, the third and fourth NAND gates 162 and 163 generate tran3u and tran3l output signals, respectively, the fifth and sixth NAND gates 164 and 165 generate tran2u and tran2l output signals, respectively, the seventh and eighth NAND gates 166 and 167 generate tranl u and tranl l output signals, respectively, the ninth and tenth NAND gates 168 and 169 generate tranOu and tranOI output signals, respectively. The five tran0u-tran4u and the five tran0l-tran4l output signals are transmitted via bus 103 (shown in FIG. 10) to the transition arrangement 104 (shown in FIG. 10).

In operation, it is assumed that at the current moment a state machine in the controller 100 of FIG. 10 is in state 2 (a high on the State 2 lead 171), and that the state 2 shall be exited if the input signal IN4 to the evaluation arrangement 102 is high (e.g. a logical 1). In this case the input signal IN4 is connected via connection 174 (as is shown within the circle 177) to the same NAND gate 164 as the State 2 signal. When the State 2 signal is high, the tran2u output signal from NAND gate 164 will go low (e.g., a logical "0"). This indicates that the state machine is about to exit state 2. If state 2 has to be exited under a condition that the IN4 signal is low, then the negated IN4 signal from inverter 154 would be connected to the NAND gate 165 via a connection (not shown within the circle 178) made between the tenth vertical and ninth horizontal lead of the matrix 170.

For other conditions, a connection (not shown) between the eleventh vertical lead 172 (coupled to the VEXT from the external power supply) and a predetermined one of the NAND gates 160-169 would be made when the state diagram called for an unconditional transfer to that next associated state. A connection between the twelfth vertical lead 172 (coupled to ground) and a predetermined associated pairs of the NAND gates 160-169 associated with a particular state would be made when the state diagram called for a blocked transition, as is shown between the first and third horizontal leads 171 and the twelfth vertical lead 172 for State 4.

Referring now to FIG. 13, there is shown an exemplary linear state diagram comprising five states 0-4 (n=5) for use in describing the operation and structure of the exemplary evaluation arrangement 102 shown in FIG. 12. At the beginning, usually at power-on, the state machine is being reset (RES) as shown in circle 180. This means that all flip-flops (shown in FIG. 11) are being reset with the ASRES signal. This mode is not considered a "real" state. From the RES condition in circle 180, the state machine transitions unconditionally into state SO shown in circle 181. From this point forward the conditions denoted below each state needs to be fulfilled in order for the state machine to continue from one state to the next. If a transition condition is not fulfilled, the state machine stays in the current state, as is indicated by a "circle arrow" 186. When the state machine is in State 0 and the transition condition of IN2=1 is fulfilled, the following occurs in the evaluation arrangement 102 of FIG. 12. The State 0 signal is high (a logical "1") on the fourteenth horizontal lead 171 , and the IN2 signal is high on the fifth vertical lead 172 and low on the sixth vertical lead 172 of the matrix 170 because of the inverter 152. The connection 173 between the fifth vertical lead 172 and the thirteenth horizontal lead 171 places highs (logical "1s") on both input of the NAND gate 168 to cause the output thereof to change from a high to a low output. The NAND gate 169 is unaffected because one of its inputs in connected to ground via permanent connection 173 between the twelfth vertical lead 172 (ground) and the fifteenth horizontal lead 171 and provides a high tranOI signal. This output from NAND gate 168 indicates that a transition out of State 0 to the next State (state 1) is to be made. Once in State 1 , indicated by circle 182, when the transition condition of IN2=0 occurs, a high will be applied to both the eleventh horizontal lead (State 1), and the sixth vertical lead 172 via inverter 152 in FIG. 12. The connection 173 between the sixth vertical lead 172 and the twelfth horizontal lead 171 and the Stated 1 signal causes high (logical 1) signals to be applied to both inputs of NAND gate 167. The output from the NAND gate 167 will go from a high output signal to a low output signal. The NAND gate 166 only has one high input (State 1) and a second input to NAND gate 166 is connected to ground via connection 173 on the tenth horizontal lead 171. The output from NAND gate 167 indicates a transition out of State 1 to the next State (state 2) is to be made.

Once in State 2 indicated by circle 183, when the transition condition of IN4=1 occurs, a high will be applied to both the eighth horizontal lead 171 (State 2), and the ninth vertical lead 172. The high State 2 signal and the connection 173 shown within circle 177 between the ninth vertical lead 172 and the seventh horizontal lead 171 causes high (logical 1) signals to be applied to both inputs of NAND gate 164. This causes the output tran2u signal from NAND gate 164 to change from high to low value and indicates a transition out of State 2 to the next State (state 3) is to be made. The output of NAND gate 165 associated with State 2 does not change from its high output because one of its inputs is connected to ground via permanent connection 173 between the twelfth vertical lead 172 and the ninth horizontal lead 171.

Once in State 3, indicated by circle 184, when the transition condition of IN1=1 occurs, a high will be applied to both the fifth horizontal lead 171 (State 3), and the third vertical lead 172. The high State 3 signal and the connection 173 between the third vertical lead 172 and the fourth horizontal lead 171 causes high (logical 1) signals to be applied to both inputs of NAND gate 162. This causes the output of NAND gate 162 to change from high to low and indicates a transition out of State 3 to the next State (state 4). The output of NAND gate 163 associated with State 3 does not change because one it the inputs is connected to ground via permanent connection 173 between the twelfth vertical lead 172 and the sixth horizontal lead 171.

Once in State 4 indicated by circle 185, the state machine has completed the transitions through the exemplary state diagram of FIG. 13. There is no transition out of State 4 because both NAND gates 160 and 161 have one of their inputs connected to ground via permanent connections 173 shown between the twelfth vertical lead and the first and third horizontal leads 171 of the matrix 170.

The above processing technique allows for the identification of which state has to be exited, and identifies whether the state should be exited because exactly one input variable (e.g., IN4) is true or false. This very basic evaluation information is all that is needed in order to realize a universal state diagram if the necessary transformations have been performed. If a state is to be exited unconditionally (not shown in FIG. 12 but occurs from the RES state of FIG. 13), then one of the two NAND gates associated with that state to be exited would be permanently connected to the supply voltage VEXT. If the state diagram ends in one state and there is no transition from this state to any other state, then the NAND gates (e.g., NAND gates 160 and 161) associated with this state are connected to ground (low).

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown a circuit diagram for an exemplary transition arrangement 104 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) forming part of the controller 100 of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. The exemplary transition arrangement 104 is coupled to receive each of five tran0u-tran4u signals and five tranOI-tran4l signals from the exemplary evaluation arrangement 102 shown in FIG. 12 via bus 103, and to transmit each of five set0-set4 signals and five reset0-reset4 signals to the state storage device 106 shown in FIG. 10 via bus 105. The exemplary transition arrangement 104 comprises an exemplary matrix 190 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) and ten NAND gates 200-209. It is to be understood that the transition arrangement 104 can comprise many more input signals and a larger matrix 190 when the evaluation arrangement 102 is larger than shown in FIG. 12 and transmits more input signals to the transition arrangement 104.

The matrix 190 comprises twelve parallel horizontal leads 191 that are connectable to predetermined ones of twenty parallel vertical leads 192 by separate permanent connectors 193. A potential (VEXT) from a remote power source (not shown) is coupled to the first (top) horizontal lead 191 of the matrix 190, and ground potential is applied to the second horizontal lead 191 of the matrix 190. The tran4u, tran3u, tran2u, tranl u, and tranOu input signals from the evaluation arrangement 102 are coupled to the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh horizontal leads 191 , respectively, of the matrix 190. The tran4l, tran3l, tran2l, tranll, and tranOI input signals from the evaluation arrangement 102 are coupled to the fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth horizontal leads 191 of the matrix 190. First and second inputs of each of the ten NAND gates 200-209 are coupled to separate ones of the twenty vertical leads 192 of the matrix 190. For example, the NAND gate 200 has its first and second inputs coupled to the first and second vertical leads 192, respectively, the NAND gate 201 has its first and second inputs coupled to the third and fourth vertical leads 192, respectively, the NAND gate 202 has its first and second inputs coupled to the fifth and sixth vertical leads 192, respectively, etc, with the last NAND gate 209 having its first and second inputs coupled to the nineteenth and twentieth vertical leads 192, respectively. NAND gates 200, 202, 204, 206, and 208 provide the output signals setO, setl , set2, set3, and set 4, respectively, while the NAND gates 201 , 203, 205, 207, and 209 provide the output signals resetO, resetl , reset2, reset3, and reset4, respectively

The following example describes a typical operation of the transition arrangement 104. It is assumed that there is a transition from State 2 to State 3. For a transition out of State 2, the tran2u signal coupled to the seventh horizontal lead of the matrix 190 or the tran2l signal coupled to the eighth horizontal lead of the matrix 190 could go low for a transition out of State 2. As was described for the evaluation arrangement 102 of FIG. 12, the tran2u signal is the received low signal for a transition out of State 2, while all of the other input signals from the evaluation arrangement 102 remain high. The low tran2u signal is coupled to a first input of the NAND gate 205 via the connection shown within the circle 196 while a high VEXT potential is permanently coupled to the second input of the NAND gate 205 via permanent connection 193 coupling the first horizontal lead 191 to the twelfth vertical lead 192. The low and high inputs to NAND gate 205 generates a high reset2 output signal to the state storage device 106 (shown in FIGS. 10 and 11) via bus 105. Concurrently, the low tran2u signal is coupled to a first input of the NAND gate 206 via the permanent connection 193 shown within the circle 197, while VEXT is applied to a second input of NAND gate 206. This causes the NAND gate 206 to generate a high set3 output signal. The high reset2 output signal is transmitted via bus 105 to the state storage device 106 for resetting the state flip-flop 110 therein that is associated with the Set-Reset Flip-Flop 110 representing State 2. Concurrently, the high set3 output signal is transmitted via bus 105 to the state storage device 106 for setting the state flip-flop 110 therein that is associated with the Set-Reset Flip-Flop 110 representing State 3.

Where a state flip-flop 110 in the state storage device 106 is not used, then both inputs to the respective set and reset NAND gates in the transition arrangement 104 via associated the vertical leads 192 of matrix 190 would be connected to ground potential (low) on the second horizontal lead 191 via a permanent connection (not shown). This maintains the state flip-flop 110 in the state storage device 106 in a reset state after an initial power-on mode reset (ASRES). If a state diagram ends in one state and there is no further transition from this state to any other state, then the two inputs to the NAND gate that generates a reset signal of this state are coupled to the supply potential VEXT (high). Thus, the reset signal will always be low and this state will not be reset once this state has been reached. This is shown in FIG. 14 for NAND gate 209 associated with State 4.

Referring now to FIG. 15, there is shown a circuit diagram for an exemplary output arrangement 108 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) forming part of the controller 100 of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. The exemplary output arrangement 108 comprises first, second, third, fourth, and fifth inverters 230-234, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth Positive Field Effect Transistor (PFET) devices 240-244 (shown within separate dashed line rectangles), and a matrix 250 (shown within a dashed line rectangle). The PFET devices 240-244 and associated with the inverters 230-234, respectively. Each of the PFET devices 240-244 has a source electrode thereof coupled to a predetermined externally provided voltage (VEXT) via lead 246, a gate electrode thereof coupled to ground via lead 247, and a drain electrode thereof coupled to an input of the associated one of the inverters 230-234. The arrangement of each of the PFETs 240-244 causes a high input (VEXT) to be provided to an input of the associated one of the inverters 230-234 which, without further signals being applied to the inverters 230-234, causes the inverters to maintain a low output. Therefore, the PFETs 240-244 can be designated as a pull-up PFET device.

The matrix 250 comprises first, second, third, fourth, and fifth vertical leads 252 coupled at one end to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth inverters 230-234, respectively, ten horizontal leads 254, and twenty five Negative Field Effect Transistor (NFETs) devices 260 (shown within separate dashed line rectangles) located at crossing areas of the vertical leads 252 and horizontal leads 254 within the matrix 250. The first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth horizontal leads 254 of the Matrix 250 are coupled to ground potential at one end thereof, and the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth horizontal leads are coupled to receive State 0, State 1 , State 2, State 3, and State 4 input signals, respectively, via bus 107 from the State Storage device 106 (shown in FIGS. 10 and 11). The gates of each of the NFET devices 260 can be either coupled to ground potential in order to deactivate the NFET device 260, or to a respective one of State 0-4 input signals to the matrix 250. If the gate of an NFET device 260 is coupled to an active State input signal which is high (e.g., logical 1), it causes the low ground potential to be coupled to the vertical lead 252 associated with that NFET device 260 so that the input of the associated Inverter (e.g., inverter 230) is pulled to a low level when the State is active. Therefore, the associated inverter (e.g., inverter 230) will generate a high output signal on a bus 109 when the State signal is active. The output signals generated by the inverters 230-234 are directed via bus 109 to various circuits in a remote generator system on, for example, a DRAM chip.

For example, if State 2 is active, then a high on the fifth horizontal lead 254 will be applied to the gate 260 of the NFET device 260 (shown within circle 262) coupling the fifth horizontal lead 254 to the second vertical lead 252 associated with inverter 231. The gate 260 causes ground potential from the sixth horizontal lead 254 to be coupled to the second vertical lead 252 which pulls down the input signal to the inverter 231 and causes the inverter 231 to generates a high output signal (OUT1) on the bus 109. The active State 2 signal also causes the inputs of each of the inverters 230, 233, and 234 to be pulled down to ground potential because the State 2 signal is coupled to the gates of the NFET devices 260 coupling the fifth horizontal lead 254 to the first, fourth, and fifth vertical leads 252. Since the gate of the NFET device 260 (shown within the circle 264) coupling the fifth horizontal lead 254 to the third vertical lead 252 associated with inverter 232 is always connected to ground potential, then NFET device 260 is always deactivated when the State 2 signal is active. Therefore, when the State 2 signal is active, the input to the inverter 232 remains in the pulled up condition caused by the PFET device 242, and the inverter 232 continues to output a low output signal (OUT2) over the bus 109. Since only one State input signal is active at a time, there is no other NFET device 260 in the Matrix 250 that would pull the input to the inverter 232 down when the State 2 input signal is active. With the arrangement shown for each of the NFET devices 260 of the Matrix 250 and the description hereinabove explaining what occurs for an active State 2 signal, it can easily be determined which of the inverters 230- 234 will be pulled down or up when any one of the other State input signal become active.

The output arrangement 108 can also be configured to receive the Qn outputs from the S-R MS F/Fs 110a-110n of the State Storage device 106 as is described in copending Patent Application Serial No. , entitled

"Method and Apparatus For An Improved Reset And Power-On Arrangement For A DRAM Generator Controller", and copending Patent Application Serial

No. , entitled "Method and Apparatus for A Flexible Controller

Including An Improved Output Arrangement For A DRAM Generator Controller".

Referring now to FIGS. 16A and 16B, there is shown an overall arrangement of the exemplary controller 100 (shown within a dashed line rectangle) of FIG. 10 including circuitry for the state storage device 106, the evaluation arrangement 102, and the transition arrangement 104 as shown in FIGS. 11 , 12, and 14, respectively, for operation with an exemplary linear state diagram comprising 5 states (S0-S4) as is shown in FIG. 13 for the evaluation arrangement 102 in accordance with the present invention. More particularly, the exemplary controller 100 of FIGS. 16A and 16B is capable of handling five states (States 0-4), five input signal signals (IN0-IN4), and five output signals (OUT0-OUT4). The evaluation arrangement 102 comprises five inverters 150-154, ten NAND gates 160-169, and a matrix 170. The evaluation arrangement 102 receives five input signals IN0-IN4 via bus 101 from remote devices (not shown), and five State signals (State 1 -State 5) via bus 107 from a state storage device 106. The evaluation arrangement 102 generates one of tran0u-tran4u or tranOI-tran4l output signals via bus 103 at any instant of time to the transition arrangement 104. The evaluation arrangement 102 corresponds to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12, and the operation thereof corresponds to that described hereinbefore for the evaluation arrangement 102 in accordance with the linear state diagram of FIG. 13.

The transition arrangement 104 is shown as comprising nine NAND gates 201-209 and a matrix 190. The transition arrangement 104 receives any of the tran0u-tran4u and tran0l-tran4l output signals from the Evaluation arrangement 102 via bus 103, and generates predetermined ones of SET1- SET4 or RESET0-RESET4 output signals via bus 105 to the state storage device 106. The arrangement of the transition arrangement 104 corresponds to that shown in FIG. 14, except that the NAND gate 200 of FIG. 14 was not included in the transition arrangement 104 shown in FIG. 16. The reason for this omission is that in FIG. 14, the NAND gate 200 is made inactive by the permanent coupling of both inputs to the VEXT potential. Therefore, the NAND gate 200 never provides a SET0 output signal to the state storage device 106.

The state storage device 106 comprises eight Set-Reset Master-Slave Flip-Flops (S-R M-S F/F) 110a-110e+3, where only S-R M-S F/Fs 110a and 110e-110e+3 are shown and each of the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110e+3 comprises the circuitry shown in FIG. 12. The S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110e are associated with separate ones of the states 0-4, while the S-R M-S F/Fs 110e+1-110e+3 are used for processing purposes with the state identification circuitry 117 as will be described in greater detail hereinafter in relation to FIGS. 18-20. An additional remote flip-flop 280 comprising NOR gates 282 and 284 are also provided for the state storage device 106. The State Storage device 106 is also coupled to the State Identification circuitry 117.

At the beginning of the operation of the exemplary controller 100, the controller 100 is reset (usually at power-on). To reset to controller 100, an Asynchronous Reset (ASRES) input signal (also known as a RESET signal) to the state storage device 106 goes high and then low again. This resets all S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110e+3 in the state storage device 106. This "mode" is not a "real" state according to a coding definition of the associated state machine in accordance with the present invention because in each state exactly one associated S-R M-S F/F (110a-110e) in the state storage device 106 has to be set, and all other S-R M-S F/F have to be reset. The additional two NOR gates 282 and 284 in additional flip-flop 280 ensures that after the initial reset the first state S-R M-S F/F 110a (for State 0) is being set. This happens unconditionally and the state machine is now in State 0. Once this has occurred, the evaluation of the input signals IN0-IN4 in the evaluation arrangement 102, the transitions through all states in transition arrangement 104, and the generation of the appropriate output signals OUT0-OUT1 can happen as described hereinbefore. It should be noted that the input signals IN0 and IN3 are not used and are not connected to any node in the evaluation arrangement 102. Still further, the state machine stays in State 4 once this state has been reached. Therefore, the tran4u and tran4l output signals from the evaluation arrangement 102 are not connected to any node in the transition arrangement 104. Additionally, the RESET4 output signal from the transition arrangement 104 is always forced to be low by connecting the two inputs of the NAND gate 209 to the supply voltage VEXT.

Referring now to FIG. 17, there is shown a timing diagram of waveforms of a clock signal, a Reset signal (also known as an ASRES signal), IN0-IN4 signals, State 0-4 signals, and OUT0-OUT4 signals resulting in the exemplary controller 100 of FIG. 16 as the controller 100 realizes the exemplary linear state diagram comprising States 0-4 of FIG. 13 in accordance with the present invention.^' At time=0 (TO) a Reset pulse 300, corresponding to an Asynchronous Reset (ASRES) signal, resets all S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110e in the state storage device 106. With a first rising clock edge 302 at T1 after the reset pulse 300, the state machine enters state SO. Between times T1 and T2, the State 0 signal is the only state signal that is active from the state storage device 106, and results in output signals OUT0 and OUT4 from the output arrangement 108 to become high. This can be seen in FIG. 15, where the State 0 signal activates the NFETs 260 associated with the inverters 230 and 234 to cause a low (ground) to be applied to the inverters 230 and 234 to generate a high OUT0 and OUT4 output signal.

Just prior to time T2, an IN2 signal goes positive (IN2=1) which causes the state machine to transition into State 1 , because the condition for transitioning from State 0 to State 1 has occurred as is shown in FIG. 13. The time between the beginning of the rise 304 in IN2 and the transition to state 2 at time T2 occurs because of the processing time of the IN2 signal in the evaluation arrangement 102 for generating the proper tranOu output signal via bus 103 as shown in FIG. 12, and the transition arrangement 104 generating the proper RESET0 and SET1 output signals to the state storage device 106 via bus 105. During the active State 1 (S1) signal from the state storage device, the output arrangement 108 generates high OUT1 , OUT2, and OUT3 output signals over bus 109. As is shown in FIG. 13, once the state machine is in State 1 and the IN2 input signal goes low, the condition has been met for a transition from state 1 to state 2. In FIG. 17 the IN2 signal is shown as having a falling edge 306 just prior to time T3. As a result of IN2 going. low, the evaluation arrangement 102 generates a tranl u output signal to the transition arrangement 104, and the transition arrangement 104 generates a RESET1 and a SET2 output signal to the state storage device 106 for a transition from state 1 to state 2 at time T3. During the time from T3 to T4 when the state 2 (S2) is high, the output arrangement 108 generates high OUT0 and OUT4 signals via bus 109. A similar operation occurs for transitioning from state 2 to state 3 at time T4 just after IN4 goes high, and from state 3 to state 4 at time T5 after IN1 goes high where different output signals (OUT0-OUT4) are accordingly generated. Once the state machine is in state 4 (S4) it remains there (as shown in FIG. 13) until another RESET signal 308 is generated at time T6 at which time the sequence starts again.

Referring now to FIG. 18, there is shown an exemplary arrangement of a State Identification circuitry 117 for use with the State Storage device 106 in the controller 100 of FIGS. 10 in accordance with the present invention. The State Identification circuitry 117 comprises a Testpad A 320, a pull-up resistor 322, a Testpad B 324, a D-type Flip-Flop (D F/F) 326, an activation logic circuit (ACTIV. LOGIC) 330, an inverter 334, an AND gate 336, and an OR gate 338. Associated with the State Identification circuit 117 are a plurality of 2(n+3) first switching devices 350, and a plurality of 2(n+3) second switching devices 352 which are coupled to inputs and outputs of a plurality of n+3 Set- Reset-Master-Slave Flip-Flop (S-R M-S F/F) circuits 110a to 110n+3 (shown within a dashed-line rectangle 106 wherein only S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a, 110n, 110n+1 , 110n+2, and 110n+3 are shown. The Testpad A 320 is coupled to both a predetermined supply voltage VΓJD ^v'^a pull-up resistor 322, and a "D" input terminal of the D F/F 326. The system clock (CLK) signal used by the controller 100 is received at both a second input of the D F/F 326, and at each of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a to 110n+3. A "Q" output of the D F/F 326 is coupled to an "A" input of the activation logic circuit 330. The AND gate 336 is coupled to receive a "Q" output signal from each of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110n+1 to 110n+3 at separate inputs thereof, and generate an output signal that is coupled to a "B" input of the activation logic circuit 330. The S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n are associated with separate ones of the "n" states of a state diagram, whereas the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110n+1 to 110n+3 are not associated with state output signals and are termed hereinafter as "Signature Flip-Flops". A "Y" output signal from the activation logic circuit 330 is provided to each of the first and second switching devices 350 and 352 for selectively opening or closing each of the first and second switching devices 350 and 352. The OR gate 338 is coupled to receive the "Q" output signal from the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 at a first input thereof, and the system clock signal at a second input thereof. An output of the OR gate 338 is coupled to the Testpad B 324.

The plurality of 2(n+3) first switching devices 350 are grouped into pairs, and each pair of first switching devices 350 is associated with a separate one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3. A first one of each pair of first switching devices 350 is coupled to selectively pass or block an input signal (such as the Reset (R) signal from the Transition arrangement 104) from reaching the Reset input terminal 132 (shown in FIG. 11) of the associated one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n. Similarly, a second one of each pair of first switching devices 350 is coupled to selectively pass or block one of a Set (S) input signal, a ground potential, or a Vpp potential, from reaching the Set input terminal 133 (shown in FIG. 11) of the associated one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3. The plurality of 2(n+3) second switching devices 352 are grouped into pairs, and each pair of second switching devices 352 is associated with a separate one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3. A first one of each pair of second switching devices 352 is coupled to selectively pass or block a "Qn" output signal from the associated one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3 from reaching the Reset input terminal 132 (shown in FIG. 11) of the next succeeding one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3. A second one of each pair of second switching devices 352 is coupled to selectively pass or block a "Q" output signal from the associated one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3 from reaching the Set input terminal 132 (shown in FIG. 11) of the next succeeding one of the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3. The first and second ones of the second switching devices 352 of the last S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 are coupled to selectively pass or block the "Qn" and "Q" output signal, respectively, from the last S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 from reaching the respective "R" and "S" input terminals of the first S-R M-S F/F circuit 110a. It is to be understood that each of the first and second switching devices 350 or 352 is realized as a transmission gate. All of the first and second switching devices are controlled by the same "Y" output signal from the activation logic circuit 330.

Under a normal operating condition of the controller 100, the activation logic circuit 330 outputs a low "Y" control signal to the first and second switching devices 350 and 352. Under this condition, all of the first switching devices 350 are closed while all of the second switching devices 352 are open as is shown in FIG. 18. The controller 100 then operates sequentially through a state diagram sequence as described, for example, hereinbefore for FIG. 13. However, when a controller 100 or generator system error occurs and the controller 100 does not complete a state diagram sequence such as the power-on sequence, then the activation logic circuit 330 can be selectively activated by an operator entering an activation (ACT.) control signal at Testpad A 320. When activated, the activation logic circuit 330 generates a high "Y" output control signal to the first and second switching devices 350 and 352. This causes all of the first switching devices 350 to open, and all of the second switching devices 352 to close. As a result of such action by the first and second switching devices 350 and 352, the S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n+3 form a cyclical shift register.

In operation, during a normal operation of the controller 100 as it proceeds through a state diagram, the first switching devices 350 are closed and the second switching devices are open. The ground potential that is coupled to the Set input of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+1 is provided as the "Q" output and transmitted via the inverter 334 as a high input to a first input of the AND gate 336. Concurrently, the VQD potential that is coupled to the Set input of each of the S-R M-S F/F circuit 11 On+2 and 110n+3 is provided as separate "Q" outputs therefrom and transmitted as separate high inputs to second and third inputs of the AND gate 336. Therefore, when the output bit string of the signature S-R M-S F/F circuits 110n+3, 11 On+2, and 110n+1 is 1- 1-0, respectively, the AND gate 336 generates a high output. The AND gate 336 transmits this high output to the "B" input of the activation logic circuit 330 to effectively disable the activation logic circuit 330 from providing a high "Y" output control signal that will alter the first and second switching devices 350 and 352 from their normal setting. During this period of time, the pull-up resistor 328 provides a VQQ potential to Testpad A 320, and to the "B" input of the D F/F 326 to prevent an activation control signal from being transmitted to the activation logic circuit 330 via the "Q" output of the D F/F 326. This prevents the activation logic circuit 117 from being activated and allows the state S-R M-S F/F circuits 110a-110n to work as normal state F/Fs in the controller 100. Concurrently, the OR gate 338 does not receive a high "Q" output from the signature S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 because the associated second switching device 352 is open, but passes the received clock signal to the Testpad B 324.

When the Testpad A 320 is activated by being pulled to a low level by an activation (ACT) signal, this activation signal is synchronized to the system clock (CLK) by the D Flip-Flop 326. This synchronization ensures that an asynchronous activation signal does not cause a malfunction of the synchronization of the clock! The synchronized activation signal is fed to the "A" input of the activation logic circuit 330. The activation logic circuit 330 sends a high "Y" output signal which activates the first and second switching devices 350 and 352 at the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n+3 so that the first switching devices 350 are opened and the second switching device 352 are closed. Now the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n+3 are disconnected from their regular inputs and form a feed-back circle shift register. Since the system clock is still running the state output information from the state S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n plus the information of the signature bits from the S-R M-S F/Fs 110n+1-110n+3, the bits are shifted in a circular way through the shift register formed by the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n+3. When the shift register has finished one complete circle the signature bit-string 1-1-0 produce by the S-R M-S F/Fs 110n+3, 11 On+2, and 110n+1 , respectively, is again in the respective signature flip-flops 110n+3, 11 On+2, and 110n+1. This signature bit-string of 1-1-0 is detected by the AND gate 338 via the "Q" outputs of the signature S-R M-S F/Fs 110n+1-110n+3. As a result the output from the AND gate 336 goes high and signals the activation logic circuit 330 to deactivate the "Y" output switch control signal to the first and second switching devices 350 and 352. Since the controller 100 uses a 1-out-of-N coding, it is ensured that the bit-string combination of 1-1-0 can only appear after one full cycle of the information currently stored in the shift register formed by the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n+3 after the activation logic circuit 330 has produced a high "Y" output. In other words, activating the Testpad A 320 with an ACT input signal initiates exactly one full circular shift operation of the state S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n plus the signature S-R M-S F/Fs 110n+1-110n+3.

The output of the last signature S-R-M-S-F/F 110n+3 is OR combined with the system clock signal in the OR gate 338 and then passed on to the Testpad B 324. At the Testpad B 324 the shifted information can be read out. The OR combination for the clock and the shifted information allows for an easy analysis of an oscilloscope (not shown) that is coupled to Testpad B 324. Each clock cycle can be easily identified. During each clock cycle when the "Q" output bit from S-R M-S F/F 110n+3 is low, the clock signal will be reproduced at Testpad B 324. However, during each clock cycle when the "Q" output bit from S-R M-S F/F 110n+3 is high, a high signal from the OR gate 336 will be generated for the full clock period. Therefor, the output at Testpad B 324 allows for a very simple analysis of the system clock frequency and the state of the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n.

Referring now to FIG. 19, there is shown an exemplary arrangement of an activation logic circuit 330 for use in the State Identification circuitry 117 of FIG. 18. The activation logic circuit 330 comprises a first AND gate 370, a first inverter 371 , a second inverter 372, a third inverter 373, a fourth inverter 374, a second AND gate 375, a third AND gate 376, an OR gate 378, and an Set-Reset Flip-Flop (S-R F/F) stage 380. The S-R F/F stage 380 comprises only a first stage 114 of a Set-Reset-Master-Slave-Flip-Flop (S-R M-S F/F) 110 (as is shown in FIG. 11). The "A" input from the D Flip-Flop 326 (shown in FIG. 18) is coupled through the first inverter 371 to a first input of the first AND gate 370, through the third inverter 373 to a first input of the second AND gate 375, and to a Reset (R) input of the S-R F/F stage 380. The "B" input from the AND gate 336 (shown in FIG. 18) in the State ID circuit 117 is coupled through the second inverter 372 to a second input of the first AND gate 370, to a second input of the second AND gate 375, and via the fourth inverter 374 to a Set (S) input of the S-R F/F stage 380. The output from the second AND gate 375 is coupled to a first input of the third AND gate 376, and a "Qn" output from the S-R F/F stage 380 is coupled to a second input of the third AND gate 376. The outputs from the first and third AND gates 370 and 376 are coupled to first and second inputs, respectively, of the OR gate 378. The output from the OR gate 378 is a "Y" output control signal for controlling the first and second switching devices 350 and 352 (shown in FIG. 18). A truth table for the activation logic circuit 330 is provided in TABLE 2 for the exemplary use of the AND gates 370, 375, and 376, the OR gate 378, the inverters 371-374, and the S-R F/F stage 380.

TABLE 2

The sequence through Table 2 starts at Step 1 with the condition where the A and B inputs are high so that the activation logic circuit 330 is not activated. With the "Y" output being low, the controller 100 is sequencing through a state diagram. In Step 2, the Testpad A 320 is activated to cause the D flip-flop 326 to generate a low "A" input to the activation while the three signature S-R M-S F/Fs 110n+3-110n+1 output the signature bits of 1-1-0, respectively. This causes the AND gate 338 (shown in FIG. 18) to generate a high "B" output signal to the activation logic circuit 330. In Step 2, the activation logic circuit 330 outputs a high "Y" output signal to open the first switching devices 350 and close the second switching devices 352. In Step 3, the S-R M-S F/Fs 110a-110n+3 are acting as a circular shift register. As the bits shift through the shift register at the clock rate, the 1-1-0 signature bits from the three signature S-R-M-S-F/Fs 110n+3-110n+1 are shifting through the shift register and are no longer inputs to the AND gate 336 (shown in FIG. 18), and causes the AND gate 336 to generate a low "B" output signal to the activation logic circuit 330. In Step 4, the information shift is just finishing one complete cycle through the shift register and the 1-1-0 signature bits from the three signature S-R M-S Phis 110n+3-110n+1 are again obtained at input of the AND gate 336. This causes the AND gate 336 to generate a high "B" output signal to disable the activation logic circuit 330. In Step 5, the activation logic circuit 330 has been disabled and the condition returns to Step 1.

Referring now to FIG. 20, there is shown an exemplary timing diagram of the operation of the State Identification circuitry 117 of FIG. 18. The timing diagram comprises waveforms versus time of a system clock signal, a test activation signal applied at Testpad A 320, a "Y" output signal obtained from the activation logic circuit 330, and a readout of a bit string obtained at Testpad B 324. The system clock signal, shown in the top waveform, has repetitive pulses at a predetermined frequency which is received by the D flip- flop 328 and the OR gate 338 of the State Identification circuit 117, and each of the S-R M-S Phis 110a-110n+3. When the State Identification circuitry 117 is not activated, as shown between times TO and T1 , the pull-up resistor 328 maintains the Testpad A 320 and the "D" input to the D Flip-Flop 328 at a high level 400 corresponding to the amplitude of the VΓJD potential. This corresponds to Step 1 of Table 2. During time T0-T1 the S-R M-S Phis 110a- 110n operate through a state diagram sequence, and the output from the OR gate 338 corresponds to the clock signal waveform.

When an operator induces an activation (ACT.) signal at Testpad A 320 at time T1 , the Testpad A 320 and the "D" input to the D flip-flop 328 are caused to fall to a low level. The activation signal remains there for as long as operator maintains the activation of Testpad A 320 (during times T1-T9). This causes the activation logic circuit 330 to generate a high "Y" output signal (as is shown in STEP 2 of Table 2) at time T1 to concurrently open the first switching devices 350 and close the second switching device 352 associated with the S-R M-S Phis 110a-110n+3. Now, the S-R M-S Phis 110a-110n+3 form a circular shift register which shifts data to a next sequential one of the S-R M-S Phis 110a-110n+3 with each applied clock cycle. Therefore, the S-R M-S Phis 110a-110n+3 shift the current data stored therein during each clock cycle in the direction of the last S-R M-S F/F 110n+3 in a circular manner. From times T1-T8, logical data stored in the last S-R M-S F/F 110n+3 shifts out from the "Q" output thereof, and contains a different bit of a logical code during each clock cycle. The "Q" output is transmitted to the input of the OR gate 338 via the associated second switching device 352. The ORed value of a current "Q" output and clock signal are transmitted from the output of the OR gate 338 to the Testpad B 324 during each clock cycle.

After the application of the test activation signal at time T1 , the readout bit string at Testpad B 324 provides two sequential high output signals over the first and second clock cycles during times T1-T2 and T2-T3, respectively. This is the result of the. sequential clock signal pulses over the clock cycles between times T1-T2 and T2-T3 being ORed with the high (logical "1") signature output signal values originally stored in R-S M-S Phis 110n+3 and 110n+2, respectively. During the third clock cycle occurring at between times T3 and T4, the R-S M-S F/F 110n+3 provides a low output corresponding to the low signature output signal (logical "0") that was originally stored in S-R M-S F/F 110n+1 and shifted into the R-S M-S F/F 110n+3 at time T3. When the low output signal from R-S M-S F/F 110n+3 is ORed with the third clock cycle signal it reproduces the third clock cycle signal. At each of the next five clock periods between time T4-T5 the readout at Testpad B 324 provides five reproductions of the corresponding clock cycle signals as a result of five sequential low output signals from the R-S M-S F/F 110n+3. During the clock period between time T5-T6, the readout at Testpad B 324 provides a continuous high output signal due to a high output signal from the R-S M-S F/F 110n+3. Two low outputs from the R-S M-S F/F 110n+3 during times T6- T7 and T7-T8 again cause reproductions of the corresponding clock cycle signals. At time T8, the signature code of 1 , 1 , 0 has again returned to the signature S-R M-S F/F circuits 110n+3, 11 On+2, and 110n+1 is 1-1-0, respectively, and causes the AND gate 336 to generate a high output. The AND gate 336 transmits this high output to the "B" input of the activation logic circuit 330 as is shown in Step 4 of Table 2. This causes the activation logic circuit 330 to provide a low "Y" output control signal. This low "Y" output signal returns the first and second switching devices 350 and 352 to their normal setting. At time T8 the readout bit string at Testpad B 324 again reproduces the clock signal sequence as is found between times T0-T1. After one cycle of the data shifting through the shift register is completed, the operator selectively removes the activation signal at Testpad A 320 at an arbitrary time T9.

The shifted bit string appearing at Testpad B 324 can be applied to an input of any suitable analysis device such as, for example, an oscilloscope for easy analysis. More particularly, each clock cycle can be easily identified, and each clock cycle with an output from the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 which is low shows a high signal for exactly one-half of a clock period at Testpad B 324. Each clock cycle with an output from the S-R M-S F/F circuit 110n+3 which is high shows a high signal for one full clock cycle at Testpad B 324. The output bit string at Testpad B 324 also allows for a very simple analysis of the system clock frequency. In the example of FIG. 20, the bit string between times T1 and T8 shows a code of 1-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-1-0-0. The initial 1-1-0 portion of the code represent the signature bits normally stored in S-R M-S PHIS 110n+3, 11 On+2, and 110n+1 , respectively, and are ignored for state code identification purposes. The remaining 0-0-0-0-0-1-0-0 portion of the code found between times T4-T8 can be used to determined which state the controller 100 is presently in. More particularly, the controller 100 uses a 1-out-of-N coding, and is originally assigned state codes where each "n" bit combination defines a predetermined separate state in the state diagram and is stored in a look-up table. Since the 1-1-0 signature code cannot be part of a 1-out-of-N code, and always precedes a state code once the state identification circuitry 117 is activated, it is easy to determine where a state code begins and ends. Once the state code portion of 0-0-0-0-0-1-0-0 of the bit string appearing at Testpad B 324 is obtained (where n=8), the state that the controller 100 is currently in can be determined from the look-up table.

The advantages of the present controller 100 are as follows. First, the output arrangement 108 can be realized in a very regular and simple structure, Since there is always exactly one state signal that is high, no combinational logic is needed in order to decode the output state signals from the flip-flops 110a-110n in the state storage device 106. If a combinational logic would be needed, the signals from the flip-flops 110a-110n could have different delay times through the output arrangement 108. This could cause errors in the output signals, and to avoid such errors it would be necessary to synchronize the output signals to the clock signal.

Second, for an evaluation of the input signals (IN0-IN4) in the evaluation arrangement 102, it is not necessary to decode the state signals (S0-S4) from the state storage device 106 since a 1-out-of-N state coding allows an easy logical combining of the state information (state 0-state 4) with the input information (IN0-IN4).

Third, it must be ensured that a state machine starts properly at the power-on mode of operation. This includes resetting of all flip-flops 110a- 110n in the state storage device 106 to their "start value", and that there is no timing violation (with respect to the clock) when the RESET (or ASRES) signal ends. If such actions are not met, it could happen that in the first transition from the "Reset state" to the first state, all of the flip-flops 110a- 110n that are supposed to switch may not do so. This can cause the state machine to go into either a wrong state or into an undefined state. The present controller 100 arrangement avoids this possibility since the transition from the "Reset state" (all flip-flops 110a-110n are reset) into the first state (SO) resets exactly one flip-flop and is done in a safe manner. If there is a set-time/hold-time violation in the controller 100 when the RESET pulse ends, then this exactly one flip-flop will either switch with the current clock edge or it will switch with the next clock edge (delay of one clock cycle). In either case, no wrong or undefined state will be entered.

Fourth, an important aspect of the present invention is that in the structure of the state machine, there is a clear separation between the evaluation arrangement 102 and the transition arrangement 104. Every transition between two states is characterized by exactly one transition signal (tran0u-tran4u and tran0l-tran4l) going low. This transition signal causes the setting of the next-state flip-flop (one of 110a-110n) and a resetting of the current-state flip-flop. With only one transition signal causing the setting and resetting operation in the flip-flops 110a-110n, any possible timing violation is substantially without consequence. Either the setting/resetting occurs with a current clock edge, or both the setting/resetting will be delayed by one clock cycle. No wrong or undefined state will occur. This safety is additionally increased (statistically) by the fact that only two flip-flops (1-out-of-N coding) are involved in any state transition. Thus there is a savings of additional circuitry for input signal synchronization and the use in the controller 100 of unsynchronized signals.

Fifth, a characteristic of the controller 100 is that the output signals (IN0-IN4) are only dependent on the State signals, an not on the input signals (IN0-IN4). If the controller were dependent on the input signals, the generation of the output signals would not be as simple as afforded by the controller 100. Combinatorial logic circuitry would be necessary to combine state signals (S0-S4) and input signals (IN0-IN4). Then, if unsynchronized input signals are used, this could lead to unacceptable errors in the output signals, and a requirement for synchronization circuitry for the output signals (IN0-IN4).

Sixth, a most important aspect of the present controller 100 is that it can be "programmed" (or "configured") in a very late state of a design project as is shown, for example, in FIG. 18.

Seventh, when the controller 100 or the associated generator system . causes an error so that the controller 100 cannot process through the states of a state diagram, a simple method is provided to read out the state information of the controller for debugging purposes.

It is to be appreciated and understood that the specific embodiments of the invention described hereinabove are merely illustrative of the general principles of the invention. Various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art which are consistent with the principles set forth. For example, any one or all of the evaluation arrangement 102, the transition arrangement 104, the state storage device 106, and the output arrangement 108 can be comprise any other suitable arrangement that operates in the manner described hereinbefore for each of those elements while permitting an easy programming change in a late stage of a design and a same operational security.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A controller for controlling a generator system on a memory chip, the controller operating as a state machine in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states and comprising: a state storage device which is responsive to input signals including a 1-out-of-N code indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states for generating a revised plurality of N state output signals comprising a true State signal and a complementary true State signal for the next state of the plurality of N states for use in generating output signals to the generator system; and state identification circuitry responsive to a selectively applied activation control signal when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram for inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device and sequentially reading out the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device for determining from the 1-out-of-N code which state of the state diagram the controller is currently in.

2. The controller of claim 1 further comprising an evaluation arrangement that is responsive at any instant of time for evaluating only one of a plurality of N input signals to the controller from remote devices in relation to only one of the revised plurality of N state output signals comprising a true State signal from the state storage device, and generating one of a plurality of Y output signals that has a predetermined logical value for entering a next state in the state diagram when a condition has been met wherein the one state signal and the one input signal have met predetermined logical . conditions.

3. The controller of claim 2 wherein the evaluation arrangement comprises: an evaluation matrix comprising a group of parallel first conductive lines and a group of parallel second conductive lines which are orthogonal to each other and overlap at predetermined locations, the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device being coupled for reception at separate first ends of the group of first conductive lines, and the plurality of N input signals from the remote devices being coupled for reception at first ends of a separate set of first and second conductive lines of the group of parallel second conductive lines so that the associated parallel first conductive line of each set is coupled to provide the associated input signal with a first logical value, and the parallel second conductive line of each set is coupled to provide the associated input signal with a second logical value; and a plurality of two-input logical gates coupled to second ends of a separate subgroup of the group of parallel second conductive lines which are coupled to receive the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device, each of the plurality of logical gates providing (a) an output signal having a first logical value when either one of the associated one of the state signals coupled to a first input of the logical gate and an associated one of the input signals coupled to a second input of the logical gate do not have a second logical value, and (b) an output signal having a second logical value when the associated one of the state signals and the one of the input signals have a second logical value.

4. The evaluation arrangement of claim 3 wherein: each of the plurality of two-input logical gates comprise a NAND gate, where a separate set of two NAND gates is associated with a separate one of the revised plurality of N state signals, each NAND gate is coupled at a first input thereof to receive an associated state signal, and is coupled at a second input thereof to a separate parallel line of the group of parallel first conductive lines coupled to receive the revised plurality of N state signals; and the evaluation matrix comprises selectively placed connection arrangements at predetermined crosspoints of the evaluation matrix for selectively coupling a predetermined second conductive line to a predetermined one of the first conductive lines leading coupled to a second input of a predetermined NAND gate.

5. The evaluation arrangement of claim 4 wherein the connection arrangements comprise separate electrically conductive connectors that are selectively addable or removable from coupling a predetermined first and second conductive line of the evaluation matrix when a change is to be made in a design of the controller.

6. The evaluation arrangement of claim 3 further comprising a plurality of N inverters, each inverter comprising an input for receiving a separate one of the plurality of N input signals, and an output which is coupled at a first end of the associated parallel second conductive line of a separate set of the group of parallel second conductive lines for generating an inverted logical value of the associated input signal for transmission on the associated parallel second conductive line of each set of parallel second conductive lines.

7. The controller of claim 1 further comprising a transition arrangement responsive to the predetermined one of a plurality of Y output signals from the evaluation arrangement for generating an output signal to the state storage device indicating that a change from one state to a next state in the state diagram is to be made.

8. The controller of claim 7 wherein the transition arrangement comprises: a transition matrix comprising a group of parallel first conductive lines and a group of parallel second conductive lines which overlap at predetermined locations to provide crosspoints, wherein connection arrangements are selectively provided at predetermined crosspoints between the second conductive lines and the first conductive lines, the plurality of Y output signals from the evaluation arrangement being coupled for reception at separate first ends of the group of parallel first conductive lines; and a plurality of two-input logical gates wherein each input of each of said logical gates is coupled to a separate conductive line of the group of parallel second conductive lines and is coupled to one of a group consisting of (a) one of a separate one of the plurality of Y input signals, (b) a predetermined first potential level from a remote voltage source, or (c) a second potential level such as ground potential, the plurality of two-input logical gates being associated in pairs for generating a set and a reset output signal having first logical values that indicate when a change from one state to an next state in the state diagram is to be made.

9. The controller of claim 1 wherein the state storage device comprises: a plurality of n+3 set-reset master-slave flip-flop (S-R M-S F/F) arrangements where a plurality of N of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements are each associated with a separate state of the state diagram, and the remaining n+1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements are signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, each of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements being responsive to (a) a separate set input signal associated with a separate one of the plurality of N state signals for generating a state output signal indicating that an associated state in the state diagram is now entered, and (b) a separate reset input signal associated with a separate one of the plurality of N state signals for generating a state output signal indicating that an associated state in the state diagram is exited.

10. The state storage device of claim 9 wherein each S-R M-S F/F arrangement comprises: a first inverter for receiving a remotely generated clock signal and generating an inverted clock output signal; a second inverter for receiving a remotely generated asynchronous reset (ASRES) signal and generating therefrom an inverted ASRES output signal; a first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage coupled to receive (a) the associated reset and set input signals associated with a separate one of the plurality of N states of the state diagram at first and second inputs, respectively, (b) the inverted clock output signal from the first inverter, (c) the received ASRES signal, and (d) the inverted ASRES output signal from the second inverter, for generating from said received signals predetermined set and reset output signals at first and second outputs of the first S-R F/F stage; a second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage coupled to receive (a) the predetermined first and second output signals from the first S/R FF stage, (b) the received clock signal, (c) the received ASRES signal, and (d) the inverted ASRES output signal from the second inverter, for generating from said received signals predetermined first and second output signals representing a status of a separate one of the plurality of N state output signals from the state storage device.

11. The state storage device of claim 10 wherein: when the received ASRES signal has a logical "1" value, then the first S-R F/F stage and the second S-R F/F stage in each of the plurality of N set-rest flip-flop arrangements are locked to generate logical "0" output signals independent of the logical values of the set and reset input signals and the received clock signal to ensure a proper reset of all first and second S-R F/F stages when entering the state diagram; and when the received ASRES signal has a logical "0" value, then each of the first and second S-R F/F stages operate in a predetermined manner dependent on the logical values of the set and reset input signals and the received clock signal.

12. The state storage device of claim 10 wherein: as long as the received clock signal has a logical "0" value, the first S-R F/F stage stores the logical values of the received set and reset input signals from the transition arrangement associated with a separate predetermined state of the state diagram; as long as the received clock signal has a logical "1" value, the first S-R F/F stage is locked in its current condition and the second S-R F/F stage is unlocked to receive and store therein current logical values of the set and reset signals stored in the first S-R F/F stage; and when the received clock signal rises from a logical "0" value to a logical "1" value, the first S-R F/F stage is made operational for transferring current logical values stored therein to the second S-R F/F stage, and any changes in the set and reset output signals from the transition arrangement do not affect logical values stored in the first S-R F/F stage.

13. The state storage device of claim 10 wherein each first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage comprises: a first NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated reset input signal and the inverted clock signal from the first inverter, respectively; a second NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated set input signal and the inverted clock signal from the first inverter, respectively; a third NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the first NAND gate and the inverted ASRES signal from the second inverter, respectively; a NOR gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the second NAND gate and the received ASRES signal, respectively; and a NOR. set-reset flip-flop (NOR S-R F/F) comprising a first input, a second input, a first output, and a second output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the outputs from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, and the first and second outputs are coupled to first and second inputs of the second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage.

14. The first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage of claim 13 wherein the NOR S-R F/F comprises: a first NOR gate and a second NOR gate wherein a first input of the first and second NOR gates is coupled to the output from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, a second input of the first and second NOR gates are coupled to an output of the second and first NOR gates, respectively, and the outputs of the first and second NOR gates are coupled to second and first inputs of the second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage.

15. The state storage device of claim 10 wherein each second set- reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage comprises: a first NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated reset output signal from the first S-R F/F stage and the received clock signal, respectively; a second NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated set output signal from the first S-R F/F stage and the received clock signal, respectively; a third NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the first NAND gate and to receive the inverted ASRES signal from the second inverter, respectively; a NOR gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the second NAND gate and to receive the received ASRES signal, respectively; and a NOR set-reset flip-flop (NOR S-R F/F) comprising a first input, a second input, a first output and a second output, the first and second inputs being coupled to outputs from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, and the first and second outputs transmit a state signal that represent a status of an associated state.

17. The second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage of claim 13 wherein the NOR S-R F/F comprises: a first NOR gate and a second NOR gate wherein a first input of the first and second NOR gate is coupled to the output from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, a second input of the first and second NOR gate is coupled to an output of the second and first NOR gates, respectively, and the outputs of the first and second NOR gates provide the state signal that represent the status of the associated state.

18. The state storage device of claim 9 wherein the n+1 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangement comprises a set input coupled to ground potential, and the n+2 and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements each comprise a set input coupled to a predetermined positive potential for providing a 0, 1 , 1 logical signature output signal from the n+1 , n+2, and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, respectively.

19. The controller of claim 18 wherein the state identification circuitry comprises: an activation logic arrangement for generating an output control signal comprising a first logical value when the state identification circuitry is made inactive, and a second logical value when the state identification circuitry is selectively made active in response to the selectively applied activation control signal; a plurality of first switching devices for selectively coupling each input signal included in the 1-out-of-N code to the inputs of a separate one of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device when the output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the first logical value, and for preventing each input signal from being coupled to the inputs of the associated separate one of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device when output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the second logical value; a plurality of second switching devices for selectively diverting output signals from each of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device to associated inputs of a next S-R M-S F/F arrangement in a sequence of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements for forming a circle shift register when the output control signal from the state activation arrangement comprises the second logical value; and an output pad for sequentially receiving a current output signal from a predetermined second switching device that is stored in the last n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangement as information is shifted through the last n+3 S-R M- S F/F arrangement at a predetermined clock rate when the plurality of n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangements form the circle shift register in response to the output control signal from the state activation arrangement comprising the second logical value.

20. The state identification circuitry of claim 19 further comprising: an inverter for continuously generating an inverted logical output of a current predetermined output from the n+1 S-R M-S F/F arrangement; and an AND gate for receiving the inverted logical output from the inverter and a predetermined current output from each of the n+2 and n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangements at separate input thereof, and generating a high output control signal to the activation logic arrangement for causing the activation logic arrangement to generate a low output control signal to the first and second switching devices when the n+1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements generate the 0, 1 , 1 logical signature output signal from the n+1 , n+2, and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, respectively,

21. The state identification circuitry of claim 19 further comprising an OR gate for receiving a remotely generated clock signal and the predetermined current output from the n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangement when the activation logic arrangement is active and generating the high logic output control signal to the first and second switching devices, and generating therefrom and output signal comprising the sequentially read-out of the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device at the clock signal rate for determining which state the controller is currently in.

22. The controller of claim 1 further comprising an output arrangement responsive to the revised plurality of N state output signals from the state storage device for generating separate predetermined ones of M output signals associated with said next state for controlling the generator system.

23. A controller for controlling a remote system on a memory chip which operates in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states, the controller comprising: an evaluation arrangement that is responsive at any instant of time for evaluating only one of a plurality of N input signals to the controller from remote devices in relation to only one of a plurality of N state signals, and generating one of a plurality of Y output signals that has a predetermined logical value for entering a next state in the state diagram when a condition has been met wherein the one state signal and the one input signal have met predetermined logical conditions; a state storage device which, in response to the one of a plurality of Y output signals that has a predetermined logical value from the evaluation arrangement, generates a revised plurality of N state output signals for transmission back to the evaluation arrangement indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states; state identification circuitry responsive to a selectively applied activation control signal when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram for inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device and sequentially reading out the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device for determining from the 1-out-of-N code which state of the state diagram the controller is presently in; and an output arrangement responsive to the revised plurality of N state output signals from the state storage device for generating separate predetermined ones of M output signals associated with said next state for controlling the generator system.

24. The controller of claim 23 further comprising a transition arrangement responsive to the predetermined one of a plurality of Y output signals from the evaluation arrangement for generating an output signal indicating that a change from one state to a next state in the state diagram is to be made.

25. The controller of claim 23 wherein the state storage device comprises: a plurality of n+3 set-reset master-slave flip-flop (S-R M-S F/F) arrangements where a plurality of n of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements are each associated with a separate state of the state diagram, and the remaining n+1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements are signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, each of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements being responsive to (a) a separate set input signal associated with a separate one of the plurality of N state signals for generating a state output signal indicating that an associated state in the state diagram is now entered, and (b) a separate reset input signal associated with a separate one of the plurality of N state signals for generating a state output signal indicating that an associated state in the state diagram is exited.

26. The state storage device of claim 25 wherein each S-R F/F arrangement comprises: a first inverter for receiving a remotely generated clock signal and generating an inverted clock output signal; a second inverter for receiving a remotely generated asynchronous reset (ASRES) signal and generating therefrom an inverted ASRES output signal; a first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage coupled to receive (a) the associated reset and set output signals from the transition arrangement associated with a separate one of the plurality of N states of the state diagram at first and second inputs, respectively, (b) the inverted clock output signal from the first inverter, (c) the received ASRES signal, and (d) the inverted ASRES output signal from the second inverter, for generating from said received signals predetermined set and reset output signals at first and second outputs of the first S-R F/F stage; a second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage coupled to receive (a) the predetermined first and second output signals from the first S/R FF stage, (b) the received clock signal, (c) the received ASRES signal, and (d) the inverted ASRES output signal from the second inverter, for generating from said received signals predetermined first and second output signals representing a status of a separate one of the plurality of N state output signals from the state storage device.

27. The state storage device of claim 26 wherein: when the received ASRES signal has a logical "1" value, then the first S-R F/F stage and the second S-R F/F stage in each of the plurality of N set-rest flip-flop arrangements are locked to generate logical "0" output signals independent of the logical values of the set and reset input signals and the received clock signal to ensure a proper reset of all first and second S-R F/F stages when entering the state diagram; and when the received ASRES signal has a logical "0" value, then each of the first and second S-R F/F stages operate in a predetermined manner dependent on the logical values of the set and reset input signals and the received clock signal.

28. The state storage device of claim 27 wherein: as long as the received clock signal has a logical "0" value, the first S-R F/F stage stores the logical values of the received set and reset input signals from the transition arrangement associated with a separate predetermined state of the state diagram; as long as the received clock signal has a logical "1" value, the first S-R F/F stage is locked in its current condition and the second S-R F/F stage is unlocked to receive and store therein current logical values of the set and reset signals stored in the first S-R F/F stage; and when the received clock signal rises from a logical "0" value to a logical "1" value, the first S-R F/F stage is made operational for transferring current logical values stored therein to the second S-R F/F stage, and any changes in the set and reset output signals from the transition arrangement do not affect logical values stored in the first S-R F/F stage.

29. The state storage device of claim 28 wherein each first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage comprises: a first NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated reset output signal from the transition arrangement and the inverted clock signal from the first inverter, respectively; a second NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the. associated set output signal from the transition arrangement and the inverted clock signal from the first inverter, respectively; a third NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the first NAND gate and the inverted ASRES signal from the second inverter, respectively; a NOR gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the second NAND gate and the received ASRES signal, respectively; and a NOR set-reset flip-flop (NOR S-R F/F) comprising a first input, a second input, a first output, and a second output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the outputs from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, and the first and second outputs are coupled to first and second inputs of the second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage.

30. The first set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage of claim 29 wherein the NOR S-R F/F comprises: a first NOR gate and a second NOR gate wherein a first input of the first and second NOR gates is coupled to the output from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, a second input of the first and second NOR gates are coupled to an output of the second and first NOR gates, respectively, and the outputs of the first and second NOR gates are coupled to second and first inputs of the second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage.

31. The state storage device of claim 26 wherein each second set- reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage comprises: a first NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated reset output signal from the first S-R F/F stage and the received clock signal, respectively; a second NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to receive the associated set output signal from the first S-R F/F stage and the received clock signal, respectively; a third NAND gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the first NAND gate and to receive the inverted ASRES signal from the second inverter, respectively; a NOR gate comprising a first input, a second input, and an output, the first and second inputs being coupled to the output from the second NAND gate and to receive the received ASRES signal, respectively; and a NOR set-reset flip-flop (NOR S-R F/F) comprising a first input, a second input, a first output and a second output, the first and second inputs being coupled to outputs from the third NAND gate and the NQR gate, respectively, and the first and second outputs transmit a state signal that represent a status of an associated state.

32. The second set-reset flip-flop (S-R F/F) stage of claim 31 wherein the NOR S-R F/F comprises: a first NOR gate and a second NOR gate wherein a first input of the first and second NOR gate is coupled to the output from the third NAND gate and the NOR gate, respectively, a second input of the first and second NOR gate is coupled to an output of the second and first NOR gates, respectively, and the outputs of the first and second NOR gates provide the state signal that represent the status of the associated state.

33. The state storage device of claim 25 wherein the n+1 to n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements each have a predetermined input, comprising a predetermined one of a group consisting of a logical zero potential and a logical "1" potential for providing a predetermined separate logical signature output signal from the n+1 , n+2, and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements which is not included in three consecutive bits of a possible 1-out-of-N code from the plurality of 1 to n S-R M-S F/F arrangements.

34. The controller of claim 33 wherein the state identification circuitry comprises: an activation logic arrangement for generating an output control signal comprising a first logical value when the state identification circuitry is made inactive, and a second logical value when the state identification circuitry is selectively made active in response to the selectively applied activation control signal; a plurality of first switching devices for selectively coupling each input signal included in the 1-out-of-N code to the inputs of a separate one of the plurality of 1-n S-R M-S F/F arrangements and the predetermined inputs to the n+1-n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device when the output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the first logical value, and for preventing each input signal from being coupled to the inputs of the associated separate one of the plurality of 1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device when output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the second logical value; a plurality of second switching devices for selectively diverting output signals from each of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device to associated inputs of a next S-R M-S F/F arrangement in a sequence of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements for forming a circle shift register when the output control signal from the state activation arrangement comprises the second logical value; and an output pad for sequentially receiving a current output signal from a predetermined second switching device that is stored in the last n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangement as information is shifted through the last n+3 S-R M- S F/F arrangement at a predetermined clock rate when the plurality of n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangements form the circle shift register in response to the output control signal from the state activation arrangement comprising the second logical value.

35. The state identification circuitry of claim 34 further comprising: an inverter for continuously generating an inverted logical output of a current predetermined output from the n+1 S-R M-S F/F arrangement; and an AND gate for receiving the inverted logical output from the inverter and a predetermined current output from each of the n+2 and n+3 S- R M-S F/F arrangements at separate input thereof, and generating a high output control signal to the activation logic arrangement for causing the activation logic arrangement to generate a low output control signal to the first and second switching devices when the n+1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements generate the predetermined separate logical signature output signal from the n+1 , n+2, and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, respectively,

38. The state identification circuitry of claim 34 further comprising an OR gate for receiving a remotely generated clock signal and the predetermined current output from the n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangement when the activation logic arrangement is active and generating the high logic output control signal to the first and second switching devices, and generating therefrom and output signal comprising the sequentially read-out of the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device at the clock signal rate for determining which state the controller is currently in.

39. A method of controlling a generator system on a memory chip with a controller operating as a state machine in accordance with a state diagram including a plurality of N states, comprising the steps of:

(a) generating a revised plurality of N state output signals in a state storage device in response to the plurality of Y input signals for indicating a change in the state diagram from a current state to a next state of the plurality of N states; (b) inhibiting the output of the revised plurality of N state signals from the state storage device by selectively activating a state identification circuitry when the controller fails to complete a procedure in the state diagram; and

(c) concurrent with step (b), sequentially reading out the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device for determining from the 1-out-of-N code which state of the state diagram the controller is currently in.

40. The method of claim 39 wherein in performing step (b) performing the substeps of:

(b1) generating an output control signal comprising a first logical value in an activation logic arrangement when the state identification circuitry is made inactive; and

(b2) generating a second logical value when the state identification circuitry is selectively made active in response to a selectively applied activation control signal.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein in performing step (c) performing the substeps of:

(d) selectively coupling each input signal included in the 1-out- of-N code to the inputs of a separate one of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device via a plurality of first switching devices when the output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the first logical value in step (b), and preventing each input signal from being coupled to the inputs of the associated separate one of the plurality of N S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device when output control signal from the activation logic arrangement comprises the second logical value in step (b); (c2) selectively diverting output signals from each of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements of the state storage device to associated inputs of a next S-R M-S F/F arrangement in a sequence of the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements via a plurality of second switching devices for forming a circle shift register when the output control signal from a state activation arrangement comprises the second logical value; and

(c3) sequentially receiving a current output signal that is stored in the last n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangement via a predetermined second switching device at an output pad as information is shifted through the last n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangement at a predetermined clock rate when the plurality of n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements form the circle shift register in response to the output control signal from the state activation arrangement comprising the second logical value of step (b).

42. The method of claim 41 wherein in performing substep (c3) also performing the further substeps of:

(d) continuously generating an inverted logical output of a current predetermined output from the n+1 S-R M-S F/F arrangement in an inverter;

(e) receiving the inverted logical output from the inverter in step (d) and a predetermined current output from each of the n+2 and n+3 S-R M- S F/F arrangements at separate input of an AND gate: and

(f) generating from the AND gate a high output control signal to the activation logic arrangement for causing the activation logic arrangement to generate a low output control signal to the first and second switching devices when the n+1 to n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangements generate the 0, 1 , 1 logical signature output signal from the n+1 , n+2, and n+3 signature S-R M-S F/F arrangements, respectively,

43. The method of claim 42 comprising the further step of: (g) receiving a remotely generated clock signal and the predetermined current output from the n+3 S-R M-S F/F arrangement at an OR gate when the activation logic arrangement is active and generating the high logic output control signal to the first and second switching devices, and generating therefrom and output signal comprising the sequentially read-out of the plurality of N state signals comprising the 1-out-of-N code currently stored in the state storage device at the clock signal rate for determining which state the controller is currently in.