WO2001081231A1 - A spreader - Google Patents

A spreader Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001081231A1
WO2001081231A1 PCT/SG2000/000054 SG0000054W WO0181231A1 WO 2001081231 A1 WO2001081231 A1 WO 2001081231A1 SG 0000054 W SG0000054 W SG 0000054W WO 0181231 A1 WO0181231 A1 WO 0181231A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
spreader
processor
data
storage device
data storage
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SG2000/000054
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Chin Thong Lee
Original Assignee
Natsteel Engineering Pte Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Natsteel Engineering Pte Ltd. filed Critical Natsteel Engineering Pte Ltd.
Priority to AU41630/00A priority Critical patent/AU4163000A/en
Priority to US10/258,873 priority patent/US7031883B1/en
Priority to CNB008194645A priority patent/CN1214969C/en
Priority to PCT/SG2000/000054 priority patent/WO2001081231A1/en
Priority to EP00921300A priority patent/EP1283813B1/en
Priority to DE60029018T priority patent/DE60029018T2/en
Priority to MYPI20011401A priority patent/MY139784A/en
Publication of WO2001081231A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001081231A1/en
Priority to HK03104833.0A priority patent/HK1054218B/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C13/00—Other constructional features or details
    • B66C13/18—Control systems or devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/101—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means for containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/62—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled
    • B66C1/66—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof
    • B66C1/663—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof for containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C13/00—Other constructional features or details
    • B66C13/16—Applications of indicating, registering, or weighing devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C15/00—Safety gear

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a spreader and in particular, a spreader for lifting freight containers.
  • Spreaders are generally comprised of a metal frame having four pickup elements, commonly known as twistlocks located at each of the corners of the spreader. The twistlocks are adapted to engage with respective twistlock apertures in the top of the container and are rotated to lock the spreader to the container.
  • a spreader for lifting freight containers comprising a frame having a number of pickup elements mounted thereon, a processor and a data storage device mounted on the frame, the processor being coupled to an interface device to receive outputs from sensors mounted on the spreader and to store data received from the sensors in the data storage device.
  • the interface device is also coupled to actuation devices on the spreader to permit the processor to control the actuation devices in response to signals received from the sensor.
  • the actuation devices may be valves and/or motors.
  • the interface device is adapted to be coupled to a remote control panel which is operated by an operator, the processor also controlling the actuation devices in response to signals received from the remote control panel via the interface device.
  • the data is stored with an indication of the date and/or time it was received by the processor.
  • the processor may calculate, average values for data received over a period of time and also store the average values, minimum values and/or maximum values in data over a period of time.
  • the processor and the storage device form part of a single board
  • the data storage device may be a flash memory device.
  • the sensors may comprise one or more of load cells, ultrasonic sensors, photo-electric detectors, encoders or any other suitable sensor, detector or measurement device.
  • an output device may be coupled to the processor to permit data stored in the data storage device to be downloaded to a remote data storage device or computer.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system using a spreader in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a spreader control system.
  • the system comprises an operator control panel 1 which is located in an operator's cabin on a crane on which the spreader is mounted.
  • the control panel 1 is coupled to a spreader interface 2 by a conventional spreader cable 3 which supplies power to the spreader and transmits data signals between the control panel 1 and the spreader interface 2.
  • the spreader interface 2 is linked to a single board computer 4 by a power supply cable and data link 5.
  • the single board computer 4 includes a processor and a flash memory.
  • the single board computer 4 also has an output 6 to an output board 7 which enables an external computer 8 to be coupled to the output board 7 to download data stored in the flash memory on the single board computer 4 or to program the computer 4.
  • the spreader interface 2 also has a power supply input 9 which enables the spreader to be powered when the spreader is not coupled to the spreader cable 3.
  • the spreader interface 2 is also coupled to a container weighing system 10 which includes load cells and amplifiers coupled to the twistlock elements to weigh a container being lifted to ensure that it is within the limits of the crane and spreader.
  • the spreader interface 2 is also coupled to a manual emergency stop button 11 , modules for valves, transducers and transmitters 12 and a number of sensors 13.
  • the sensors 13 include a gap detect photosensor and siren, two absolute encoders for the telescopic arms of the spreader, an incremental encoder and DC motor for the gap detector photosensor, a height monitoring ultrasonic sensor to sense the height of a spreader above a container to be lifted as the spreader is lowered towards the container to be lifted, and if the spreader is a twinlift spreader with adjustable central pickup elements, ultrasonic sensors to measure the separation of the central twistlock elements.
  • the spreader interface 2 and the single board computer 4 are coupled to a Honeywell Smart Device System (SDS) bus 14 which is coupled to sensors and input output modules for valves and other non-smart
  • SDS Honeywell Smart Device System
  • the single board computer 4 is mounted on the spreader using a shock absorbing mounting to minimise the effect of shocks to the spreader being transmitted to the single board computer 4.
  • the control commands from the control panel 1 are transmitted through the spreader cable 3 to the spreader interface 2 which communicates the commands to the single board computer 4.
  • the single board computer 4 transmits control commands via the data link 5 to the spreader interface 2 to control the valves and motors 12 on the spreader to perform the actions instructed by the operator using the control panel 1.
  • the single board computer 4 receives output signals from the load cells and amplifiers 10 and sensors 13, 15 and where appropriate sends relevant information via the spreader interface 2 and spreader cable 3 to the control panel 1 for display to the operator.
  • the single board computer 4 stores on the flash memory and a random access memory (RAM) in the single board computer 4 selected operating information data from the sensors.
  • RAM random access memory
  • the data which is stored on the flash memory 4 is typically historical data, and the length of time the data is stored can vary depending on the particular type of data.
  • Typical historical data stored on the flash memory includes electrical system data (including incoming supply voltage and current, daily and monthly averages for overvoltages, undervoltages and overcurrents), hydraulic system data (including oil flow, oil pressure, oil temperature and oil level, daily and monthly averages, daily and monthly maximums and daily and monthly minimums, and alarms for oil flow, pressure, temperature and level, oil filter), hydraulic pump motor data (including motor start and duration of motor running, total running time of motor, change of motor, duration of motor thermal overload), twistlock data (including number of operations, number of times the twistlock valves are energised and duration of each twistlock operation alarm), flipper data (including number of operations of each flipper and number of times each flipper is energised), landpin data (including number of times each landpin is activated, duration of landpin alarms and change of landpins), central housing data (including data on the piston cylinder
  • the RAM is used to store real time data relating to the spreader such as the real time electrical system data, hydraulic system data, hydraulic pump motor data, twistlock data, flipper data, landpin data, central housing data, telescopic movement data, gap detection system data, beam lock mechanism data, load cell weighing data, height monitoring data and any other appropriate data.
  • the invention has the advantage that by controlling the spreader by the computer 4 on the spreader, it is possible to couple the interface 2 to the control panel by a single serial link, a twisted pair link, fibre optic or any other suitable communication link, including a wireless communication link.
  • This has the advantage that it is not necessary to use a conventional cable 3 which can be a 42 core cable .
  • the invention also has the advantage that by having a single board computer 4 mounted on the spreader, it is possible to store data with the spreader and to perform diagnostic operations and/or preventive maintenance using the stored data. . This may be particularly useful if, for example, the spreader is malfunctioning.
  • the single board computer 4 is mounted on the spreader, even if the spreader is moved from one crane to another crane, all the data concerned with that spreader is kept with that spreader.
  • a further advantage is that by having the computer 4 mounted on the spreader it is possible to reduce the response time of the spreader to the commands entered at the control panel 1.

Abstract

A spreader for lifting freight containers includes a frame having a number of pickup elements mounted thereon, a processor (4) and a data storage device (4) mounted on the frame. The processor (4) is coupled to an interface device (2) to receive outputs from a number of sensors (10, 13, 15) mounted on the spreader and to store data received from the sensors (10, 13, 15) in the data storage device (4).

Description

A Spreader
The invention relates to a spreader and in particular, a spreader for lifting freight containers.
Conventionally, freight containers are lifted by engaging a lifting device known as a spreader to the top of the container. The spreader is connected to a crane by a lifting cable so that the crane can lift or lower the spreader. Spreaders are generally comprised of a metal frame having four pickup elements, commonly known as twistlocks located at each of the corners of the spreader. The twistlocks are adapted to engage with respective twistlock apertures in the top of the container and are rotated to lock the spreader to the container.
One of the problems with conventional spreaders is that they are often moved from crane. Hence, it is difficult to maintain accurate historical data for the spreader as this can not be held with the crane as the spreader may be moved from one crane to another crane. Therefore, if a spreader malfunctions, it is generally not possible to get to obtain the historical data for the spreader for diagnostic purposes.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a spreader for lifting freight containers, the spreader comprising a frame having a number of pickup elements mounted thereon, a processor and a data storage device mounted on the frame, the processor being coupled to an interface device to receive outputs from sensors mounted on the spreader and to store data received from the sensors in the data storage device.
Preferably, the interface device is also coupled to actuation devices on the spreader to permit the processor to control the actuation devices in response to signals received from the sensor. Typically, the actuation devices may be valves and/or motors.
Typically, the interface device is adapted to be coupled to a remote control panel which is operated by an operator, the processor also controlling the actuation devices in response to signals received from the remote control panel via the interface device.
Preferably, the data is stored with an indication of the date and/or time it was received by the processor. The processor may calculate, average values for data received over a period of time and also store the average values, minimum values and/or maximum values in data over a period of time.
Preferably, the processor and the storage device form part of a single board
computer.
Typically, the data storage device may be a flash memory device. Preferably, the sensors may comprise one or more of load cells, ultrasonic sensors, photo-electric detectors, encoders or any other suitable sensor, detector or measurement device.
Preferably, an output device may be coupled to the processor to permit data stored in the data storage device to be downloaded to a remote data storage device or computer.
An example of a spreader in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a system using a spreader in accordance with the invention.
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a spreader control system. The system comprises an operator control panel 1 which is located in an operator's cabin on a crane on which the spreader is mounted. The control panel 1 is coupled to a spreader interface 2 by a conventional spreader cable 3 which supplies power to the spreader and transmits data signals between the control panel 1 and the spreader interface 2.
The spreader interface 2 is linked to a single board computer 4 by a power supply cable and data link 5. The single board computer 4 includes a processor and a flash memory. The single board computer 4 also has an output 6 to an output board 7 which enables an external computer 8 to be coupled to the output board 7 to download data stored in the flash memory on the single board computer 4 or to program the computer 4. The spreader interface 2 also has a power supply input 9 which enables the spreader to be powered when the spreader is not coupled to the spreader cable 3.
The spreader interface 2 is also coupled to a container weighing system 10 which includes load cells and amplifiers coupled to the twistlock elements to weigh a container being lifted to ensure that it is within the limits of the crane and spreader. The spreader interface 2 is also coupled to a manual emergency stop button 11 , modules for valves, transducers and transmitters 12 and a number of sensors 13. The sensors 13 include a gap detect photosensor and siren, two absolute encoders for the telescopic arms of the spreader, an incremental encoder and DC motor for the gap detector photosensor, a height monitoring ultrasonic sensor to sense the height of a spreader above a container to be lifted as the spreader is lowered towards the container to be lifted, and if the spreader is a twinlift spreader with adjustable central pickup elements, ultrasonic sensors to measure the separation of the central twistlock elements. In addition, the spreader interface 2 and the single board computer 4 are coupled to a Honeywell Smart Device System (SDS) bus 14 which is coupled to sensors and input output modules for valves and other non-smart
devices 15.
The single board computer 4 is mounted on the spreader using a shock absorbing mounting to minimise the effect of shocks to the spreader being transmitted to the single board computer 4. In use, when an operator instructs the spreader to perform a specific action using the control panel 1 , the control commands from the control panel 1 are transmitted through the spreader cable 3 to the spreader interface 2 which communicates the commands to the single board computer 4. In response to the commands, the single board computer 4 transmits control commands via the data link 5 to the spreader interface 2 to control the valves and motors 12 on the spreader to perform the actions instructed by the operator using the control panel 1.
In addition, the single board computer 4 receives output signals from the load cells and amplifiers 10 and sensors 13, 15 and where appropriate sends relevant information via the spreader interface 2 and spreader cable 3 to the control panel 1 for display to the operator. In addition, the single board computer 4 stores on the flash memory and a random access memory (RAM) in the single board computer 4 selected operating information data from the sensors.
The data which is stored on the flash memory 4 is typically historical data, and the length of time the data is stored can vary depending on the particular type of data. Typical historical data stored on the flash memory includes electrical system data (including incoming supply voltage and current, daily and monthly averages for overvoltages, undervoltages and overcurrents), hydraulic system data (including oil flow, oil pressure, oil temperature and oil level, daily and monthly averages, daily and monthly maximums and daily and monthly minimums, and alarms for oil flow, pressure, temperature and level, oil filter), hydraulic pump motor data (including motor start and duration of motor running, total running time of motor, change of motor, duration of motor thermal overload), twistlock data (including number of operations, number of times the twistlock valves are energised and duration of each twistlock operation alarm), flipper data (including number of operations of each flipper and number of times each flipper is energised), landpin data (including number of times each landpin is activated, duration of landpin alarms and change of landpins), central housing data (including data on the piston cylinders which actuate the telescopic arms of the spreader) and other historical data relating to the spreader.
The RAM is used to store real time data relating to the spreader such as the real time electrical system data, hydraulic system data, hydraulic pump motor data, twistlock data, flipper data, landpin data, central housing data, telescopic movement data, gap detection system data, beam lock mechanism data, load cell weighing data, height monitoring data and any other appropriate data.
Although in the example described above and shown in Figure 1 a conventional spreader cable 3 is used to couple the interface 2 to the control panel 1 , the invention has the advantage that by controlling the spreader by the computer 4 on the spreader, it is possible to couple the interface 2 to the control panel by a single serial link, a twisted pair link, fibre optic or any other suitable communication link, including a wireless communication link. This has the advantage that it is not necessary to use a conventional cable 3 which can be a 42 core cable . The invention also has the advantage that by having a single board computer 4 mounted on the spreader, it is possible to store data with the spreader and to perform diagnostic operations and/or preventive maintenance using the stored data. . This may be particularly useful if, for example, the spreader is malfunctioning. Furthermore, as the single board computer 4 is mounted on the spreader, even if the spreader is moved from one crane to another crane, all the data concerned with that spreader is kept with that spreader.
A further advantage is that by having the computer 4 mounted on the spreader it is possible to reduce the response time of the spreader to the commands entered at the control panel 1.

Claims

1. A spreader for lifting freight containers, the spreader comprising a frame having a number of pickup elements mounted thereon, a processor and a data storage device mounted on the frame, the processor being coupled to an interface device to receive outputs from a number of sensors mounted on the spreader and to store data received from the sensors in the data storage device.
2. A spreader according to claim 1 , wherein the interface device is also coupled to a number of actuation devices on the spreader to permit the processor to control the actuation devices.
3. A spreader according to claim 2, wherein the processor controls the actuation devices in response to signals received from the sensor.
4. A spreader according to claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the actuation devices comprise valves and/or motors.
5. A spreader according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the interface device is adapted to be coupled to a remote control panel, the processor also controlling the actuation devices in response to signals received from the remote control panel via the interface device.
6. A spreader according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the processor and the data storage device form part of a single board computer.
7. A spreader according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the data storage device comprises a flash memory device.
8. A spreader according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the sensors comprise one or more of load cells, ultrasonic sensors, photo-electric detectors and encoders.
9. A spreader according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising an output device coupled to the processor to permit data stored in the data storage device to be downloaded to a remote data storage device.
PCT/SG2000/000054 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader WO2001081231A1 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU41630/00A AU4163000A (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader
US10/258,873 US7031883B1 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 Spreader
CNB008194645A CN1214969C (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 Spreader
PCT/SG2000/000054 WO2001081231A1 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader
EP00921300A EP1283813B1 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader
DE60029018T DE60029018T2 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 CHARGING HARNESS
MYPI20011401A MY139784A (en) 2000-04-24 2001-03-27 A spreader
HK03104833.0A HK1054218B (en) 2000-04-24 2003-07-07 A spreader

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/SG2000/000054 WO2001081231A1 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001081231A1 true WO2001081231A1 (en) 2001-11-01

Family

ID=20428807

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SG2000/000054 WO2001081231A1 (en) 2000-04-24 2000-04-24 A spreader

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US7031883B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1283813B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1214969C (en)
AU (1) AU4163000A (en)
DE (1) DE60029018T2 (en)
HK (1) HK1054218B (en)
MY (1) MY139784A (en)
WO (1) WO2001081231A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008111907A1 (en) * 2007-03-12 2008-09-18 Bromma Conquip Aktiebolag Method and arrangement for spreader maintenance
EP2313336B1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2015-04-01 Firma Physik-Instrumente Dr. Bernd Brosa GmbH Early overload detection for a load lifting device
IT201900010932A1 (en) * 2019-07-04 2021-01-04 Momek S R L LOAD GRIPPING DEVICE, LOAD LIFTING DEVICE, LOAD LIFTING SYSTEM, AND RELATED LIFTING METHOD

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US8000835B2 (en) * 2006-12-01 2011-08-16 Lockheed Martin Corporation Center of gravity sensing and adjusting load bar, program product, and related methods
US9156167B2 (en) * 2007-05-15 2015-10-13 Trimble Navigation Limited Determining an autonomous position of a point of interest on a lifting device
US8144000B2 (en) * 2007-09-26 2012-03-27 Trimble Navigation Limited Collision avoidance
US8103438B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2012-01-24 Trimble Navigation Limited Method and system for automatically directing traffic on a site
US8081108B2 (en) * 2008-01-07 2011-12-20 Trimble Navigation Limited Autonomous projection of global navigation satellite orbits
US8054181B2 (en) * 2008-04-09 2011-11-08 Trimble Navigation Limited Terrestial-signal based exclusion zone compliance
US8224518B2 (en) * 2008-08-18 2012-07-17 Trimble Navigation Limited Automated recordation of crane inspection activity
US8514058B2 (en) * 2008-08-18 2013-08-20 Trimble Navigation Limited Construction equipment component location tracking
US20100070179A1 (en) * 2008-09-17 2010-03-18 Cameron John F Providing an autonomous position of a point of interest to a lifting device to avoid collision
CN102701079A (en) * 2012-05-24 2012-10-03 同济大学 Container crane load monitoring system on basis of weighing of spin locks
US9943453B2 (en) * 2014-06-20 2018-04-17 Stryker Corporation Overhead loading device
EP3789742A1 (en) * 2019-09-09 2021-03-10 Planung Bau Inbetriebnahme von elektrischen Industrieanlagen GmbH Device for lifting a container and determining the weight of the container

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EP0342655A2 (en) * 1988-05-18 1989-11-23 Tax Ingenieurgesellschaft Mbh Crane installation for a container
EP0422821A1 (en) * 1989-10-10 1991-04-17 The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Control and hydraulic system for liftcrane
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008111907A1 (en) * 2007-03-12 2008-09-18 Bromma Conquip Aktiebolag Method and arrangement for spreader maintenance
EP2313336B1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2015-04-01 Firma Physik-Instrumente Dr. Bernd Brosa GmbH Early overload detection for a load lifting device
KR101625248B1 (en) 2008-08-20 2016-05-27 퍼르마 피직-인스투르먼트 닥터 번드 브로사 게엠베하 Early overload detection for a load lifting device
IT201900010932A1 (en) * 2019-07-04 2021-01-04 Momek S R L LOAD GRIPPING DEVICE, LOAD LIFTING DEVICE, LOAD LIFTING SYSTEM, AND RELATED LIFTING METHOD

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU4163000A (en) 2001-11-07
EP1283813A1 (en) 2003-02-19
MY139784A (en) 2009-10-30
HK1054218B (en) 2007-04-27
HK1054218A1 (en) 2003-11-21
EP1283813B1 (en) 2006-06-21
DE60029018D1 (en) 2006-08-03
DE60029018T2 (en) 2007-06-14
CN1452586A (en) 2003-10-29
CN1214969C (en) 2005-08-17
US7031883B1 (en) 2006-04-18

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