WO2002050053A2 - Compounds for pest control - Google Patents

Compounds for pest control Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2002050053A2
WO2002050053A2 PCT/US2001/047736 US0147736W WO0250053A2 WO 2002050053 A2 WO2002050053 A2 WO 2002050053A2 US 0147736 W US0147736 W US 0147736W WO 0250053 A2 WO0250053 A2 WO 0250053A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
lower aliphatic
lower alkyl
arthropod
epoxide
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/047736
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2002050053A3 (en
Inventor
Gary O. Maupin
Joseph Karchesy
Nicholas A. Panella
Marc C. Dolan
Original Assignee
The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention filed Critical The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
Priority to CA2431548A priority Critical patent/CA2431548C/en
Priority to DE60135021T priority patent/DE60135021D1/en
Priority to EP01993241A priority patent/EP1355895B1/en
Priority to US10/450,024 priority patent/US7129271B2/en
Priority to AU4509502A priority patent/AU4509502A/en
Priority to AU2002245095A priority patent/AU2002245095B2/en
Publication of WO2002050053A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002050053A2/en
Publication of WO2002050053A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002050053A3/en
Priority to US11/105,807 priority patent/US7629387B2/en
Priority to US11/115,849 priority patent/US7230033B2/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
    • C07D303/12—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms
    • C07D303/32—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms by aldehydo- or ketonic radicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N27/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing hydrocarbons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/04—Oxygen or sulfur attached to an aliphatic side-chain of a carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/06—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to a cycloaliphatic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/20—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom three- or four-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C33/00—Unsaturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C33/05—Alcohols containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C33/14—Alcohols containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings containing six-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/27—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation
    • C07C45/28—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of CHx-moieties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/78—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
    • C07C47/20—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C47/225—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
    • C07C47/20—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C47/26—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups
    • C07C47/267—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
    • C07C47/38—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings
    • C07C47/46—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
    • C07C47/38—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings
    • C07C47/47—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/20—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C49/21—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/20—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C49/24—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups
    • C07C49/242—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/20—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C49/258—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing —CHO groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/527—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C49/583—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to rings other than six-membered aromatic rings containing —CHO groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
    • C07C49/703—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups
    • C07C49/723—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic
    • C07C49/727—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system
    • C07C49/733—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system having two rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
    • C07C49/757—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing —CHO groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
    • C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • This invention relates to compositions for controlling pest populations and methods for their use. In addition, this invention relates to pesticidal compositions for controlling arthropod pests.
  • BACKGROUND Pests such as insects, arachnids, and acarines are detrimental to humans.
  • Pests include pathogenic organisms that infest mammals and plants, such as those that infest or feed upon plants and livestock, thus causing economic loss or diminishment of plant crops, plant products, and livestock.
  • the glassy- winged sharpshooter is a pest that feeds on grape vines, thus diminishing the crop available for wine production.
  • Other pests may infest structures such as dwellings, residences, hospitals, and commercial establishments, such as restaurants and retail stores. These pests may be detrimental to the structure, such as termites feeding on wooden beams, or simply be a nuisance to people who visit or live in infested buildings. Additionally, some pests are vectors for certain diseases that harm humans and non-human animals, including pets and livestock.
  • the transmission of vector-born diseases through pests is a problem throughout the world and is best controlled through the control of those vectors.
  • the deer tick ⁇ Ixodes scapularis may transmit Lyme disease to a host when feeding on the host's blood by passing an infectious microbe ⁇ Borrelia burgdorferi), which lives in the tick's gut, into the host's bloodstream.
  • a mosquito ⁇ Aedes aegypti prevalent throughout many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, may transmit Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, or encephalitis viruses to a host on which it feeds.
  • the rat flea ⁇ Xenopsylla cheopis is a vector for the microbe ⁇ Yersinia pestis) that causes the Plague.
  • pyrethrins esticides made from the extract of the chyrsanthemum plant — control a wide variety of pests, but are very toxic to fish, such as bluegill and lake trout. Additionally, pests may become resistant to certain compounds after continued use; for example, insect resistance to pyrethrins already has been observed. Thus, new pest control agents offer an alternative for commonly used pesticides.
  • the compounds are based on an eremophilane sesquiterpene parent structure and, when used as pesticides or pest control agents, have minimal adverse or toxic effects on humans, non-human animals, and the natural environment.
  • the compounds are effective against arthropods, such as insects and acarines, including (but not limited to) members of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, Diptera, Homoptera, or Siphonoptera.
  • Certain exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes described in this specification are represented by Formulas I, II, III, IN, N and/or NI, as discussed below, and may be isolated from natural sources, such as Alaska yellow Cedar, Alpinia species, bitter cardamom, and citrus fruits. Additionally, valencene, noo katol, epinootkatol, nootkatone, and nootkatene may be used as starting materials to synthesize some of the described compounds. Thus, the compounds are understood to be biocides and/or biorational.
  • pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are 13-hydroxy-valencene, valencene-ll,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
  • the article of manufacture includes a vessel containing a pesticidal compound, such as a bottle, tube, or can.
  • the article of manufacture includes a device comprising the compound, such as a flea collar, pest control strip, or rodent trap.
  • Some embodiments employ a method of controlling an arthropod.
  • an arthropod is contacted with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound described herein sufficient to cause an adverse effect on the arthropod.
  • the arthropod is killed or repelled from a locus, though other adverse effects leading to pest control, such as inducing sterility or inhibiting oviposition, are possible.
  • All compounds described herein may be used in pure form or in the form of a pesticidally acceptable salt or pesticidal composition.
  • the compounds may function as pest repellents as well as pesticides, and certain compounds have a lethal effect on certain arthropods.
  • the compounds may be applied directly to a pest, or the locus of a pest, and function as topical or ingestible toxins.
  • the compounds may be used to kill pests on, or repel pests from, humans, non-human animals, and plants, including household, industrial, recreational, veterinary, agricultural, silvicultural, horticultural, and environmental uses. Additionally, the compounds may be used to control the spread of disease by controlling the arthropod vector for that disease, such as killing the vector to inhibit transmission of the disease to the host.
  • FIGS. 1A and IB illustrate one method of separating the components of heartwood essential oil.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates the separation of seven fractions (I-VII) by a chromatographic process using hexane/diethyl ether as a solvent
  • FIG. IB illustrates the separation of three fractions by a chromatographic process using CH 2 Cl 2 /diethyl ether.
  • the compounds used comprise an eremophilane sesquiterpene and are believed to be substantially nontoxic to both plants and animals.
  • the pest population may be, for example, a pathogenic organism population that feeds upon, damages, irritates, or otherwise adversely affects an animal or plant host.
  • the pest functions as a vector for disease.
  • these compounds When used as pesticides or pest control agents, these compounds have minimal adverse effects on humans, domesticated animals, wildlife, and/or the natural environment.
  • a pesticidal compound includes single or plural pesticidal compounds and can be considered equivalent to the phrase “at least one pesticidal compound.”
  • the term “comprises” means “includes.”
  • “comprising A or B” means “includes A,” “includes B,” or “includes both A and B.”
  • alcohol refers to an aliphatic containing one or more hydroxyl groups, including (but not limited to) ethanol, methanol, or propanol.
  • a "lower aliphatic alcohol” is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne of one to six carbon atoms substituted with a hydroxyl group.
  • aliphatic refers to straight or branched chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
  • lower aliphatic refers to straight or branched chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes of 1 to 10 carbons, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • An aliphatic may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with an -OH group to form a lower aliphatic alcohol.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl radical containing at least two carbon atoms and having one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • lower alkenyl refers to an alkenyl containing from two to six carbon atoms, including (but not limited to): vinyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3- butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 5-hexenyl.
  • alkoxy refers to a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, where an alkoxy has the structure -O-R, where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In an unsubstituted alkoxy, the R is an unsubstituted alkyl.
  • substituted alkoxy refers to a group having the structure -O-R, where R is alkyl substituted with a non- interfering substituent.
  • Lower alkoxy refers to any alkoxy in which R is a lower alkyl.
  • Thioalkoxy refers to -S-R, where R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group appended to a lower alkyl radical.
  • alkyl refers to a cyclic, branched, or straight chain alkyl group which, unless otherwise described, contains one to twelve carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as (but not limited to) methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, pivalyl, heptyl, adamantyl, and cyclopentyl.
  • Alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, for example halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality.
  • substituents for example halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality.
  • This term is further exemplified by such groups as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), sec- butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, i-amyl, n-amyl, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2,2- dimethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl.
  • Lower alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • a substituted alkyl is 1,1 -dimethyl propyl.
  • alkylamino refers to an alkyl group where at least one hydrogen is substituted with an amino group.
  • amino refers to a chemical functionality -N iR 2 where and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl.
  • An "analog” is a molecule that differs in chemical structure from a parent compound. Examples include, but are not limited to: a homolog (which differs by an increment in the chemical structure, such as a difference in the length of an alkyl chain); a molecular fragment; a structure that differs by one or more functional groups; or a structure that differs by a change in ionization, such as a radical.
  • a derivative is a biologically active molecule derived from the base molecular structure.
  • a mimetic is a biomolecule that mimics the activity of another biologically active molecule.
  • Biologically active molecules can include chemical compounds that mimic the pesticidal activities of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • aryl refers to a monovalent unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl, benzyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl), which can be unsubstituted or substituted with, for example, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, mercapto (-SH), alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, carboxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin- 1 -yl, piperazin- 1 -yl, or other functionality.
  • Carbonyl-containing groups include, for example, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.
  • carbonyl- containing group refers to -R COR 2 groups wherein R and R 2 are independently aliphatic, lower aliphatic (such as alkyl or lower alkyl), hydroxyl, or secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Examples include -COOH, CH 2 COOH, - CH 2 COOCH 3 , -CH 2 CONH 2 , -CH 2 CON(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • Carboxyl refers to the radical -COOH, and substituted carboxyl refers to -COR where R is alkyl, lower alkyl, or a carboxylic acid or ester.
  • Conjugate refers to an acid and a base that can convert to each other by the gain or loss of a proton.
  • dialkylamino refers to -N-R-R' wherein R and R' are independently selected from lower alkyl groups.
  • dialkylaminoalkyl refers to -N-R-R', which is appended to a lower alkyl radical, wherein R and R' are independently selected from lower alkyl groups.
  • halogen refers to the elements fluourine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine
  • halo refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo substituents.
  • heterocycle refers to a monovalent saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., benzyl, morpholino, pyridyl or furyl), or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl, quinolinyl, indolizinyl or benzo[b]thienyl). Additionally, some heterocyles may contain a heteroatom, (such as as N, O, P, or S) in place of a carbon atom within the ring structure.
  • a heterocycle can be unsubstituted or substituted with, for example, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • (heterocyclic)alkyl refers to a heterocyclic group appended to a lower alkyl radical including, but not limited to, pyrrolidinylmethyl and mo holinylmethyl.
  • host includes animal, plant, and fungal hosts.
  • Hydrophill refers to -OH.
  • Hydroalkyl refers to -R-OH, wherein R is alkylene, especially lower alkylene (for example in methylene, ethylene, or propylene).
  • R is alkylene, especially lower alkylene (for example in methylene, ethylene, or propylene).
  • a hydroxyalkyl group may be either linear or branched, such as 1-hydroxyisopropyl.
  • mamal includes both human and non-human mammals.
  • Oxygen-containing group refers to an R-group containing at least one oxygen atom.
  • oxygen containing groups include oxygen alone (which may be attached to the molecule by a single or double bond), hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, or any group containing a carbonyl moiety.
  • pests As used herein, the terms "pest,” “pest organism” and “pest population” refer to arthropods, including pathogens and parasites, that negatively affect host plants or animals, including humans, by colonizing, attacking, irritating, or feeding upon them, or competing for host nutrients.
  • parasite and “parasitic” refer to all arthropod endoparasites and ectoparasites of hosts. Some pests function as disease vectors capable of spreading disease to a host population.
  • arthropods include, without limitation, the following arthropods described according to taxonomic designation and/or vernacular name: Order Acarina, including Acarus siro, Aceria sheldoni, Aculus Mattendali, Amblyomma species, Argas species, Boophilus species, Brevipalpus species, Bryobia praetiosa, Calipitrimerus species, Chorioptes species, Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus carpini, Eriophyes species, Hyalomma species, Ixodes species, Olygonychus pratensis, Ornithodoros species, Panonychus species, Pltyllocoptrum oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes species, Rhipicephalus species, Rhizoglyphus species, Sarcoptes species, Tarsonemus species, and Tetranychus species, Dermacentor species.
  • Order Acarina including Acar
  • Order Homoptera including Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella species, Aphididae species, Aphis species, Aspidiotus species, Bemisia tabaci, Ceroplaster species, Chrysomphalus aonidium, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Empoasca species, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura spp, Gascardia species, Laodelphax species, Lecanium corni, Lepidosaphes species, Macrosiphus species, Myzus species, Nephotettix species, Nilaparvata species, Paratoria species, Pemphigus species, Planococcus species, Pseudaulacaspis species, Pseudococcus species, Psylia species, Pulvinaria aethiopica, Quadraspidiotus species, Rhopa
  • Order Hymenoptera including Family Formicidae, Family Apidae, and Family Bombidae, such as Acromyrmex species, Atta species, Cephus species, Diprion species, Diprionidae species, Gilpinia polytoma, Hoplocampa species, Lasius species, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion species, Solenopsis species, and Vespa species;
  • Order Diptera including Family Culicidae, Family Simulidae, Family Psychodidae, Family Ceratopogonidae, Family Sarcophagidae, Family Streblidae, and Family Nycteribiidae, such as Aedes species, Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis species, Chrysomyia species, Culex species, Culexp.
  • Order Siphonaptera including Ceratophyllus species, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides species, Oropsylla species, Tulex species and Diamanus species.
  • Order Thysanura including Lepisma saccharina; Order Lepidoptera; including Acleris species, Adoxophyes species, Aegeria species, Agrotis species, Alabama argulaceae, Amylois species, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips species, Argyrotaenia species, Autographa species, Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Carposina nipponensis, Chilo species, Choristoneura species, Clysia ambigueua, Cnaphalocrocis species, Cnephasia species, Cochylis species, Coleophora species, Crocidolomia binotaus, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, Cydia species, Diatraea species, Diparopsis cast
  • Orthoptera including Blatta species, Blattella species, Gryllotalpa species, Leucophaea maderae, Locusta species, Periplaneta species, and Schistocerca species
  • Order Isoptera including Reticulitermes species
  • Order Psocoptera including Liposcelis species; Order Anoplura, including Haematopinus species, Phthirus pubis; Linognathus species, Pediculus species, Pemphigus species, and Phylloxera species; Order Mallophaga, including Damalinea species and Trichodectes species; Order Thysanoptera, including Frankliniella species, Hercinothrips species,
  • Taeniothrips species Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips aurantii and
  • Heteroptera including Cimex species, Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus species, Euchistus species, Eurygaster species, Leptocorisa species, Nezara species, Piesma species, Rhodnius species, Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophara species and Triatoma species.
  • Order Scopriones including Centruriodes species, Euscorpius species, Parabuthus species, and Vaejovis species.
  • Order Araneae including Latrodectus species, Loxosceles species, and Brachypelma species.
  • Hemiptera including Cimicidae species, Enicocephalidae species, Pentatomidae species, Gerridae species, Saldidae species, Belostomatidae species, and Nepidae species.
  • the pest is a member of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, including soft and hard ticks; Diptera, including Tabanidae, anophelines, and culecines; or Siphonoptera.
  • the pest belongs to a particular species, such as Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea), Homalodisca coagulata (glassy- winged sharpshooter), or Culex pithiens (mosquito).
  • arthropod pests and/or parasites include fleas; mosquitoes; bees, yellow jackets, and wasps; cockroaches, including the American and German cockroach; termites; houseflies and silverleaf whiteflies; lacey-winged sharpshooters or glassy-winged sharpshooters; leaf hoppers, such as the grape or potato leafhoppers; cabbage looper (Lepidoptera); ants, such as the pharaoh ant, argentine ant, carpenter ant, and fire ant; stink or lygus bugs; leafininers; western flower thrips; aphids, such as melon aphids and black bean aphids; arachnids, such as spiders, ticks, and plant mites, including two-spotted spider mites, McDaniel mites, Pacific mites, and European mites.
  • a “pest control agent” is a compound or composition that controls the behavior of a pest by causing an adverse effect on that pest, including (but not limited to) physiological damage to the pest; inhibition or modulation of pest growth; inhibition or modulation of pest reproduction; inhibition or complete deterrence of pest movement into a locus; initiation or promotion of pest movement away from a locus; inhibition or complete suppression of pest feeding activity; or death of the pest.
  • a pest control agent may be considered a "pesticide” if it kills at least one individual in a pest population. Additionally, a pest control agent may be non-lethal at a particular concentration or amount (such as a deterrent of pests) and a pesticide at a different concentration or amount.
  • a “pesticidally effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount that has an adverse biological effect on at least some of the pests exposed to the pesticide or pest control agent.
  • the effective amount of a compound may be an amount sufficient to repel a pest from a locus, induce sterility in a pest, or inhibit oviposition in a pest.
  • a “pesticidally effective amount” of a compound is capable of killing at least some individuals in a pest population. In specific embodiments, this pesticide is fatal to at least 10% of the pests treated. In particular embodiments, the pesticidally effective amount kills at least 20%, or even 50%, of the pest population.
  • the pesticidally effective amount kills over 90%, and nearly 100%, of the pest population.
  • specific examples of pesticidally effective amounts and treatments are provided in the Examples below.
  • the term "amount sufficient to inhibit infestation” refers to that amount sufficient to deter, depress, or repel a portion of a pest population so that a disease or infected state in a host population is inhibited or avoided.
  • a pesticidally effective amount, or an amount sufficient to inhibit infestation, for a given compound may be determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and efficacy. Some such routine screening procedures are discussed in the Examples below or in Maupin, G. O., and Piesman, J., J. Med. Entomol., 31:319-21 (1994).
  • pesticidal compounds described herein have an LD 50 or LC 50 of about 65 x 10 "3 or less, such as less than 25 x 10 "3 , less than 10 x 10 "3 , less than 5 x 10 "3 , less than 5 x 10 "3 , than 3 x 10 "3 , or even less than 1 x 10 "3 .
  • Non-lethal pest control effects include anti-feeding, reduced fecundity, reduced oviposition, inhibited ecdysis, and sterility.
  • phenyl refers to a phenyl group, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with a substituent selected from lower alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, hydroxy and halo.
  • phenylalkyl refers to a phenyl group appended to a lower alkyl radical including, but not limited to, benzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, and 1 -naphthylmethyl.
  • subject includes both human and veterinary subjects, such as primates, canines, felines, and rodents.
  • thioalkoxyalkyl refers to a thioalkoxy group appended to a lower alkyl radical.
  • the compounds described herein are terpenes and terpene derivatives, including sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives based on a root structure having the formula C 15 H 24 , though analogs of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives may be produced by additions and substitutions of chemical moities.
  • the compounds comprise eremophilane sesquiterpenes, natural product two-ring sesquiterpenes based on eremophilane as a parent structure:
  • the pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes described herein may be represented by Formula I:
  • one or two of the bonds C 1 -C 2 , C -C 3 , C 3 -C , C 4 -C 5 , C 5 -C 10 , C 5 -C 6 , C 6 -C 7 , C -C 8 , C 8 -C 9 , C 9 -C 10 , or o- is a double bond. If C10-C1 or C -C 10 is a double bond, then R 5 is absent to satisfy valence requirements.
  • one or two ring bonds in the left ring is a double bond
  • one or two of the ring bonds in the right ring i.e., one of the bonds C 5 - 0 , C 5 -C 6 , C 6 -C , C 7 -C 8 , C 8 -C 9 , or C -C 10
  • one of the ring bonds in each ring is a double bond.
  • a double bond is located at a particular position on the ring structure, such as a double bond at either C ⁇ -C 10 or C 8 -C 9 or both C ⁇ -C 10 or C 8 -C 9 .
  • any of - o maybe carbon, CH, or CH , as appropriate, to satisfy valence requirements.
  • C 10 -C 1 is a double bond, and in more particular embodiments, both Ci-C 10 and C 8 -C 9 are double bonds.
  • a compound according to Formula I is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
  • lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl
  • lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol
  • lower aliphatic thiol is an alkyl thiol
  • carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a carbonyl containing lower alkyl
  • thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a thiocarbonyl containing lower alkyl
  • lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkyl ether
  • lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkyl epoxide.
  • R 3 -R ⁇ may be H, or all but two or three of R -R ⁇ maybe H.
  • R 9 , and R 10 are lower alkyl, such as methyl.
  • one of the bonds C ⁇ - i or C ⁇ -R 2 is a double bond and R 12 is absent.
  • the C ⁇ -R 2 bond is a double bond.
  • R 2 O, with the bond C 11 -R 2 being a double bond.
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH 2 OH), or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • R is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide).
  • R ⁇ is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower aklyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • the eremophilane ring structures of compounds described by Formula II may contain double-bonds as described with respect to Formula I.
  • the compounds of Formula II form a subset of the compounds described in Formula I, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formula I are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula H
  • the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R 7 of Formula I correspond to R 5 of Formula II.
  • the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R 5 , R 6 , and R 8 , of Formula I correspond to R 7 of Formula II
  • the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to, R ⁇ , R 3 and I? of Formula I correspond to R 6 of Formula II.
  • a compound according to Formula II is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
  • lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl
  • lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol
  • lower aliphatic thiol is a lower alkyl thiol
  • lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is a lower alkyl carboxylic acid
  • carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower carbonyl containing alkane
  • thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower thiocarbonyl containing alkane
  • lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkane ether
  • lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkane epoxide.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are substituents and the others are H.
  • R , R 4 , and R 5 can be substituents and the others H.
  • R O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide.
  • R 5 O, or -OH and R 3 , and R are lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • one of the bonds carbon-R 1 or carbon-R 2 is a double bond and R 8 is absent
  • the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond and R 8 is absent
  • R 2 is O and the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond.
  • R t is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • Ri is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide).
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • R 2 is O.
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • R 6 and R 7 form an epoxide group at Ci and C 10 on the eremophilane ring structure, similar to the joining of R 5 and R 6 at and C 10 described with respect to Forumula I.
  • compounds described by Formula II are based on the structure:
  • the eremophilane ring structures of compounds described by Formula III may contain double-bonds as described with respect to Formulas I and II.
  • a compound according to Formula III is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
  • lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl; lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol; lower aliphatic thiol is a lower alkyl thiol; lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is a lower alkyl carboxylic acid; carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower carbonyl containing alkane; thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower thiocarbonyl containing alkane; lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkane ether; and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkane epoxide.
  • R , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are substituents and the others are H.
  • R 3 , R t , and R 5 can be substituents and the others H.
  • R 5 O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide.
  • R 5 O, or —OH and R 3 , and R 4 are lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • one of the bonds carbon-R] or carbon-R 2 is a double bond and R 8 is absent, hi more particular embodiments, the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond and R 8 is absent.
  • R 2 is O and the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond.
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., — CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., — CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower
  • Ri is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide).
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • Y is
  • R 2 is O.
  • Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • a lower alkyl alcohol e.g., -CH 2 OH
  • lower aliphatic such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • the compounds described by Formula IN form a subset of the compounds described by Fonnulas I and II. All chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding positions on Formula IN.
  • a compound according to Formula IV is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
  • Ri is lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl
  • R 2 is lower alkyl, or O
  • R is lower alkyl
  • R ⁇ is lower alkyl
  • Y is
  • R 1 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl
  • R 3 is lower alkyl
  • 4 is lower alkyl
  • Y is
  • R 3 is lower alkyl
  • R is lower alkyl
  • R 8 is H, -OH, lower aliphatic, or lower aliphatic alcohol.
  • the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond, such as embodiments where R 2 is O, the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond, and R ⁇ is a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • R ⁇ is a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • a compound according to Formula N is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
  • R 3 is lower alkyl, such as methyl
  • R 4 is lower alkyl (such as methyl) or lower alkyl alcohol (such as -CH 2 OH).
  • R 5 is H. In other embodiments, R 5 is H or -OH, Y is
  • Ri Ri and Ri is lower alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl, or lower alkyl alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol.
  • Y is
  • Ri and Ri is lower alkyl alcohol or lower alkyl alcohol.
  • R 3 and t may independently be lower alkyl, and R 5 may be H.
  • Y is
  • Ri is lower alkyl alcohol and R 2 is O or lower alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 may independently be methyl, and R 5 may be H.
  • Still other exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are represented by Formula NI:
  • the compounds described by Formula NI form a subset of the compounds described by Formulas I and II, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula NI.
  • a compound according to Formula NI is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
  • Y is R 2
  • Ri is lower alkyl or lower alkyl alcohol
  • R 2 is lower alkyl, or O
  • R 3 is lower alkyl
  • t is lower alkyl
  • Y is
  • Ri is lower alkyl or lower alkyl alcohol
  • R 3 is lower alkyl
  • Rj is lower alkyl
  • Y is
  • R 3 is lower alkyl
  • t is lower alkyl
  • R 8 is H, -OH, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl alcohol.
  • R 8 is absent.
  • the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond
  • R 2 is O
  • the carbon-R 2 bond is a double bond
  • Ri is a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH 2 OH) or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
  • valencene nootkatol, epinootkatol, and nootkatone — many other compounds are novel.
  • novel compounds include, but are not limited to, 13 -hydroxy- valencene, valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
  • Valencene, nootkatol, epinootkatol, nootkatone, and nootkatene are commercially available and may be isolated from natural sources.
  • nootkatone may be prepared according to the methods and processes of U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,226 and WO 97/22575 Al, and valencene and nootkatone maybe obtained from Bedoukian Research Inc., of Danbury, CT. These compounds are known to be nontoxic to humans and non-human animals.
  • nootkatone is used as a fragrance and food flavoring.
  • the compounds described by Formulas I, II, III, IV, V and/or VI including 13 -hydroxy- valencene, valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone-l,10-ll,12-diepoxide, maybe isolated from natural sources, such as Alaska yellow Cedar, Alpinia species, bitter cardamom, and citrus fruits (e.g., grapefruit), may be semi-synthesized from compounds isolated from such natural sources, or may be completely synthesized.
  • Example 1 provides one method for isolating compounds from Alaska yellow cedar, and Examples 11-14 illustrate semi- synthesis of the compounds.
  • oxygen-containing groups increases the bioactivity of the compound.
  • R-groups containing hydrogen-bonding atoms or functional groups including both hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors, increases the bioactivity of the compound.
  • R- groups may be both oxygen-containing groups and hydrogen-bond donors or acceptors.
  • sulfur-containing group analogous to the oxygen- containing groups (where the group contains a sulfur atom in the position otherwise occupied by an oxygen atom) described herein increase the bioactivity of compounds in some embodiments.
  • Tables 2 and 3 present particular embodiments of compounds according to Formula I:
  • Ci-C 10 bond is a double bond and R 5 is absent. Additionally, some of these compounds also are encompassed and may be described by Formula II, III, IV, V and/or VI. Table 2
  • R and R 2 are independently lower alkyl, lower alcohol, or lower alkenyl
  • R , R_ ⁇ , and R 6 are H
  • R 8 is H
  • R and R 10 are independently lower alkyl, lower alcohol, or lower aldehyde
  • R ⁇ is H
  • Ri 2 is H, —OH, lower alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl.
  • Pesticidally Acceptable Salts and Compositions All compounds described herein may be used in pure form or in the form of a pesticidally acceptable salt.
  • Pesticidally acceptable salts of the compound of any of Formulas I- VI may be salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, terpenoid acids (e.g., abiotic acid), or natural phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid and its derivatives).
  • the compound of any of Formulas I- VI may be included as an active ingredient within a composition, for example, a pesticide or pest control agent, in a free form or in the form of a a pesticidally acceptable salt.
  • a pesticidal composition includes one or more of the above-described compounds and a pesticidally acceptable carrier, additive, or adjuvant, and the pesticidal composition may function as a pesticide or pest control agent.
  • Such pesticidal compositions may be in the form of a solid, liquid, gas, or gel. If a solid composition is created, suitable solid carriers include agriculturally useful and commercially available powders.
  • Liquid compositions may be aqueous or non-aqueous, depending on the needs of the user applying the pesticidal composition, and liquids may exist as emulsions, suspensions, or solutions.
  • Exemplary compositions include (but are not limited to) powders, dusts, granulates, topical oils, encapsulations, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions, coatable pastes, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dispersible powders, or fumigants.
  • the particle or droplet size of a particular composition may be altered according to its intended use.
  • the pesticidal composition also may include an apparatus for containing or dispersing the compound or composition, such as a storage kit, fumigant bottle (such as the commonly named “flea bomb”), or insect trap.
  • Pesticidally acceptable carriers, additives, and adjuvants include stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, extenders, solvents, surfactants, antifoaming agents, viscosity regulators, binders, tackers, or other chemical agents, such as fertilizers, antibiotics, fungicides, nematicides, or herbicides.
  • Such carriers, additives, and adjuvants may be used in solid, liquid, gas, or gel form, depending on the embodiment and its intended application.
  • Pesticidally acceptable adjuvants are those materials that assist or enhance the action of a compound or composition.
  • Surfactants and antifoaming agents are just two examples of pesticidally acceptable adjuvants. However, any particular material may alternatively function as a "carrier,” “additive,” or “adjuvant” in alternative embodiments, or may fulfill more than one function.
  • Certain additives, carriers, or adjuvants may be active or inactive materials or substances.
  • the efficacy of a composition may be increased by adding one or more other components that minimize toxicity to hosts or increase the anti-pest effect of the composition.
  • composition may include plural pesticidal compounds.
  • a composition mcludes a compound as described herein and a second pesticidal compound, and the second pesticidal compound also may be a compound as described herein, or may be any other type or class of pesticide (e.g., an organophosphate or pyrethrin).
  • the second pesticidal compound, additive, carrier, or adjuvant provides a synergistic effect by increasing the efficacy of the pesticidal composition more than the additive amount.
  • a composition containing both 1% nootkatone and 1% 13 -hydroxy- valencene by weight that is more than twice as effective — such as four times as effective or ten times as effective — than a composition containing only 1% nootkatone or 1% 13- hydroxy- valencene by weight demonstrates a synergistic effect.
  • Suitable solid carriers such as those used for dusts and dispersible powders, include natural mineral fillers such as calcite, talcum, kaolin, montmorillonite, and attapulgite. Highly dispersed silicic acids or highly dispersed absorbent polymers may be added to such carriers. Granulated materials of inorganic or organic nature may be used, such as dolomite or pulverized plant residues. Suitable porous granulated adsorptive carriers include pumice, broken brick, sepiolite, and bentonite. Additionally, nonsorbent carriers, such as sand, may be used. Some solid carriers are biodegradable polymers, including biodegradable polymers that are digestible or degrade inside an animal's body over time.
  • Suitable liquid carriers may be organic or inorganic. Water is one example of an inorganic liquid carrier.
  • Organic liquid carriers include vegetable oils and epoxidized vegetable oils, such as rape seed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, soybean oil and epoxidized rape seed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and other essential oils.
  • Other organic liquid carriers include silicone oils, aromatic hydrocarbons, and partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as alkylbenzenes containing 8 to 12 carbon atoms, including xylene mixtures, alkylated naphthalenes, or tetrahydronaphthalene.
  • Aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins or cyclohexane
  • alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol
  • suitable organic carriers Gums, resins, and rosins used in forest products applications and naval stores (and their derivatives) also may be used.
  • glycols including ethers and esters, such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol ether, diethylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, and 2-ethoxyethanol, and ketones, such as cyclohexanone, isophorone, and diacetone alcohol may be used.
  • Strongly polar organic solvents include N-methylpyrrolid-2-one, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N-dimethylformamide.
  • Suitable surfactants may be nonionic, cationic, or anionic, depending on the nature of the compound used as an active ingredient. Surfactants may be mixed together in some embodiments. Nonionic surfactants include polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and alkylphenols. Fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, also are suitable nonionic surfactants. Other suitable nonionic surfactants include water-soluble polyadducts of polyethylene oxide with polypropylene glycol, ethylenediaminopolypropylene glycol and alkylpolypropylene glycol.
  • nonionic surfactants include nonylphenol polyethoxyethanols, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyadducts of polypropylene and polyethylene oxide, tributylphenol polyethoxylate, polyethylene glycol and octylphenol polyethoxylate.
  • Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts carrying, as N-substituents, an 8 to 22 carbon straight or branched chain alkyl radical. The quaternary ammonium salts carrying may include additional substituents, such as unsubstituted or halogenated lower alkyl, benzyl, or hydroxy- lower alkyl radicals.
  • salts exist in the form of halides, methyl sulfates, and ethyl sulfates.
  • Particular salts include stearyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyl bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylammonium bromide.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants may be water-soluble soaps as well as water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds.
  • Suitable soaps include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and unsubstituted or substituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids.
  • Particular soaps include the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures.
  • Synthetic anionic surfactants include fatty sulfonates, fatty sulfates, sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives, and alkylarylsulfonates.
  • Particular synthetic anionic surfactants include the sodium or calcium salt of ligninsulfonic acid, of dodecyl sulfate, or of a mixture of fatty alcohol sulfates obtained from natural fatty acids. Additional examples include alkylarylsulfonates, such as sodium or calcium salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, or dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid. Corresponding phosphates for such anionic surfactants are also suitable.
  • the concentration of a compound, such as a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI, which serves as an active ingredient, may vary according to particular compositions and applications, a number of embodiments, the percentage by weight of the active ingredient will be from about 0.1% to about 90%.
  • a suitable amount for a particular application may be determined using bioassays for the particular pest intended to be controlled. Higher concentrations are usually employed for commercial purposes or products during manufacture, shipment, or storage; such embodiments have concentrations at least about 10%, or from about 25% to about 90% by weight.
  • a highly concentrated formulation may be diluted to a concentration appropriate for the intended use, such as from about 0.1% to 10%, or from about 1% to 5%.
  • the active ingredient may be a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI, a corresponding pesticidally acceptable salt, or a mixture thereof.
  • the compounds have deterrent, repellent, and/or toxic effects on certain pest targets and may function as pest repellents or pest control agents, as well as pesticides. Certain compounds have a lethal effect on specific pests. Unlike a number of commercially available pesticides, many compositions have an active ingredients (such as a compound according to Formula I, II, III, IN, N and/or NI) that are substantially nontoxic to humans and domesticated animals and that have minimal adverse effects on wildlife and the environment.
  • active ingredients such as a compound according to Formula I, II, III, IN, N and/or NI
  • the efficacy of a subject compound or composition is determined from an adverse effect on the pest population, including (but not limited to) physiological damage to a pest, inhibition or modulation of pest growth, inhibition or modulation of pest reproduction by slowing or arresting proliferation, inhibition or complete deterrence of pest movement into a locus, initiation or promotion of pest movement away from a locus, inhibition or elimination of pest feeding activity, or death of the pest, all of which are encompassed by the term "controlling.”
  • a compound or composition that controls a pest i.e., a pest control agent or pesticide
  • the efficacy and quantity of a pesticidally effective amount for a given compound may be determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and efficacy, such as those screening described in the Examples.
  • Efficacy and appropriateness of a compound also may be assessed by treating an animal, plant, or environmental locus with a compound or composition described herein and observing the effects on the infesting pest population and any harm to plants or animals contacted by the compound, such as phytotoxicity to plants, toxicity to animals, or dermal sensitivity to animals.
  • compounds or compositions are directly applied to a host plant or animal actually or potentially infested with a pest.
  • the efficacy of the compound or composition may be monitored by examining the state of host or environmental locus infestation by the pest population before and after application in light of physiological damage to an animal or plant host infected by the pest population found within the environmental locus.
  • the appropriateness of a compound or composition may be assessed by observing any adverse effects to the person applying the composition to an infested plant, animal, or environmental locus.
  • the effective amount of a compound or composition meets the mortality, modulation, or control criteria above, and has minimal or no adverse effect on plants, non-human animals, or humans that may come into contact with the compound or composition.
  • the compounds and compositions have a broad range of biocidal effects, such as pesticidal activity against one or more pests, and certain compounds and/or compositions may be more effective on some pests than others.
  • Some compounds according to any of Formulas I- VI, or compositions containing such compounds, may be partially or totally ineffective against some pests at certain concentrations.
  • the subject compounds and compositions offer several advantages over currently used pesticides. These naturally-occurring compounds may be isolated from a variety of plant sources, including Alaska yellow cedar and grapefruit, and generally exhibit a very high LD 50 against non-arthopod animals. Thus, these compounds are relatively nontoxic to humans, domesticated animals and livestock, birds, fish, and other wildlife.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein may be used to control or eliminate crop pests (and may be used up to harvest), to control the growth of pests on harvested crops and stored foods, and for controlling pests in natural and artificial environments.
  • the compound or composition may be applied to plant and animal parts (e.g., skin, fur, feathers, scales, leaves, flowers, branches, fruits) and to objects within an environment that come into contact with a pest. Additionally, the compound or composition may be included as part of an object held or placed upon a prospective host plant or animal to inhibit pest infestation, such as a collar, clothing, or supporting mechanism (e.g., a stake supporting a seedling tree, a rose trellis, or a cage for supporting a tomato plant).
  • a collar, clothing, or supporting mechanism e.g., a stake supporting a seedling tree, a rose trellis, or a cage for supporting a tomato plant.
  • the compounds and compositions have useful inhibitory and/or curative properties in the field of pest control, even at low concentrations, and may be used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program. These and other methods of using the compounds and compositions are further described below.
  • the compounds and compositions function as topical or ingestible toxins effective against all developmental stages of arthropod pests, such as insects and acarines (i.e., members of taxonomic orders hisecta and Acarina).
  • the onset of the pesticidal action of the compounds and compositions may follow directly (e.g., kill a pest within a short amount of time) or onset of pesticidal action may occur some time after the pest has initially contacted the compound or composition.
  • the compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI maybe used as pesticides, including acaricides and insecticides, or may be used as agents to control pests, such as pest repellents.
  • Some embodiments of using these compounds and compositions cover a range of applications involving humans, non-human animals (including domesticated companion animals, livestock, and wildlife), and plants, including recreational, veterinary, agricultural, silvicultural, horticultural, and environmental applications.
  • Other embodiments encompass disease control applications, such as controlling the spread of disease among animals and/or plants by controlling the vector for that disease.
  • Exemplary vector-borne diseases of animals include, but are not limited to: Lyme disease; Dengue Fever; Yellow Fever; tick borne-babesiosis; tuleremia; powassan-like virus infection; tick borne encephalitis; relapsing fever; malaria; encephalitis, such as the disease caused by the West Nile Virus, Eastern equine encephalitis, St. louis encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis and Lacrosse encephalitis; Colorado Tick Fever; ehrlichiosis; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; and the Plague.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting vector-borne disease of plants is Dutch Elm disease, elm yellows phytoplasmas, and apply powdery mildew are non-limiting examples of vector-borne diseases of plants.
  • the compound or composition is administered in a pesticidally effective amount. That amount may depend on a variety of factors, including (but not limited to) the area to be treated, the pest to be treated, its metabolism, its behavior (e.g., feeding habits, breeding, daily or seasonal activity cycles, development, nesting habits, etc.), and behavior of the host the pest infests.
  • the compound or composition is applied once, while alternative embodiments employ plural applications of the same or different compounds or compositions.
  • the compound or composition is administered on an hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.
  • the frequency of application may be regular or irregular, and the time elapsed between successive applications may be the same or different.
  • the compounds or compositions may be applied every eight to twelve hours; four times per day at irregular intervals; every evening; four times per week; every other day; every other week; every other month; twice a month; every three months; every six months; every nine months; or annually.
  • the frequency and number of applications of that compound or composition may depend on a variety of factors, including (but not limited to) the area to be treated, the pest to be treated, its metabolism, and its behavior (e.g., feeding habits, breeding, daily or seasonal activity cycles, development, nesting habits, etc.), and behavior of the host the pest infests.
  • a compound or composition described above is applied to a particular human, non-human animal, plant, inanimate object, or environmental locus.
  • the compound or composition may be applied directly to the pest, thus causing the pest to directly contact the compound, or may be applied to some locus or host that is expected to come into contact with the pest.
  • the compound may be applied to the locus generally, such as by an aerosol or fumigant, or applied to a human, non-human animal, plant, or inanimate object within that locus.
  • the size of a particular locus may vary considerably according to the method of application.
  • the compound in area- wide applications, is dispersed over a locus of an environment, rather than intentionally directed at a particular pest, human, plant, or inanimate object.
  • the locus of an area- wide application may be several hundred to thousands of acres, if the compound is used for agricultural spraying or to control the spread of a vector- borne disease; in structural applications, such as controlling pests within a home or restaurant, the locus may be several hundred several thousand square feet.
  • the locus may be limited to the area in the immediate vicinity of the animal, plant, or human host.
  • the size of the locus also may vary according to such factors as the intended application, presence of humans or non-human animals, level of human or non- human activity within the locus, type of formulation embodying the compound or composition, and environmental factors, such as wind speed, humidity, temperature, and anticipated rainfall.
  • Methods of application include spraying, atomizing, dusting, immersing, coating, dressing, scattering, and pouring, h particular embodiments, the compound or composition is provided or administered to a human or non-human animal, such as oral administration (for example, as a pill, powder, tablet, capsule, or food supplement), intravenous injection, percutaneous injection, or topical treatment.
  • the composition is a topical oil, lotion, or cream and the compound is absorbed through the skin.
  • a particular method of application may be selected in accordance with the intended objectives of and circumstances related to a particular use.
  • the frequency of application also may depend on the residual action of the particular compound or composition.
  • "Residual action” refers to the length of time a compound or composition may exist in a particular environment and remain effective. For example, one particular compound lasts approximately 11 weeks in a protected environment before it begins to degrade and lose effectiveness. See Example 5 below.
  • a person using a compound, such as using a pesticidal composition having this compound as an effective ingredient to control ants, could apply the compound to some locus in a protected environment, such as a household basement, every 11 weeks.
  • formulations embodying compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI may offer certain advantages, such as long term effect due to extended residual action, or high levels of safety and efficacy for veterinary, agricultural, and nuisance pest applications.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein may be employed in formulations intended for use in public or private homes, residences, businesses, restaurants, hospitals, or other similar places of human activity.
  • the formulations may be used to kill or repel pests, such as mosquitos, ants, spiders, or roaches, and may be applied directly to the pests or a locus the pest is expected to contact.
  • flea bomb or other fumigant containing an active ingredient in the form of a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI could be used within a home, such as applied within a particular room of a home, to control fleas.
  • a commercial spray containing an active ingredient in the form of a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI could be applied to the floors and other interior spaces of a restaurant to control cockroaches.
  • the formulation may kill or repel a pest by directly contacting the pest, may be induced into the atmosphere of the locus, or may be applied to a human, non-human animal, plant, or inanimate object (e.g., the surface of a floor) expected to come into contact with the pest.
  • Certain embodiments employ formulations for use on humans, non-human animals, or plants for their protection.
  • certain formulations may be insecticides and/or acaricides sprayed onto the leaves of indoor plants for controlling aphids.
  • Other formulations may embody compounds or compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI as lotions or oils that repel pests.
  • Certain embodiments encompass protection of homes, buildings, or other structures from nuisance insects, such as termites, cockroaches, and ants.
  • the compound or composition may be applied to a locus within or outside the structure protected, such as spraying onto floors or inside cupboards, or soaking the ground outside the structure.
  • the compound or composition may be embedded within materials used to construct the structure, such as siding, wall studs, or beams.
  • Certain nontoxic compounds and compositions may be used to control pests parasitic to a particular subject.
  • the subject may be a human or non-human animal, including domesticated animals and livestock, such as dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, cattle, swine, sheep, fowl, and goats.
  • the compound or composition may be provided to the human or non-human animal as a topical formulation, such as a cream, lotion, ointment, dip, shampoo, spotting liquid or spray, or provided in the form of a wearable product, such as a collar, ear tag, or piece of clothing.
  • the compound or composition maybe administered orally, rectally, or by injection, such as by a pill, solution, subcutaneous injection, or subcutaneous implant, hi any such application, the frequency of treatment of the subject to be treated by the compound or composition is generally from about once per week to about once per year, such as from about once every two weeks to about once every six months, or from about once per month to about once every three months.
  • the appropriate dose provided or administered in a particular embodiment may vary according to the efficacy of the particular compound or composition; intended biocidal spectrum of the compound or composition; the physiological state or health of the subject, including allergic indications of the subject; and environmental considerations, such as exposure to wind, rain, heat, or cold.
  • Suitable doses include from about 1 to 500 mg/kg (mg of compound or composition per kg body weight of the host), such as from about 1 to about 100 mg/kg, from about 1 to about 50 mg/kg, from about 5 to about 50 mg/kg, from about 5 to about 10 mg/kg, from about 10 to about 100 mg/kg, or less than 1 mg/kg.
  • the compound or composition may be used to clean the animal, such as by an owner bathing or placing a flea collar on a pet, or in veterinary applications. Cleaning an animal may be distinguished from treating an animal body, since an animal in good health would not require substantial treatment to correct a deficiency of health.
  • the compounds or compositions applied in an area- wide manner such as in protection of agricultural crops described below.
  • area-wide applications may include silvicultural, horticultural, or other forms of environmental pest management and control.
  • a compound or composition may be applied to plant foliage, such as spraying or dusting, or applied to the soil, such as drenching a particular locus with a liquid formulation or applying the active ingredient in solid form to a locus.
  • plants within or adjacent to the locus of application may absorb the active ingredient or composition through their roots.
  • the active ingredient will remain in the environment, such as when a compound or composition is applied to a stagnant body of water to control mosquito larvae.
  • Certain embodiments use the compounds and compositions described herein for pest control in food production and storage.
  • certain compositions may be used as agricultural pesticides to control pests and protect grain, vegetable, herb, spice, or fruit crops.
  • Compositions also may be used to control pests affecting other plants useful or important in agricultural or horticultural production, such as those plants or crops producing cotton, flax, tobacco, hemp, rubber, nuts, nursery stock, and ornamental plant parts.
  • the compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI may be used to protect plant products not only during growth and production, but also during storage or transport of such products.
  • some embodiments use compounds or compositions to protect grain stored in silos, bales of cotton or tobacco stored in warehouses, or bushels of fruit being transported from an orchard.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein also may be used to protect plant propagation material, such as seeds, fruit, tubers, or plant cuttings.
  • the propagation material may be treated with the formulation before planting, such as soaking, coating, or dressing seeds prior to sowing.
  • the compounds and compositions also may be applied to the soil where the propagation material will be planted, such as in-furrow application to protect seeds. hi such applications, the compound or composition may be applied to provide a certain concentration of the compound in the environment at a particular locus. That certain concentration may be measured, established, or determined according to the needs of the user.
  • the rate of application may depend on the nature of soil, the type of application (e.g., spraying crop foliage, burial in soil), the crop plant to be protected, the pest to be controlled, the prevailing climatic conditions, growing season, proximity to residential areas or protected environments, and other factors.
  • the rate of application may depend on the localized environment (e.g., storage within a warehouse, storage under a covered shelter, transport within a trailer), expected duration of storage, product to be protected, the pest to be controlled, economic considerations, and other factors.
  • the rates of concentration are in the range from about 0.01 to about 1000 ppm (parts-per-million), such as from about 0.1 to about 500 ppm, of active ingredient.
  • rates of application per hectare may be from about 0.5 g/ha to 2000 g/ha, such as particularly from about 10 to 1000 g/ha, or from about 20 to 600 g/ha.
  • pesticides for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria may be used in area- wide applications at a rate of application of about 70 g/ha to about 1.15 kg/ha.
  • a pesticidally active compound according to any of Formulas I- VI is embodied in an acceptable carrier and stored within a container capable of storing the composition for its shelf life.
  • the container may be made of any suitable material such as plastic or other polymer, glass, metal, or the like.
  • Printed instructions and/or a printed label indicating that the composition may be used to control pests are associated with this container.
  • the instructions and/or label may provide information regarding the use of the composition for pesticidal purposes in accordance with the treatment method set forth herein and may be associated with the container by being adhered to the container, or accompanying the container in a package.
  • the label may indicate the composition is approved for use as a pesticide, and the instructions may specify the pests intended to be controlled by the composition, the method and rate of application, dilution protocols, use precautions, and the like.
  • the container may include a feature or device for applying the composition to the pest population or locus to be treated.
  • the feature or device may be a hand-operated, motorized, or pressurized pressure-driven sprayer.
  • the article of manufacture includes, packaged together, a vessel — such as a tube, barrel, bottle, bottle, or can — containing the composition and instructions for use of the composition for controlling a pest.
  • the article of manufacture is a device that includes the compound as part of the device, such as a surface coated with the compound, for example a bait trap or flea collar.
  • the article of manufacture includes packaging material containing the composition.
  • the packaging material may include a label indicating that the composition may be used for controlling a pest and, in particular embodiments, a pesticide for killing a pest.
  • articles of manufacture include, but are not limited to, spray bottles of a ready-to-use formulation for household use; bottles, cans, or barrels containing concentrated formulations that may be diluted for area-wide applications; containers of concentrated formulations for use in industrial settings; flea collars or ear tags for domesticated companion animals and livestock; bottles or kits for shampooing, dipping, or cleaning domesticated companion animals or livestock; a bottle containing a formulation for human use as a shampoo or body wash; plastic tubules containing a topical oil for applying to a domesticated animal; and rodent bait boxes or host targeted bait boxes containing a pesticidal composition for killing ectoparisites infesting the host animal.
  • Example 1 Isolating Certain Compounds from Alaska yellow Cedar This example illustrates one method of isolating pesticidal ermorphilane sesquiterpenes from Alaska yellow cedar ⁇ Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), including nootkatone, 13-hydroxy-valencene, and valencene- 11,12-epoxide.
  • a botanical voucher specimen (#188046) is deposited in the Oregon State University Herbarium. The heartwood was separated from sapwood and bark and then chipped in a grinder to approximately 15x10 mm chips and stored at room temperature until used.
  • the essential oil components were separated and purified by traditional column chromatography.
  • a degased slurry of solvent and adsorbent Karlgel 60 PF 254 Silica gel, Germany
  • the solvent was drained until its level was just over the top of adsorbent.
  • the stopper of the column was closed and the column was ready for use.
  • the distilled oil (62 grams) was dissolved in 50 ml of hexane and chromatographed over a Silica gel 60 column (7x45cm) using a gradient solvent mixture of hexane and diethyl ether from 100% hexane to 60:40 (hexane/diethyl ether, v/v). Aliquots of 20 mL eluent were collected with a Gilson FC-100 fraction collector and monitored by TLC developed with dichloromethane. The plates were visualized under UV light and subsequently sprayed with acidic vanillin solution, followed by heating. Aliquots of eluent with same component checked by TLC were combined together to form one fraction.
  • Fraction I was found to mainly contain valencene and nootkatene and a trace of methyl carvacrol by gas chromotography. Fraction II was highly pure carvacrol checked by gas chromotography.
  • Fraction III was a mixture of trace components by comparing its chromatogram to that of the crude oil in gas chromotagraphy.
  • Fraction IV showed two main spots on a TLC plate developed by dichloromethane, one visible under UV light and the other only after being sprayed with acidic vanillin solution, followed by heating. Their Rf values were 0.29 and 0.42, respectively.
  • This fraction was analyzed by gas chromotography and found to consist of nootkatone (Rf 0.29) and one unknown compound named "unknown compound 1," Rf 0.42.
  • a portion of this fraction (5 g) was rechromatographed twice over a Kieselgel column (5x45 cm) with dichloromethane as mobile phase and yielded the two pure compounds, nootkatone (1.55 g) and unknown compound 1 (0.68 g). As shown in FIG. 1 A, unknown compound 1 was subsequently identified as 13-hydroxy-valencene.
  • Fraction V was still a mixture, which contained small amount of almost every component in the crude oil.
  • Fraction VI checked by gas chromotography and TLC was found to contain one main compound (Rf 0.43 in hexane/ethyl acetate 70/30 v/v). This unknown compound 2 (8 mg) was yielded from one portion of this fraction (30mg) after preparative HPLC procedures and, as shown in FIG. 1 A, later identified as nootkatol.
  • Fraction VII contained highly pure unknown compound 2 (nootkatol) checked by gas chromotography. A graphic representation of separation of these fractions is illustrated in
  • FIGS. 1A and IB are identical to FIGS. 1A and IB.
  • the gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID).
  • the column (30 mx ⁇ .25 mm DB-5, 0.25 ⁇ m, J&W Scientific) was temperature programmed from 100°C for 1 minute, then to 150°C at a rate of 5°C/min, then to 220°C at 3°C/min, and finally to 240°C at 5 °C/min and held at that temperature for 2 minutes.
  • GC-MS analysis was carried out on a HP 5972 GC/MS to confirm those previously known compounds in Alaska cedar heartwood oil.
  • One microliter of a 587 ng/ ⁇ l solution of the distillate dissolved in hexane was injected into the injector maintained at 250°C.
  • a 30m x 0.25mm ID DB-5 column was used and temperature programmed from 50°C initially held for 5 minutes to 300°C finally at a rate of 5°C/min.
  • the transfer line temperature was 280°C.
  • the MS was operated in electron impact mode with a 70 eV ionization potential and was scanned from 50- 560 m/z.
  • optical rotations were measured on a digital polarimeter (JASCO, MODEL DIP-370, Japan) with a Na lamp (589 nm) as the light source. Chloroform was used as the solvent.
  • UV detector Libda-Max Model 481 LC spectrophotometer, Waters Millipore
  • 254 nm and 0.01 AUFS A computer-based data system
  • Maxima 820 was connected to the system for monitor and control. Fractions were collected according to the peaks shown on the screen.
  • a Buchi Rotavapor Model R-l 10 equipped with a Buchi 461 Water Bath was used for the removal of solvent from the samples under reduced pressure by using a water aspirator. The temperature of water in the bath was maintained at
  • Example 2 15 Pesticidal Properties of Certain Compounds on Ticks and Fleas.
  • Numbers in parentheses refer to length of treatment in terms of hours (h) or weeks (wk). Data is presented in terms of number killed / number tested. For test periods longer than 24 hours, the treated vials were allowed to sit for the stated period after drying (72 h, 4 wk, or 5 wk) and each group of arthropods was added to the vials for the final 24 h of the test period.
  • bioassays demonstrate that four of the five compounds had biocidal activity against ticks and fleas and that nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide were the most efficacious and persistent.
  • Example #2 Using a bioassay method similar to that presented in Example #2, the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti adults to the five compounds presented in Example #2 at 24 hours challenge was determined to be 100%) mortality except for nootkatin (20% mortality).
  • Example 4 Pesticidal Properties of Nootkatol on Certain Arthropods.
  • Nootkatol was tested using the bioassay presented in Example 2. The biocidal activity of nootkatol was determined to be essentially equivalent to the activity of nootkatene against ticks, fleas. and mosquitos.
  • Example 2 Two nootkatone samples were compared to nootkatone isolated from Alaska yellow cedar using the method presented in Example 1.
  • the first sample was a natural extract of nootkatone taken from grapefruit oil purchased commercially.
  • the second sample was a synthetically produced nootkatone purchased commercially.
  • Nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide were extracted from Alaska yellow ⁇ cedar essential oil. Both compounds were approximately 50 times more potent and about 98% more effective against nymphal ticks than their parent source, essential oil of Alaska yellow cedar. While permethrin and carbaryl demonstrated greater effectiveness than these two biocidal sesquiterpenes, this relative potency is not absolutely accurate since the permetlirin and carbaryl samples were technical grade (> 99% pure), while the two biocidal sesquiterpenes were extracted at a 90-95% 5 purity level.
  • the susceptibility of mosquitos to valencene- 11,12-epoxide was determined 0 using a method similar to that presented in Example 2.
  • Culexp. pipiens was treated with serial dilutions of valencene- 11,12-epoxide from 0.125% down to 0.0045%. Due to the extreme sensitivity of this species to the biocidal activity of valencene- 11,12-epoxide, the corresponding LD 50 could not be calculated by Probit analysis. At the lowest tested dosage, the mortality rate was still 64%. Therefore, the LD 50 5 for compound 10 against C. pipiens is ⁇ 4.5 X 10 "3 .
  • Plant Extracts All compounds were produced in the Forest Chemistry Laboratory at Oregon State University (Corvallis, OR) from an Alaska yellow cedar ⁇ Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) specimen collected under a special collection permit from the United States Forest Service. A plant voucher specimen (#188046) was deposited at Oregon State University Herbarium (Corvallis, OR).
  • Valencene-11,12-epoxide was isolated from the diethyl ether extract of the ground heartwood. See Xiong, Y., Essential oil components of Alaska cedar heartwood (Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2001). Valencene-13- aldehyde was prepared by oxidation of valencene with Se ⁇ 2 . Nootkatone- 1,10- epoxide and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide were prepared from nootkatone with H 2 O 2 , and nootkatone- 11,12-epoxide was prepared using m-chloroperbenzoic acid.
  • nootkatone for comparison was obtained from Bedoukian Research, Inc., Danbury, CT (semi-synthetic crystalline) and Frutarom, Inc. N.J. (from grapefruit oil). As shown in Table 8, each compound was assigned a numerical identifier for this Example (the identifiers for the compounds used in this Example may be different than the identifiers used elsewhere in this application as specified in Table 1 above). The compounds identified by an asterisk — nos. 1, 2 and 3 — demonstrated no pesticidal activity after 24 hours exposure.
  • Table 8 Compound names, numerical identifiers, and source for compounds.
  • Tick Colonies Nymphal I. scapularis ticks (8-12 weeks old) were used in all trials and were obtained from the Fi offspring of adult I. scapularis ticks collected in Bridgeport, CT. There was no known pesticide used at this location. Ticks were maintained at 21°C, 90% RH, and received a 16:8 h (lightidark) cycle as described in Piesman, J., J. Med. Entomol. 30:199-203 (1993).
  • Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes were obtained from an existing colony at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), Fort Collins, CO. This colony has been maintained for over fifteen years with no known history of exposure to pesticides.
  • Mosquitoes were reared at 28°C, 85% RH, and a 14:10 h (lightidark) cycle.
  • Larvae were grown in de-ionized water and fed ground liver powder solution ad libitum. Fourth instars were removed and placed in emergence cages, and adults were fed a 2% sucrose solution until assayed.
  • Adults were exposed to test products at 4-7 d after emergence.
  • Tick and Flea Bioassays Concentrations of the compounds were prepared by 2-fold serial dilutions of a 0.5% (wt:vol) solution of the extracts in acetone. The approximate toxicity of individual compounds was determined with a total of 8 doses ranging from 0.002% to 0.25%. All 13 compounds were run in duplicate with more active compounds replicated once. A control treated with acetone only was run with each series. Tick and flea susceptibility was evaluated using a modified disposable pipette method. See, Barnard, D.R., et al., J. Econ. Entomol. 74:466-69 (1981).
  • nymphal I. scapularis and_ cheopis fleas were used in all tests, resulting in a total of 5,240 nymphs and 4,860 fleas exposed to the compounds.
  • the inner surface of 2-dram friction cap vials were treated with the compound/acetone solution, or acetone only as a control, and left to air-dry overnight. Three to 4 holes were made in the plastic cap to allow for air exchange. Nymphal ticks and adult fleas were then placed directly into the vials using forceps. Vials containing ticks or fleas were placed in desiccators for 24h at 21°C and 90% RH. Morbidity and mortality was recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after initial exposure.
  • ticks were considered alive if they exhibited normal behavior when breathed upon or physically stimulated with wooden dowels. For each time point, if ticks were incapable of movement, maintaining normal posture, leg coordination, ability to right themselves, or any signs of life, they were considered moribund or dead. Results from tests where more than 10% of the control population died were discarded and retested.
  • Efficacies of individual compounds were determined by calculating lethal concentration 50%> (LC 50 ) and 90% (LC 0 ) wt:vol by probit analysis using the LdP Line software (copyright 2000 by Ehab Mostafa Bakr), available via the Internet.
  • Mosquito Bioassay Adult mosquitoes were tested using the bottle bioassay method of Brogden, W.G., and McAllister, J.C., J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 14:159-64 (1998), with minor modifications. Natural product extracts were two-fold serially diluted for a total of 8 concentrations ranging from 0.002% to 0.25% in 1.5ml of acetone.
  • Residual Activity To determine persistence of pesticidal activity of the compounds, 2-dram friction cap vials and 250ml Wheaton glass bottles were treated using the same series of dilutions as described above. Treated vials and bottles, minus vector test species, were held at 21°C with the ability of air exchange to take place (3-4 holes in the lids of 2-dram vials and lids on Wheaton bottles loosely applied). On day 7 after treatment, 2-dram vials were loaded with 10 ticks or 10 fleas and Wheaton bottles with 10-50 mosquitoes and held as previously described. Morbidity and mortality data for each test subject was recorded using the same time points. Any extracts that displayed acaricidal/insecticidal activity were retested at 2 and 4 wk after treatment. Dose mortality data was evaluated using probit analysis via the LdP Line software.
  • the susceptibility of I. scapularis nymphs, X. cheopis adults, and Ae. aegypti adults are presented in Tables 9-11 below.
  • the terpenes, compounds 1-3 were found to be ineffective against all three arthropods in initial screenings, and, therefore were not further analyzed.
  • the fourth terpene, carvacrol (compound 4) exhibited significant biological activity against ticks, fleas and mosquitoes with LC 50 values of 0.0068, 0.0059, and 0.0051 respectively.
  • Compounds 5-12 are eremophilane sesquiterpenes.
  • Compound 5, valencene was effective only against mosquitoes and demonstrated an LC 50 of 0.015.
  • Nootkatene, compound 6, was effective against all three pest species, demonstrating LC 50 values of 0.011 for ticks, 0.017 for fleas, and 0.027 for mosquitoes after 24h. This compound did not demonstrate any residual activity after one week.
  • the 3 preparations of nootkatone and 13 -hydroxy- valencene demonstrated the greatest activity in terms of LC 50 and LC 90 of the eremophilane sesquiterpenes.
  • Compounds were analyzed for residual activity based on results obtained for their 24 hour activities. A total of six compounds were examined with five demonstrating residual activity for at least four weeks, as shown in Tables 12-14. Compound 6 was nearly inactive beyond week after treatment and, therefore, not tested any further.
  • NE not effective at concentrations tested Table 12. Residual activivy against Ixodes scapularis nymphs at 1, 2, and 4 weeks.
  • compositions suitable for pesticidal uses are described, including solid, liquid, and gaseous formulations.
  • Dusts Component Amount (by weight)
  • Dust C valencene-13 -aldehyde 1% valencene- 11 , 12-epoxide 1 % sodium sulfate 98% Ready-to-use dusts may be obtained by intimately mixing the carriers with the active ingredients.
  • Emulsifiable Concentrate Component Amount (by weight) nootkatone- 1 , 10-epoxide 2% octylphenol polyethoxylate 3% calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 3% polyethoxylated castor oil 2% cyclohexanone 35% xylene mixture 55%
  • An emulsions of a desired concentration may be prepared from this concentrate by dilution with water.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with the additives, the mixture is ground together, water is added to the mixture, and the mixture is then extruded, granulated, and subsequently dried.
  • Valencene- 13 -aldehyde was produced by the reaction:
  • Nootkatone-11,12-epoxide was produced by the reaction:
  • Diethyl ether using the following procedure: four grams of nootkatone (18.32 mmol) were dissolved in 30 ml of diethyl ether and 3.79 g (18.32 mmol) of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA 80%) were added while stirring. After two hours, an excess of one mol (3.79 g) of mCPBA 80% was added. The solution was stirred for two hours more, then 30 ml of cold water and 30 ml of NaHCO 3 saturated solution was added to stop the reaction. The mixture was poured through a separatory funnel to separate the organic layer. The remaining water layer was washed twice with diethyl ether (30 ml) and joined with the first one.
  • mCPBA 80% m-chloroperbenzoic acid
  • the principle epoxide product showed a high purity by NMR analysis (>90%).
  • some efforts to purify the compound by silica gel-sodium carbonate chromatography yielded a mixture of open products, likely diols.
  • Some crystals of the pure product were obtained by passing a small quantity of the crude epoxide through a Na 2 CO 3 -silica gel (7:3) column yielding white crystals that melted at 35.2-35.7°C.
  • Nootkatone- 1,10-epoxide was produced by the reaction:
  • Nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide was produced by the reaction:

Abstract

Compounds, compositions, and methods for controlling an arthropod pest population that employ an eremophilane sesquiterpene parent structure are presented. The compounds have minimal adverse or toxic effects on humans, non-human animals, and the natural environment. The compounds may be isolated from natural sources, semi-synthesized from naturally occurring compounds, or completely synthesized. The compounds may be applied directly to a pest, or the locus of a pest, and function as topical or ingestible toxins. Eremophilane sesquiterpenes 13-hydroxy-valencene, valencene-11,12-epoxide, valencene-13-aldehyde, and nootkatone-1,10-11,12-diepoxide are exemplary compounds.

Description

COMPOUNDS FOR PEST CONTROL AND METHODS FOR THEIR USE
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application
No. 60/254,311 , filed December 8, 2000, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD This invention relates to compositions for controlling pest populations and methods for their use. In addition, this invention relates to pesticidal compositions for controlling arthropod pests.
BACKGROUND Pests such as insects, arachnids, and acarines are detrimental to humans.
Pests include pathogenic organisms that infest mammals and plants, such as those that infest or feed upon plants and livestock, thus causing economic loss or diminishment of plant crops, plant products, and livestock. For example, the glassy- winged sharpshooter is a pest that feeds on grape vines, thus diminishing the crop available for wine production. Other pests may infest structures such as dwellings, residences, hospitals, and commercial establishments, such as restaurants and retail stores. These pests may be detrimental to the structure, such as termites feeding on wooden beams, or simply be a nuisance to people who visit or live in infested buildings. Additionally, some pests are vectors for certain diseases that harm humans and non-human animals, including pets and livestock.
The transmission of vector-born diseases through pests is a problem throughout the world and is best controlled through the control of those vectors. For example, the deer tick {Ixodes scapularis) may transmit Lyme disease to a host when feeding on the host's blood by passing an infectious microbe {Borrelia burgdorferi), which lives in the tick's gut, into the host's bloodstream. A mosquito {Aedes aegypti), prevalent throughout many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, may transmit Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, or encephalitis viruses to a host on which it feeds. The rat flea {Xenopsylla cheopis) is a vector for the microbe {Yersinia pestis) that causes the Plague.
Pest control is often difficult to achieve. Many pesticides are toxic to humans and animals and may pollute the environment. Hence, a number of commonly used pesticides, such as organophosphates, have been restricted or made commercially unavailable. Biopesticides derived from natural sources, such as plants, fungi, or other natural products, offer a safer alternative to chemically synthesized pesticides. Biopesticides generally have fewer health effects and can be better for the environment, but many biopesticides offer substantially weaker control of pests, or control only a limited spectrum of pests, while other biopesticides may be environmentally toxic. For example, pyrethrins — esticides made from the extract of the chyrsanthemum plant — control a wide variety of pests, but are very toxic to fish, such as bluegill and lake trout. Additionally, pests may become resistant to certain compounds after continued use; for example, insect resistance to pyrethrins already has been observed. Thus, new pest control agents offer an alternative for commonly used pesticides.
Therefore, a need exists for an effective pesticide capable of controlling a variety of pests, for example vectors of disease, that is relatively safe for humans, animals, plants, and the environment.
SUMMARY Compounds, compositions, and methods for controlling arthropods are disclosed. The compounds are based on an eremophilane sesquiterpene parent structure and, when used as pesticides or pest control agents, have minimal adverse or toxic effects on humans, non-human animals, and the natural environment. The compounds are effective against arthropods, such as insects and acarines, including (but not limited to) members of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, Diptera, Homoptera, or Siphonoptera.
Certain exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes described in this specification are represented by Formulas I, II, III, IN, N and/or NI, as discussed below, and may be isolated from natural sources, such as Alaska yellow Cedar, Alpinia species, bitter cardamom, and citrus fruits. Additionally, valencene, noo katol, epinootkatol, nootkatone, and nootkatene may be used as starting materials to synthesize some of the described compounds. Thus, the compounds are understood to be biocides and/or biorational. Particular examples of such pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are 13-hydroxy-valencene, valencene-ll,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
Articles of manufacture also are disclosed. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture includes a vessel containing a pesticidal compound, such as a bottle, tube, or can. h other embodiments, the article of manufacture includes a device comprising the compound, such as a flea collar, pest control strip, or rodent trap. Some embodiments employ a method of controlling an arthropod. In such embodiments, an arthropod is contacted with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound described herein sufficient to cause an adverse effect on the arthropod. In specific embodiments, the arthropod is killed or repelled from a locus, though other adverse effects leading to pest control, such as inducing sterility or inhibiting oviposition, are possible.
All compounds described herein may be used in pure form or in the form of a pesticidally acceptable salt or pesticidal composition. The compounds may function as pest repellents as well as pesticides, and certain compounds have a lethal effect on certain arthropods. The compounds may be applied directly to a pest, or the locus of a pest, and function as topical or ingestible toxins. The compounds may be used to kill pests on, or repel pests from, humans, non-human animals, and plants, including household, industrial, recreational, veterinary, agricultural, silvicultural, horticultural, and environmental uses. Additionally, the compounds may be used to control the spread of disease by controlling the arthropod vector for that disease, such as killing the vector to inhibit transmission of the disease to the host.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and IB illustrate one method of separating the components of heartwood essential oil. FIG. 1A illustrates the separation of seven fractions (I-VII) by a chromatographic process using hexane/diethyl ether as a solvent, and FIG. IB illustrates the separation of three fractions by a chromatographic process using CH2Cl2/diethyl ether. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Compounds, compositions, and methods for controlling an arthropod pest population are provided. The compounds used comprise an eremophilane sesquiterpene and are believed to be substantially nontoxic to both plants and animals. The pest population may be, for example, a pathogenic organism population that feeds upon, damages, irritates, or otherwise adversely affects an animal or plant host. In particular embodiments, the pest functions as a vector for disease. When used as pesticides or pest control agents, these compounds have minimal adverse effects on humans, domesticated animals, wildlife, and/or the natural environment. Explanations of Terms
Unless otherwise noted, technical terms are used according to conventional usage. In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of the invention, the following explanations of terms are provided:
As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the," refer to both the singular as well as plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, the term "a pesticidal compound" includes single or plural pesticidal compounds and can be considered equivalent to the phrase "at least one pesticidal compound."
As used herein, the term "comprises" means "includes." For example, "comprising A or B" means "includes A," "includes B," or "includes both A and B."
The term "alcohol" refers to an aliphatic containing one or more hydroxyl groups, including (but not limited to) ethanol, methanol, or propanol. A "lower aliphatic alcohol" is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne of one to six carbon atoms substituted with a hydroxyl group.
The term "aliphatic" refers to straight or branched chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. The term "lower aliphatic" refers to straight or branched chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes of 1 to 10 carbons, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms. An aliphatic may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with an -OH group to form a lower aliphatic alcohol. The term "alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl radical containing at least two carbon atoms and having one carbon-carbon double bond. The term "lower alkenyl" refers to an alkenyl containing from two to six carbon atoms, including (but not limited to): vinyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3- butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 5-hexenyl.
The term "alkoxy" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, where an alkoxy has the structure -O-R, where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In an unsubstituted alkoxy, the R is an unsubstituted alkyl. The term "substituted alkoxy" refers to a group having the structure -O-R, where R is alkyl substituted with a non- interfering substituent. "Lower alkoxy" refers to any alkoxy in which R is a lower alkyl. "Thioalkoxy" refers to -S-R, where R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
The term "alkoxyalkyl" refers to an alkoxy group appended to a lower alkyl radical.
The term "alkyl" refers to a cyclic, branched, or straight chain alkyl group which, unless otherwise described, contains one to twelve carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as (but not limited to) methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, pivalyl, heptyl, adamantyl, and cyclopentyl. Alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, for example halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality. The term "lower alkyl" refers to a cyclic, branched or straight chain alkyl of one to six carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by such groups as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), sec- butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, i-amyl, n-amyl, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2,2- dimethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl. Lower alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted. One specific example of a substituted alkyl is 1,1 -dimethyl propyl.
The term "alkylamino" refers to an alkyl group where at least one hydrogen is substituted with an amino group.
The term "amino" refers to a chemical functionality -N iR2 where and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl. An "analog" is a molecule that differs in chemical structure from a parent compound. Examples include, but are not limited to: a homolog (which differs by an increment in the chemical structure, such as a difference in the length of an alkyl chain); a molecular fragment; a structure that differs by one or more functional groups; or a structure that differs by a change in ionization, such as a radical.
Structural analogs are often found using quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), with techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacology, 19th Edition (1995), chapter 28. A derivative is a biologically active molecule derived from the base molecular structure. A mimetic is a biomolecule that mimics the activity of another biologically active molecule. Biologically active molecules can include chemical compounds that mimic the pesticidal activities of the compounds disclosed herein.
An "animal" is a living multicellular vertebrate organism, a category which includes, for example, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, and birds. The term "aryl" refers to a monovalent unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl, benzyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl), which can be unsubstituted or substituted with, for example, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, mercapto (-SH), alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, carboxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin- 1 -yl, piperazin- 1 -yl, or other functionality.
Some compounds described herein are pesticides of biological origin obtained from a naturally occurring substance or organism. Such substances are commonly called "biocides." Certain compounds are understood to be "biorational," because the compound is a chemical substance of natural origin that can be synthesized. Pesticides having an active ingredient selected from compounds according to any of Formulas I-N that are biorational chemicals qualify for the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Biorational Program. "=C" refers to a double-bonded carbon atom. "Carbonyl-containing" refers to any substituent containing a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O), including substituents based on -COR or -RCHO where R is an aliphatic or lower aliphatic (such as alkyl or lower alkyl), hydroxyl, or a secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Carbonyl-containing groups include, for example, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Alternatively, "carbonyl- containing group" refers to -R COR2 groups wherein R and R2 are independently aliphatic, lower aliphatic (such as alkyl or lower alkyl), hydroxyl, or secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Examples include -COOH, CH2COOH, - CH2COOCH3, -CH2CONH2, -CH2CON(CH3)2.
"Carboxyl" refers to the radical -COOH, and substituted carboxyl refers to -COR where R is alkyl, lower alkyl, or a carboxylic acid or ester.
"Conjugate" refers to an acid and a base that can convert to each other by the gain or loss of a proton.
The term "dialkylamino" refers to -N-R-R' wherein R and R' are independently selected from lower alkyl groups.
The term "dialkylaminoalkyl" refers to -N-R-R', which is appended to a lower alkyl radical, wherein R and R' are independently selected from lower alkyl groups.
The term "halogen" refers to the elements fluourine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine, and the term "halo" refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo substituents.
The term "heterocycle" (or "heterocyclic") refers to a monovalent saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., benzyl, morpholino, pyridyl or furyl), or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl, quinolinyl, indolizinyl or benzo[b]thienyl). Additionally, some heterocyles may contain a heteroatom, (such as as N, O, P, or S) in place of a carbon atom within the ring structure. A heterocycle can be unsubstituted or substituted with, for example, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality. Examples include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl. The term "(heterocyclic)alkyl" as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group appended to a lower alkyl radical including, but not limited to, pyrrolidinylmethyl and mo holinylmethyl. The term "host" includes animal, plant, and fungal hosts.
"Hydroxyl" refers to -OH.
"Hydroxyalkyl" refers to -R-OH, wherein R is alkylene, especially lower alkylene (for example in methylene, ethylene, or propylene). A hydroxyalkyl group may be either linear or branched, such as 1-hydroxyisopropyl.
The term "mammal" includes both human and non-human mammals.
The term "=O" indicates a double-bonded oxygen moiety.
"Oxygen-containing group" refers to an R-group containing at least one oxygen atom. Exemplary, non-limiting oxygen containing groups include oxygen alone (which may be attached to the molecule by a single or double bond), hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, or any group containing a carbonyl moiety.
As used herein, the terms "pest," "pest organism" and "pest population" refer to arthropods, including pathogens and parasites, that negatively affect host plants or animals, including humans, by colonizing, attacking, irritating, or feeding upon them, or competing for host nutrients. The terms "parasite" and "parasitic" refer to all arthropod endoparasites and ectoparasites of hosts. Some pests function as disease vectors capable of spreading disease to a host population.
Exemplary arthropods include, without limitation, the following arthropods described according to taxonomic designation and/or vernacular name: Order Acarina, including Acarus siro, Aceria sheldoni, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma species, Argas species, Boophilus species, Brevipalpus species, Bryobia praetiosa, Calipitrimerus species, Chorioptes species, Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus carpini, Eriophyes species, Hyalomma species, Ixodes species, Olygonychus pratensis, Ornithodoros species, Panonychus species, Pltyllocoptrum oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes species, Rhipicephalus species, Rhizoglyphus species, Sarcoptes species, Tarsonemus species, and Tetranychus species, Dermacentor species.
Order Homoptera, including Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella species, Aphididae species, Aphis species, Aspidiotus species, Bemisia tabaci, Ceroplaster species, Chrysomphalus aonidium, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Empoasca species, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura spp, Gascardia species, Laodelphax species, Lecanium corni, Lepidosaphes species, Macrosiphus species, Myzus species, Nephotettix species, Nilaparvata species, Paratoria species, Pemphigus species, Planococcus species, Pseudaulacaspis species, Pseudococcus species, Psylia species, Pulvinaria aethiopica, Quadraspidiotus species, Rhopalosiphum species, Saissetia species, Scaphoideus species, Schizaphis species, Sitobion species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza erytreae, Unaspis citri; and Homalodisca coagulata;
Order Hymenoptera, including Family Formicidae, Family Apidae, and Family Bombidae, such as Acromyrmex species, Atta species, Cephus species, Diprion species, Diprionidae species, Gilpinia polytoma, Hoplocampa species, Lasius species, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion species, Solenopsis species, and Vespa species;
Order Diptera, including Family Culicidae, Family Simulidae, Family Psychodidae, Family Ceratopogonidae, Family Sarcophagidae, Family Streblidae, and Family Nycteribiidae, such as Aedes species, Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis species, Chrysomyia species, Culex species, Culexp. pipiens, Cuterebra species, Dacus species, Drosophila species, Fannia species, Gastrophilus species, Glossina species, Hypoderma species, Hyppobosca species, Liriomyza species, Lucilia species, Melanagromyza species, Musca species, Oestrus species, Orseolia species, Oscinellafrit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Phorbia species, Rhagoletis pomonella, Sciara species, Stomoxys species, Tabanus species, Tannia species, and Tipula species;
Order Siphonaptera, including Ceratophyllus species, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides species, Oropsylla species, Tulex species and Diamanus species. Order Thysanura, including Lepisma saccharina; Order Lepidoptera; including Acleris species, Adoxophyes species, Aegeria species, Agrotis species, Alabama argulaceae, Amylois species, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips species, Argyrotaenia species, Autographa species, Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Carposina nipponensis, Chilo species, Choristoneura species, Clysia ambigueua, Cnaphalocrocis species, Cnephasia species, Cochylis species, Coleophora species, Crocidolomia binotaus, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, Cydia species, Diatraea species, Diparopsis castanea, Earias species, Ephestia species, Eucosma species, Eupoecilia ambiguena, Euproctis species, Euxoa species, Grapholita species, Hedya nubiferana, Heliothis species, Hellula andalis, Hyphantria cunea, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocllethis species, Lobesia botrana, Lymantria species, Lyonetia species, Malacosoma species, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Operophtera species, Ostrinia nubilalis, Pammene species, Pandemis species, Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypieua, Phthorimaea operculeua, Pieris rapae, Pieris species, Plutella xylostella, Prays species, Scirpophaga species, Sesamia species, Sparganothis species, Spodoptera species, Synanthedon species, Thaumetopoea species, Tortrix species, Trichoplusia ni, and Yponomeuta species; Order Coleoptera, including Agriotes species, Anthonomus species, Atomaria linearis, Chaetocnema tibialis, Cosmopolites species, Curculio species, Dermestes species, Diabrotica species, Epilachna species, Eremnus species, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lissorhoptrus species, Melolontha species, Oryzaephilus species, Otiorhynchus species, Phlyctinus species, Popillia species, Psylliodes species, Rhizopertha species, Scarabeidae, Sitophilus species, Sitotroga species, Tenebrio species, Tribolium species, and Trogoderma species;
Order Orthoptera, including Blatta species, Blattella species, Gryllotalpa species, Leucophaea maderae, Locusta species, Periplaneta species, and Schistocerca species Order Isoptera, including Reticulitermes species;
Order Psocoptera, including Liposcelis species; Order Anoplura, including Haematopinus species, Phthirus pubis; Linognathus species, Pediculus species, Pemphigus species, and Phylloxera species; Order Mallophaga, including Damalinea species and Trichodectes species; Order Thysanoptera, including Frankliniella species, Hercinothrips species,
Taeniothrips species, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips aurantii and
Order Heteroptera, including Cimex species, Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus species, Euchistus species, Eurygaster species, Leptocorisa species, Nezara species, Piesma species, Rhodnius species, Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophara species and Triatoma species.
Order Scopriones, including Centruriodes species, Euscorpius species, Parabuthus species, and Vaejovis species. Order Araneae, including Latrodectus species, Loxosceles species, and Brachypelma species.
Order Hemiptera, including Cimicidae species, Enicocephalidae species, Pentatomidae species, Gerridae species, Saldidae species, Belostomatidae species, and Nepidae species.
Class Diplipoda (millipedes).
Class Chilopoda (centipedes).
In particular embodiments, the pest is a member of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, including soft and hard ticks; Diptera, including Tabanidae, anophelines, and culecines; or Siphonoptera. In other particular embodiments, the pest belongs to a particular species, such as Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea), Homalodisca coagulata (glassy- winged sharpshooter), or Culex pithiens (mosquito).
Other exemplary arthropod pests and/or parasites include fleas; mosquitoes; bees, yellow jackets, and wasps; cockroaches, including the American and German cockroach; termites; houseflies and silverleaf whiteflies; lacey-winged sharpshooters or glassy-winged sharpshooters; leaf hoppers, such as the grape or potato leafhoppers; cabbage looper (Lepidoptera); ants, such as the pharaoh ant, argentine ant, carpenter ant, and fire ant; stink or lygus bugs; leafininers; western flower thrips; aphids, such as melon aphids and black bean aphids; arachnids, such as spiders, ticks, and plant mites, including two-spotted spider mites, McDaniel mites, Pacific mites, and European mites.
A "pest control agent" is a compound or composition that controls the behavior of a pest by causing an adverse effect on that pest, including (but not limited to) physiological damage to the pest; inhibition or modulation of pest growth; inhibition or modulation of pest reproduction; inhibition or complete deterrence of pest movement into a locus; initiation or promotion of pest movement away from a locus; inhibition or complete suppression of pest feeding activity; or death of the pest. A pest control agent may be considered a "pesticide" if it kills at least one individual in a pest population. Additionally, a pest control agent may be non-lethal at a particular concentration or amount (such as a deterrent of pests) and a pesticide at a different concentration or amount. A "pesticidally effective amount" of a compound refers to an amount that has an adverse biological effect on at least some of the pests exposed to the pesticide or pest control agent. For example, the effective amount of a compound may be an amount sufficient to repel a pest from a locus, induce sterility in a pest, or inhibit oviposition in a pest. As another example, a "pesticidally effective amount" of a compound is capable of killing at least some individuals in a pest population. In specific embodiments, this pesticide is fatal to at least 10% of the pests treated. In particular embodiments, the pesticidally effective amount kills at least 20%, or even 50%, of the pest population. In more particular embodiments, the pesticidally effective amount kills over 90%, and nearly 100%, of the pest population. Specific examples of pesticidally effective amounts and treatments are provided in the Examples below. The term "amount sufficient to inhibit infestation" refers to that amount sufficient to deter, depress, or repel a portion of a pest population so that a disease or infected state in a host population is inhibited or avoided. A pesticidally effective amount, or an amount sufficient to inhibit infestation, for a given compound may be determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and efficacy. Some such routine screening procedures are discussed in the Examples below or in Maupin, G. O., and Piesman, J., J. Med. Entomol., 31:319-21 (1994). Particular examples of pesticidal compounds described herein have an LD50 or LC50 of about 65 x 10"3 or less, such as less than 25 x 10"3, less than 10 x 10"3, less than 5 x 10"3, less than 5 x 10"3, than 3 x 10"3, or even less than 1 x 10"3.
Compounds or compositions having a higher level of pesticidal activity can be used in smaller amounts and concentrations, while compounds or compositions having a lower level of pesticidal activity may require larger amounts or concentrations in order to achieve the same pestical effect. Additionally, some compounds or compositions demonstrating pesticidal activity may demonstrate non- lethal pest control effects at a different concentration or amount, such as a lower concentration or amount. Non-lethal pest control effects include anti-feeding, reduced fecundity, reduced oviposition, inhibited ecdysis, and sterility. The term "phenyl" refers to a phenyl group, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with a substituent selected from lower alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, hydroxy and halo.
The term "phenylalkyl" refers to a phenyl group appended to a lower alkyl radical including, but not limited to, benzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, and 1 -naphthylmethyl.
The term "subject" includes both human and veterinary subjects, such as primates, canines, felines, and rodents.
The term "thioalkoxyalkyl" refers to a thioalkoxy group appended to a lower alkyl radical.
Other chemistry terms herein are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1985) and The Condensed Chemical Dictionary (1981).
All chemical compounds include both the L- and D-stereoisomers, as well as either the L- or D-stereoisomer, unless otherwise specified.
Compounds and Compositions
The compounds described herein are terpenes and terpene derivatives, including sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives based on a root structure having the formula C15H24, though analogs of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives may be produced by additions and substitutions of chemical moities. In particular embodiments, the compounds comprise eremophilane sesquiterpenes, natural product two-ring sesquiterpenes based on eremophilane as a parent structure:
Figure imgf000014_0001
Eremophilane and eremophilane sesquiterpenes are further described in W.M.B. Konst, et al, Flavours (Mar/Apr 1975), pages 121-125; and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: Section F-Natural Products and Related Compounds, Recommendations 1976, IUPAC Information Bulletin Appendices on Tentative Nomenclature, Symbols, Units, and Standards, No. 53, December, 1976 (also found in: Eur. J. Biochem. 86:1-8 (1978)).
The pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes described herein may be represented by Formula I:
Figure imgf000015_0001
Formula I
where
Figure imgf000015_0002
maybe
Figure imgf000015_0003
and where Y is
Figure imgf000015_0004
and Rls R2, R3, Ri, R5, Re, R7, R8 R9 R10 Rπ, and R12 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. Additionally, the selection of R1} R , R3, R4, R5, Rό, R7, R8 R9 R10 Rπ, and R12 should satisfy valence requirements. In some embodiments, one or two of the bonds C1-C2, C -C3, C3-C , C4-C5, C5-C10, C5-C6, C6-C7, C -C8, C8-C9, C9-C10, or o- is a double bond. If C10-C1 or C -C10 is a double bond, then R5 is absent to satisfy valence requirements. In some embodiments, one or two ring bonds in the left ring (i.e., C1-C2, C2-C3, C -C , C4-C5, C5-C10, or C10-Cι) is a double bond, or one or two of the ring bonds in the right ring (i.e., one of the bonds C5- 0, C5-C6, C6-C , C7-C8, C8-C9, or C -C10) is a double bond, or one of the ring bonds in each ring is a double bond. In particular embodiments, a double bond is located at a particular position on the ring structure, such as a double bond at either Cι-C10 or C8-C9 or both Cι-C10 or C8-C9. Additionally, any of - o maybe carbon, CH, or CH , as appropriate, to satisfy valence requirements. In particular embodiments, C10-C1 is a double bond, and in more particular embodiments, both Ci-C10 and C8-C9 are double bonds. In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula I is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000016_0001
In some embodiments, lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl, lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol is an alkyl thiol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a carbonyl containing lower alkyl, thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a thiocarbonyl containing lower alkyl, lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkyl ether, and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkyl epoxide.
In some embodiments, one or more of the R-groups on the ring structure (R - Rπ) are H while the remainder are certain substituents, such as =O, -OH, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. For example, all of R3-Rπ may be H, or all but two or three of R -Rπ maybe H. In particular embodiments, R3, R4, R5 R6, R8, and Rπ are H and R7, R9, and R10 are other R-groups, such as =O, -OH, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl thiol, carbonyl containing lower alkyl, thiocarbonyl containing lower alkyl, lower alkyl ether, or lower alkyl epoxide. In more particular embodiments, R9, and R10 are lower alkyl, such as methyl. In other particular embodiments, R is an oxygen-containing group, such as =O, -OH, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower alkyl epoxide, or carbonyl containing lower aliphatic. In some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000017_0001
In particular embodiments, one of the bonds Cπ- i or Cπ-R2 is a double bond and R12 is absent. In more particular embodiments, the Cπ-R2 bond is a double bond. In some embodiments, Rl5 R2, and R12 are independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether), carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic (for example, carbonyl-containing alkyl), or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In particular embodiments, R2 is =O, with the bond C11-R2 being a double bond. In even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH2OH), or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). In some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000017_0002
In particular embodiments, R is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In even more particular embodiments, R\ is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower aklyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). Certain exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiteφenes are represented by Formula II:
Figure imgf000018_0001
Formula II where Y is
Figure imgf000018_0002
and, similar to the R-groups of Formula I, R1? R2, R3, Rt, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. Additionally, the eremophilane ring structures of compounds described by Formula II may contain double-bonds as described with respect to Formula I.
The compounds of Formula II form a subset of the compounds described in Formula I, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formula I are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula H For example, the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R7 of Formula I correspond to R5 of Formula II. As another example, the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R5, R6, and R8, of Formula I correspond to R7 of Formula II, and the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to, Rπ, R3 and I? of Formula I correspond to R6 of Formula II. As yet another example, the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R , R2, and R12 of Formula I correspond to R\, R2, and R8 of Formula II, respectively, and the substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to R9, and R10 of Formula I correspond to Rt and R8 of Formula II, respectively. In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula II is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000019_0001
In some embodiments, lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl; lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol; lower aliphatic thiol is a lower alkyl thiol; lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is a lower alkyl carboxylic acid; carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower carbonyl containing alkane; thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower thiocarbonyl containing alkane; lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkane ether; and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkane epoxide.
In some embodiments, R3, i, R5, R6, R7, and R8, are independently =O, - OH, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. In alternative embodiments, several of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8, are substituents and the others are H. For example, R , R4, and R5 can be substituents and the others H. In particular embodiments, R is =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. In more particular embodiments, R5 is =O, or -OH and R3, and R are lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). hi some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000019_0002
In particular embodiments, one of the bonds carbon-R1 or carbon-R2 is a double bond and R8 is absent, h more particular embodiments, the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond and R8 is absent. hi some embodiments, Rl5 R2, and R8 are independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In particular embodiments, R2 is O and the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond. In even more particular embodiments, Rt is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., - CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). In some embodiments, Y is
Ri
In particular embodiments, Ri is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). h some embodiments, Y is
Ri
In particular embodiments, Ri is independently H, -C=O, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide); and R2 is independently O, S, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In particular embodiments, R2 is O. hi even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). h some embodiments, R6 and R7 form an epoxide group at Ci and C10 on the eremophilane ring structure, similar to the joining of R5 and R6 at and C10 described with respect to Forumula I. In such embodiments, compounds described by Formula II are based on the structure:
Figure imgf000021_0001
Certain other exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are represented by Formula III:
Figure imgf000021_0002
Formula III where Y is
Figure imgf000021_0003
and, similar to the R-groups of Formula I, Ri, R2, R3, Ri, R5, R6, Ri, and R8 are each independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. Additionally, the eremophilane ring structures of compounds described by Formula III may contain double-bonds as described with respect to Formulas I and II.
The compounds of Formula III form a subset of the compounds described by Formulas I and II, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula III. In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula III is a specific stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000022_0001
In some embodiments, lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl; lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol; lower aliphatic thiol is a lower alkyl thiol; lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is a lower alkyl carboxylic acid; carbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower carbonyl containing alkane; thiocarbonyl containing lower aliphatic is a lower thiocarbonyl containing alkane; lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkane ether; and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkane epoxide. In some embodiments, R3, R_ι, R5, R6, R7, and R8, are independently =O, -
OH, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. In alternative embodiments, several of R , R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8, are substituents and the others are H. For example, R3, Rt, and R5 can be substituents and the others H. In particular embodiments, R5 is =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. In more particular embodiments, R5 is =O, or —OH and R3, and R4 are lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
In some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000022_0002
In particular embodiments, one of the bonds carbon-R] or carbon-R2 is a double bond and R8 is absent, hi more particular embodiments, the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond and R8 is absent.
. In some embodiments, Rl5 R2, and R8 are independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In particular embodiments, R2 is O and the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond. In even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., — CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). In some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000023_0001
hi particular embodiments, Ri is H, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
In some embodiments, Y is
Figure imgf000023_0002
In particular embodiments, Ri is independently H, -C=O, -OH, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide); and R2 is independently O, S, lower aliphatic (for example, lower alkyl), lower aliphatic alcohol (for example, lower alkyl alcohol), lower aliphatic ether (for example, lower alkyl ether) or lower aliphatic epoxide (for example, lower alkyl epoxide). In particular embodiments, R2 is O. hi even more particular embodiments, Ri is lower aliphatic alcohol, such as a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower aliphatic, such as lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). Certain other exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are represented by Formula IN:
Figure imgf000024_0001
Formula IN where Y is
Figure imgf000024_0002
and, similar to the R-groups of Formula I, Rl3 R2, R3, i, R5, and R6 are each independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. The compounds described by Formula IN form a subset of the compounds described by Fonnulas I and II. All chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding positions on Formula IN.
In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula IV is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000024_0003
Other exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are represented by Formula N:
Figure imgf000024_0004
Formula N where Y is
R2
■ - -. -
Ri and
Ri is lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; R2 is lower alkyl, or O; R is lower alkyl; RΔ, is lower alkyl; and R5 is H, -OH, =O; lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; or Y is
Figure imgf000025_0001
R1 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; R3 is lower alkyl; 4 is lower alkyl; and R5 is H, -OH, =O; lower alkyl alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; or Y is
Figure imgf000025_0002
R\ is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl ether, lower alkyl aldehyde, lower alkyl ketone, or lower alkyl epoxide; R2 is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl ether, lower alkyl aldehyde, lower alkyl ketone, or lower alkyl epoxide; R3 is lower alkyl; R is lower alkyl; and R5 is H, - OH, =O; lower alkyl alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; R8 is H, -OH, lower aliphatic, or lower aliphatic alcohol. However, if either the carbon-Ri or carbon-R2 is a double bond, then R8 is absent. For example, in some embodiments, the carbon- R2 bond is a double bond, such as embodiments where R2 is O, the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond, and R\ is a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl).
The compounds described by Formula N form a subset of the compounds described by Formulas I and II, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula N. In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula N is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000026_0001
In some embodiments, R3 is lower alkyl, such as methyl, hi some examples, R4 is lower alkyl (such as methyl) or lower alkyl alcohol (such as -CH2OH). In some examples, R5 is H. In other embodiments, R5 is H or -OH, Y is
,R2 O or
Ri Ri and Ri is lower alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl, or lower alkyl alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol.
In other embodiments, Y is
O
Ri and Ri is lower alkyl alcohol or lower alkyl alcohol. In such embodiments, R3 and t may independently be lower alkyl, and R5 may be H. In other embodiments, Y is
- .-R2
Ri
Ri is lower alkyl alcohol and R2 is O or lower alkyl. In such embodiments, R3 and R4 may independently be methyl, and R5 may be H. Still other exemplary pesticidal eremophilane sesquiterpenes are represented by Formula NI:
Figure imgf000027_0001
Formula NI where Y is
Figure imgf000027_0002
and, similar to the R-groups of Formula I, R\, Rz, R3, Rt, R5, and R8 are each independently H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, tliiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. The compounds described by Formula NI form a subset of the compounds described by Formulas I and II, and all chemical substitutions and modifications discussed in relation to Formulas I and II are possible at the corresponding structure positions on Formula NI.
In some embodiments, a compound according to Formula NI is a particular stereoisomer, such as:
Figure imgf000027_0003
In particular embodiments, Y is R2
Ri
and Ri is lower alkyl or lower alkyl alcohol; R2 is lower alkyl, or O; R3 is lower alkyl; t is lower alkyl; and R5 is H, -OH, or =O. In other particular embodiments, Y is
Ri and
Ri is lower alkyl or lower alkyl alcohol; R3 is lower alkyl; Rj is lower alkyl; and R5 is H, -OH, or =O. In still other particular embodiments, Y is
-Rs and Ri is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl ether, or lower alkyl epoxide; R2 is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl ether, or lower alkyl epoxide; R3 is lower alkyl; t is lower alkyl; R5 is H, -OH, or =O; and R8 is H, -OH, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl alcohol. However, if either the carbon-R! or carbon-R2 is a double bond, then R8 is absent. For example, in some embodiments, the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond, h even more particular embodiments, R2 is O, the carbon-R2 bond is a double bond, and Ri is a lower alkyl alcohol (e.g., -CH2OH) or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl). While some of the compounds encompassed by Formulas I- VI are known — for example, valencene, nootkatol, epinootkatol, and nootkatone — many other compounds are novel. Examples of novel compounds include, but are not limited to, 13 -hydroxy- valencene, valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide. Valencene, nootkatol, epinootkatol, nootkatone, and nootkatene are commercially available and may be isolated from natural sources. For example, nootkatone may be prepared according to the methods and processes of U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,226 and WO 97/22575 Al, and valencene and nootkatone maybe obtained from Bedoukian Research Inc., of Danbury, CT. These compounds are known to be nontoxic to humans and non-human animals. For example, nootkatone is used as a fragrance and food flavoring.
The compounds described by Formulas I, II, III, IV, V and/or VI, including 13 -hydroxy- valencene, valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone-l,10-ll,12-diepoxide, maybe isolated from natural sources, such as Alaska yellow Cedar, Alpinia species, bitter cardamom, and citrus fruits (e.g., grapefruit), may be semi-synthesized from compounds isolated from such natural sources, or may be completely synthesized. Example 1 provides one method for isolating compounds from Alaska yellow cedar, and Examples 11-14 illustrate semi- synthesis of the compounds.
Compounds described herein may be described by their common names, numerical compound identifiers, or IUPAC names. Certain, non-limiting exemplary compounds are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Figure imgf000029_0001
Compounds 10, 13, 15, and 18 (13-hydroxy-valencene, valencene- 11,12- epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide) are understood to be novel compounds.
In some embodiments, the addition of oxygen-containing groups increases the bioactivity of the compound. Exemplary oxygen-containing groups include double-bond oxygen moities and hydroxy-containing or carbonyl-containing groups, such as =O, -OH, lower aliphatic alcohol (such as methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol), lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic (such as a ketone or aldehyde), lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide. In other embodiments, the addition of R-groups containing hydrogen-bonding atoms or functional groups, including both hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors, increases the bioactivity of the compound. It is understood that some R- groups may be both oxygen-containing groups and hydrogen-bond donors or acceptors. Additionally, sulfur-containing group analogous to the oxygen- containing groups (where the group contains a sulfur atom in the position otherwise occupied by an oxygen atom) described herein increase the bioactivity of compounds in some embodiments.
Tables 2 and 3 present particular embodiments of compounds according to Formula I:
Figure imgf000030_0001
Formula I
where Y is
R2
Ri R12
In the exemplary compounds listed in Table 2, the Ci-C10 bond is a double bond and R5 is absent. Additionally, some of these compounds also are encompassed and may be described by Formula II, III, IV, V and/or VI. Table 2
Figure imgf000031_0001
Table 3
Figure imgf000032_0001
As illustrated by the exemplary compounds of Tables 1-3, particular embodiments employ compounds where R and R2 are independently lower alkyl, lower alcohol, or lower alkenyl; R , R_ι, and R6 are H; R7 is H, -OH, or =O; R8 is H; R and R10 are independently lower alkyl, lower alcohol, or lower aldehyde; Rπ is H; and Ri2 is H, —OH, lower alcohol, or carbonyl-containing lower alkyl.
Specific examples of compounds encompassed by Formulas I- VI include those listed in Table 4, though this list of compounds is merely representative and not exhaustive.
Table 4
Figure imgf000033_0001
Pesticidally Acceptable Salts and Compositions All compounds described herein may be used in pure form or in the form of a pesticidally acceptable salt. Pesticidally acceptable salts of the compound of any of Formulas I- VI may be salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, terpenoid acids (e.g., abiotic acid), or natural phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid and its derivatives). Additionally, the compound of any of Formulas I- VI may be included as an active ingredient within a composition, for example, a pesticide or pest control agent, in a free form or in the form of a a pesticidally acceptable salt.
A pesticidal composition includes one or more of the above-described compounds and a pesticidally acceptable carrier, additive, or adjuvant, and the pesticidal composition may function as a pesticide or pest control agent.
Such pesticidal compositions may be in the form of a solid, liquid, gas, or gel. If a solid composition is created, suitable solid carriers include agriculturally useful and commercially available powders. Liquid compositions may be aqueous or non-aqueous, depending on the needs of the user applying the pesticidal composition, and liquids may exist as emulsions, suspensions, or solutions. Exemplary compositions include (but are not limited to) powders, dusts, granulates, topical oils, encapsulations, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions, coatable pastes, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dispersible powders, or fumigants.
The particle or droplet size of a particular composition may be altered according to its intended use. The pesticidal composition also may include an apparatus for containing or dispersing the compound or composition, such as a storage kit, fumigant bottle (such as the commonly named "flea bomb"), or insect trap.
Pesticidally acceptable carriers, additives, and adjuvants include stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, extenders, solvents, surfactants, antifoaming agents, viscosity regulators, binders, tackers, or other chemical agents, such as fertilizers, antibiotics, fungicides, nematicides, or herbicides. Such carriers, additives, and adjuvants may be used in solid, liquid, gas, or gel form, depending on the embodiment and its intended application. Pesticidally acceptable adjuvants are those materials that assist or enhance the action of a compound or composition. Surfactants and antifoaming agents are just two examples of pesticidally acceptable adjuvants. However, any particular material may alternatively function as a "carrier," "additive," or "adjuvant" in alternative embodiments, or may fulfill more than one function.
Certain additives, carriers, or adjuvants may be active or inactive materials or substances. In some instances, the efficacy of a composition may be increased by adding one or more other components that minimize toxicity to hosts or increase the anti-pest effect of the composition.
Additionally, the composition may include plural pesticidal compounds. Such a composition mcludes a compound as described herein and a second pesticidal compound, and the second pesticidal compound also may be a compound as described herein, or may be any other type or class of pesticide (e.g., an organophosphate or pyrethrin).
In certain compositions, the second pesticidal compound, additive, carrier, or adjuvant provides a synergistic effect by increasing the efficacy of the pesticidal composition more than the additive amount. As just one, non-limiting example, a composition containing both 1% nootkatone and 1% 13 -hydroxy- valencene by weight that is more than twice as effective — such as four times as effective or ten times as effective — than a composition containing only 1% nootkatone or 1% 13- hydroxy- valencene by weight demonstrates a synergistic effect.
The following list of exemplary carriers, additives, and adjuvants is meant to be illustrative, not exhaustive. Suitable solid carriers, such as those used for dusts and dispersible powders, include natural mineral fillers such as calcite, talcum, kaolin, montmorillonite, and attapulgite. Highly dispersed silicic acids or highly dispersed absorbent polymers may be added to such carriers. Granulated materials of inorganic or organic nature may be used, such as dolomite or pulverized plant residues. Suitable porous granulated adsorptive carriers include pumice, broken brick, sepiolite, and bentonite. Additionally, nonsorbent carriers, such as sand, may be used. Some solid carriers are biodegradable polymers, including biodegradable polymers that are digestible or degrade inside an animal's body over time.
Suitable liquid carriers, such as solvents, may be organic or inorganic. Water is one example of an inorganic liquid carrier. Organic liquid carriers include vegetable oils and epoxidized vegetable oils, such as rape seed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, soybean oil and epoxidized rape seed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and other essential oils. Other organic liquid carriers include silicone oils, aromatic hydrocarbons, and partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as alkylbenzenes containing 8 to 12 carbon atoms, including xylene mixtures, alkylated naphthalenes, or tetrahydronaphthalene. Aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, such as paraffins or cyclohexane, and alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, also are suitable organic carriers. Gums, resins, and rosins used in forest products applications and naval stores (and their derivatives) also may be used. Additionally, glycols, including ethers and esters, such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol ether, diethylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, and 2-ethoxyethanol, and ketones, such as cyclohexanone, isophorone, and diacetone alcohol may be used. Strongly polar organic solvents include N-methylpyrrolid-2-one, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N-dimethylformamide.
Suitable surfactants may be nonionic, cationic, or anionic, depending on the nature of the compound used as an active ingredient. Surfactants may be mixed together in some embodiments. Nonionic surfactants include polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and alkylphenols. Fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, also are suitable nonionic surfactants. Other suitable nonionic surfactants include water-soluble polyadducts of polyethylene oxide with polypropylene glycol, ethylenediaminopolypropylene glycol and alkylpolypropylene glycol. Particular nonionic surfactants include nonylphenol polyethoxyethanols, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyadducts of polypropylene and polyethylene oxide, tributylphenol polyethoxylate, polyethylene glycol and octylphenol polyethoxylate. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts carrying, as N-substituents, an 8 to 22 carbon straight or branched chain alkyl radical. The quaternary ammonium salts carrying may include additional substituents, such as unsubstituted or halogenated lower alkyl, benzyl, or hydroxy- lower alkyl radicals. Some such salts exist in the form of halides, methyl sulfates, and ethyl sulfates. Particular salts include stearyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyl bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylammonium bromide. Suitable anionic surfactants may be water-soluble soaps as well as water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds. Suitable soaps include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and unsubstituted or substituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids. Particular soaps include the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures. Synthetic anionic surfactants include fatty sulfonates, fatty sulfates, sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives, and alkylarylsulfonates. Particular synthetic anionic surfactants include the sodium or calcium salt of ligninsulfonic acid, of dodecyl sulfate, or of a mixture of fatty alcohol sulfates obtained from natural fatty acids. Additional examples include alkylarylsulfonates, such as sodium or calcium salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, or dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid. Corresponding phosphates for such anionic surfactants are also suitable.
The concentration of a compound, such as a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI, which serves as an active ingredient, may vary according to particular compositions and applications, a number of embodiments, the percentage by weight of the active ingredient will be from about 0.1% to about 90%. A suitable amount for a particular application may be determined using bioassays for the particular pest intended to be controlled. Higher concentrations are usually employed for commercial purposes or products during manufacture, shipment, or storage; such embodiments have concentrations at least about 10%, or from about 25% to about 90% by weight. Prior to use, a highly concentrated formulation may be diluted to a concentration appropriate for the intended use, such as from about 0.1% to 10%, or from about 1% to 5%. In any such formulation, the active ingredient may be a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI, a corresponding pesticidally acceptable salt, or a mixture thereof.
The compounds have deterrent, repellent, and/or toxic effects on certain pest targets and may function as pest repellents or pest control agents, as well as pesticides. Certain compounds have a lethal effect on specific pests. Unlike a number of commercially available pesticides, many compositions have an active ingredients (such as a compound according to Formula I, II, III, IN, N and/or NI) that are substantially nontoxic to humans and domesticated animals and that have minimal adverse effects on wildlife and the environment.
The efficacy of a subject compound or composition is determined from an adverse effect on the pest population, including (but not limited to) physiological damage to a pest, inhibition or modulation of pest growth, inhibition or modulation of pest reproduction by slowing or arresting proliferation, inhibition or complete deterrence of pest movement into a locus, initiation or promotion of pest movement away from a locus, inhibition or elimination of pest feeding activity, or death of the pest, all of which are encompassed by the term "controlling." Thus, a compound or composition that controls a pest (i.e., a pest control agent or pesticide) adversely affects its presence, status, and/or physiological condition at a locus. The efficacy and quantity of a pesticidally effective amount for a given compound may be determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and efficacy, such as those screening described in the Examples.
Efficacy and appropriateness of a compound also may be assessed by treating an animal, plant, or environmental locus with a compound or composition described herein and observing the effects on the infesting pest population and any harm to plants or animals contacted by the compound, such as phytotoxicity to plants, toxicity to animals, or dermal sensitivity to animals. For example, in certain embodiments, compounds or compositions are directly applied to a host plant or animal actually or potentially infested with a pest. In such embodiments, the efficacy of the compound or composition may be monitored by examining the state of host or environmental locus infestation by the pest population before and after application in light of physiological damage to an animal or plant host infected by the pest population found within the environmental locus. Additionally, the appropriateness of a compound or composition may be assessed by observing any adverse effects to the person applying the composition to an infested plant, animal, or environmental locus. In particular embodiments, the effective amount of a compound or composition meets the mortality, modulation, or control criteria above, and has minimal or no adverse effect on plants, non-human animals, or humans that may come into contact with the compound or composition. The compounds and compositions have a broad range of biocidal effects, such as pesticidal activity against one or more pests, and certain compounds and/or compositions may be more effective on some pests than others. Some compounds according to any of Formulas I- VI, or compositions containing such compounds, may be partially or totally ineffective against some pests at certain concentrations. However, any differences in efficacy should not in any way detract from the utility of these compounds or compositions, or their methods of use, since some of these compounds or compositions may function as broad, general acting pesticides, while other compounds or compositions may function as specific or selective pesticides. The Examples set forth below illustrate methods by which the degree of selectivity of pesticidal activity may be readily ascertained.
The subject compounds and compositions offer several advantages over currently used pesticides. These naturally-occurring compounds may be isolated from a variety of plant sources, including Alaska yellow cedar and grapefruit, and generally exhibit a very high LD50 against non-arthopod animals. Thus, these compounds are relatively nontoxic to humans, domesticated animals and livestock, birds, fish, and other wildlife.
The compounds and compositions described herein may be used to control or eliminate crop pests (and may be used up to harvest), to control the growth of pests on harvested crops and stored foods, and for controlling pests in natural and artificial environments. The compound or composition may be applied to plant and animal parts (e.g., skin, fur, feathers, scales, leaves, flowers, branches, fruits) and to objects within an environment that come into contact with a pest. Additionally, the compound or composition may be included as part of an object held or placed upon a prospective host plant or animal to inhibit pest infestation, such as a collar, clothing, or supporting mechanism (e.g., a stake supporting a seedling tree, a rose trellis, or a cage for supporting a tomato plant).
The compounds and compositions have useful inhibitory and/or curative properties in the field of pest control, even at low concentrations, and may be used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program. These and other methods of using the compounds and compositions are further described below. The compounds and compositions function as topical or ingestible toxins effective against all developmental stages of arthropod pests, such as insects and acarines (i.e., members of taxonomic orders hisecta and Acarina). The onset of the pesticidal action of the compounds and compositions may follow directly (e.g., kill a pest within a short amount of time) or onset of pesticidal action may occur some time after the pest has initially contacted the compound or composition.
Methods of Use
The compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI maybe used as pesticides, including acaricides and insecticides, or may be used as agents to control pests, such as pest repellents. Some embodiments of using these compounds and compositions cover a range of applications involving humans, non-human animals (including domesticated companion animals, livestock, and wildlife), and plants, including recreational, veterinary, agricultural, silvicultural, horticultural, and environmental applications. Other embodiments encompass disease control applications, such as controlling the spread of disease among animals and/or plants by controlling the vector for that disease. Exemplary vector-borne diseases of animals include, but are not limited to: Lyme disease; Dengue Fever; Yellow Fever; tick borne-babesiosis; tuleremia; powassan-like virus infection; tick borne encephalitis; relapsing fever; malaria; encephalitis, such as the disease caused by the West Nile Virus, Eastern equine encephalitis, St. louis encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis and Lacrosse encephalitis; Colorado Tick Fever; ehrlichiosis; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; and the Plague. An exemplary, non-limiting vector-borne disease of plants is Dutch Elm disease, elm yellows phytoplasmas, and apply powdery mildew are non-limiting examples of vector-borne diseases of plants.
In any particular embodiment, the compound or composition is administered in a pesticidally effective amount. That amount may depend on a variety of factors, including (but not limited to) the area to be treated, the pest to be treated, its metabolism, its behavior (e.g., feeding habits, breeding, daily or seasonal activity cycles, development, nesting habits, etc.), and behavior of the host the pest infests. In some embodiments, the compound or composition is applied once, while alternative embodiments employ plural applications of the same or different compounds or compositions. In particular embodiments, the compound or composition is administered on an hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. In any particular embodiment, the frequency of application may be regular or irregular, and the time elapsed between successive applications may be the same or different. For example, and without limitation, the compounds or compositions may be applied every eight to twelve hours; four times per day at irregular intervals; every evening; four times per week; every other day; every other week; every other month; twice a month; every three months; every six months; every nine months; or annually. Like the amount of the compound or composition used in an embodiment, the frequency and number of applications of that compound or composition may depend on a variety of factors, including (but not limited to) the area to be treated, the pest to be treated, its metabolism, and its behavior (e.g., feeding habits, breeding, daily or seasonal activity cycles, development, nesting habits, etc.), and behavior of the host the pest infests.
Included are embodiments where a compound or composition described above is applied to a particular human, non-human animal, plant, inanimate object, or environmental locus. The compound or composition may be applied directly to the pest, thus causing the pest to directly contact the compound, or may be applied to some locus or host that is expected to come into contact with the pest.
If applied to a locus, the compound may be applied to the locus generally, such as by an aerosol or fumigant, or applied to a human, non-human animal, plant, or inanimate object within that locus. The size of a particular locus may vary considerably according to the method of application. For example, in area- wide applications, the compound is dispersed over a locus of an environment, rather than intentionally directed at a particular pest, human, plant, or inanimate object. The locus of an area- wide application may be several hundred to thousands of acres, if the compound is used for agricultural spraying or to control the spread of a vector- borne disease; in structural applications, such as controlling pests within a home or restaurant, the locus may be several hundred several thousand square feet. However, in personal, veterinary, or horticultural applications, such as using topical pest repellent spray or ointment, or using a flea shampoo to bathe a pet, the locus may be limited to the area in the immediate vicinity of the animal, plant, or human host.
The size of the locus also may vary according to such factors as the intended application, presence of humans or non-human animals, level of human or non- human activity within the locus, type of formulation embodying the compound or composition, and environmental factors, such as wind speed, humidity, temperature, and anticipated rainfall.
Methods of application include spraying, atomizing, dusting, immersing, coating, dressing, scattering, and pouring, h particular embodiments, the compound or composition is provided or administered to a human or non-human animal, such as oral administration (for example, as a pill, powder, tablet, capsule, or food supplement), intravenous injection, percutaneous injection, or topical treatment. In more particular embodiments, the composition is a topical oil, lotion, or cream and the compound is absorbed through the skin. A particular method of application may be selected in accordance with the intended objectives of and circumstances related to a particular use.
The frequency of application also may depend on the residual action of the particular compound or composition. "Residual action" refers to the length of time a compound or composition may exist in a particular environment and remain effective. For example, one particular compound lasts approximately 11 weeks in a protected environment before it begins to degrade and lose effectiveness. See Example 5 below. A person using a compound, such as using a pesticidal composition having this compound as an effective ingredient to control ants, could apply the compound to some locus in a protected environment, such as a household basement, every 11 weeks.
Some formulations embodying compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI may offer certain advantages, such as long term effect due to extended residual action, or high levels of safety and efficacy for veterinary, agricultural, and nuisance pest applications. The compounds and compositions described herein may be employed in formulations intended for use in public or private homes, residences, businesses, restaurants, hospitals, or other similar places of human activity. In such embodiments, the formulations may be used to kill or repel pests, such as mosquitos, ants, spiders, or roaches, and may be applied directly to the pests or a locus the pest is expected to contact. For example, flea bomb or other fumigant containing an active ingredient in the form of a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI could be used within a home, such as applied within a particular room of a home, to control fleas. As another example, a commercial spray containing an active ingredient in the form of a compound according to any of Formulas I- VI could be applied to the floors and other interior spaces of a restaurant to control cockroaches. In any such embodiment, the formulation may kill or repel a pest by directly contacting the pest, may be induced into the atmosphere of the locus, or may be applied to a human, non-human animal, plant, or inanimate object (e.g., the surface of a floor) expected to come into contact with the pest.
Certain embodiments employ formulations for use on humans, non-human animals, or plants for their protection. For example, certain formulations may be insecticides and/or acaricides sprayed onto the leaves of indoor plants for controlling aphids. Other formulations may embody compounds or compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI as lotions or oils that repel pests.
Certain embodiments encompass protection of homes, buildings, or other structures from nuisance insects, such as termites, cockroaches, and ants. In such methods, the compound or composition may be applied to a locus within or outside the structure protected, such as spraying onto floors or inside cupboards, or soaking the ground outside the structure. Additionally, the compound or composition may be embedded within materials used to construct the structure, such as siding, wall studs, or beams. Certain nontoxic compounds and compositions may be used to control pests parasitic to a particular subject. The subject may be a human or non-human animal, including domesticated animals and livestock, such as dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, cattle, swine, sheep, fowl, and goats. In such embodiments, the compound or composition may be provided to the human or non-human animal as a topical formulation, such as a cream, lotion, ointment, dip, shampoo, spotting liquid or spray, or provided in the form of a wearable product, such as a collar, ear tag, or piece of clothing. The compound or composition maybe administered orally, rectally, or by injection, such as by a pill, solution, subcutaneous injection, or subcutaneous implant, hi any such application, the frequency of treatment of the subject to be treated by the compound or composition is generally from about once per week to about once per year, such as from about once every two weeks to about once every six months, or from about once per month to about once every three months. The appropriate dose provided or administered in a particular embodiment may vary according to the efficacy of the particular compound or composition; intended biocidal spectrum of the compound or composition; the physiological state or health of the subject, including allergic indications of the subject; and environmental considerations, such as exposure to wind, rain, heat, or cold. Suitable doses include from about 1 to 500 mg/kg (mg of compound or composition per kg body weight of the host), such as from about 1 to about 100 mg/kg, from about 1 to about 50 mg/kg, from about 5 to about 50 mg/kg, from about 5 to about 10 mg/kg, from about 10 to about 100 mg/kg, or less than 1 mg/kg. The compound or composition may be used to clean the animal, such as by an owner bathing or placing a flea collar on a pet, or in veterinary applications. Cleaning an animal may be distinguished from treating an animal body, since an animal in good health would not require substantial treatment to correct a deficiency of health. In certain embodiments, the compounds or compositions applied in an area- wide manner, such as in protection of agricultural crops described below. In addition to agricultural applications, area-wide applications may include silvicultural, horticultural, or other forms of environmental pest management and control. In such embodiments, a compound or composition may be applied to plant foliage, such as spraying or dusting, or applied to the soil, such as drenching a particular locus with a liquid formulation or applying the active ingredient in solid form to a locus. In some instances, plants within or adjacent to the locus of application may absorb the active ingredient or composition through their roots. In other instances, the active ingredient will remain in the environment, such as when a compound or composition is applied to a stagnant body of water to control mosquito larvae. Certain embodiments use the compounds and compositions described herein for pest control in food production and storage. For example, certain compositions may be used as agricultural pesticides to control pests and protect grain, vegetable, herb, spice, or fruit crops. Compositions also may be used to control pests affecting other plants useful or important in agricultural or horticultural production, such as those plants or crops producing cotton, flax, tobacco, hemp, rubber, nuts, nursery stock, and ornamental plant parts.
The compounds and compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI may be used to protect plant products not only during growth and production, but also during storage or transport of such products. For example, some embodiments use compounds or compositions to protect grain stored in silos, bales of cotton or tobacco stored in warehouses, or bushels of fruit being transported from an orchard.
The compounds and compositions described herein also may be used to protect plant propagation material, such as seeds, fruit, tubers, or plant cuttings. The propagation material may be treated with the formulation before planting, such as soaking, coating, or dressing seeds prior to sowing. The compounds and compositions also may be applied to the soil where the propagation material will be planted, such as in-furrow application to protect seeds. hi such applications, the compound or composition may be applied to provide a certain concentration of the compound in the environment at a particular locus. That certain concentration may be measured, established, or determined according to the needs of the user. For example, when applying the compound or composition to crops, the rate of application may depend on the nature of soil, the type of application (e.g., spraying crop foliage, burial in soil), the crop plant to be protected, the pest to be controlled, the prevailing climatic conditions, growing season, proximity to residential areas or protected environments, and other factors. As another example, when applying the compound or composition to stored or transported agricultural products, the rate of application may depend on the localized environment (e.g., storage within a warehouse, storage under a covered shelter, transport within a trailer), expected duration of storage, product to be protected, the pest to be controlled, economic considerations, and other factors. In certain embodiments, the rates of concentration are in the range from about 0.01 to about 1000 ppm (parts-per-million), such as from about 0.1 to about 500 ppm, of active ingredient. In area- wide applications, rates of application per hectare may be from about 0.5 g/ha to 2000 g/ha, such as particularly from about 10 to 1000 g/ha, or from about 20 to 600 g/ha. As one non-limiting example, pesticides for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria may be used in area- wide applications at a rate of application of about 70 g/ha to about 1.15 kg/ha.
Use of pesticides is regulated in the United States by state and federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Admimstration (FDA). Relevant regulatory programs include the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). Certain articles of manufacture in accordance with these governmental and regulatory considerations may be made using compounds or compositions according to any of Formulas I- VI.
In such embodiments, a pesticidally active compound according to any of Formulas I- VI is embodied in an acceptable carrier and stored within a container capable of storing the composition for its shelf life. The container may be made of any suitable material such as plastic or other polymer, glass, metal, or the like. Printed instructions and/or a printed label indicating that the composition may be used to control pests are associated with this container. The instructions and/or label may provide information regarding the use of the composition for pesticidal purposes in accordance with the treatment method set forth herein and may be associated with the container by being adhered to the container, or accompanying the container in a package. The label may indicate the composition is approved for use as a pesticide, and the instructions may specify the pests intended to be controlled by the composition, the method and rate of application, dilution protocols, use precautions, and the like. Additionally, the container may include a feature or device for applying the composition to the pest population or locus to be treated. For example, if the article of manufacture includes a liquid composition, the feature or device may be a hand-operated, motorized, or pressurized pressure-driven sprayer. In certain embodiments, the article of manufacture includes, packaged together, a vessel — such as a tube, barrel, bottle, bottle, or can — containing the composition and instructions for use of the composition for controlling a pest. In other embodiments, the article of manufacture is a device that includes the compound as part of the device, such as a surface coated with the compound, for example a bait trap or flea collar. In alternative embodiments, the article of manufacture includes packaging material containing the composition. Additionally, the packaging material may include a label indicating that the composition may be used for controlling a pest and, in particular embodiments, a pesticide for killing a pest. Examples of articles of manufacture include, but are not limited to, spray bottles of a ready-to-use formulation for household use; bottles, cans, or barrels containing concentrated formulations that may be diluted for area-wide applications; containers of concentrated formulations for use in industrial settings; flea collars or ear tags for domesticated companion animals and livestock; bottles or kits for shampooing, dipping, or cleaning domesticated companion animals or livestock; a bottle containing a formulation for human use as a shampoo or body wash; plastic tubules containing a topical oil for applying to a domesticated animal; and rodent bait boxes or host targeted bait boxes containing a pesticidal composition for killing ectoparisites infesting the host animal.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided to illustrate particular features of certain embodiments. The scope of the invention should not be limited to those features exemplified.
Example 1 Isolating Certain Compounds from Alaska yellow Cedar This example illustrates one method of isolating pesticidal ermorphilane sesquiterpenes from Alaska yellow cedar {Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), including nootkatone, 13-hydroxy-valencene, and valencene- 11,12-epoxide.
Alaska cedar tree An Alaska cedar tree was collected from the Hunqry Mountain area on the
Sol Due River drainage on the western slopes of the Olympic Mountains in the Olympic National Forest. A botanical voucher specimen (#188046) is deposited in the Oregon State University Herbarium. The heartwood was separated from sapwood and bark and then chipped in a grinder to approximately 15x10 mm chips and stored at room temperature until used.
Extraction of the essential oils
Steam distillation
Steam distillation of the heartwood chips was carried out in a standard apparatus, in which 1.5 kg of chips were steam distilled for 6-12 hours to yield 26 grams of essential oil. The oil was recovered by extraction of the combined water/oil distillate with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, resulting in a yellow oil. Nootkatin tended to crystallize out in the condenser during distillation, so diethyl ether was periodically used to dissolve these crystals into the oil fraction. Nootkatin crystallized out of the Alaska cedar oil when it was placed in the refrigerator. These crystals were recovered by decanting the oil and re-crystallization of the nootkatin from the oil solution to give pure material. The remaining Alaska cedar oil that was used in this study was substantially free of nootkatin with only trace amounts of nootkatin present.
Extraction by diethyl ether
200 grams of Alaska cedar heartwood chips were twice extracted with 3 liters of diethyl ether for 24 hours at room temperature to ensure complete extraction of the oil. The combined ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated to give 2.2 grams of an oil.
Isolation of compounds
Isolation from the steam distilled oil:
The essential oil components were separated and purified by traditional column chromatography. When packing a column, a degased slurry of solvent and adsorbent (Kieselgel 60 PF254 Silica gel, Germany) was poured into a glass column with a diameter and height determined by sample size. The solvent was drained until its level was just over the top of adsorbent. The stopper of the column was closed and the column was ready for use.
The distilled oil (62 grams) was dissolved in 50 ml of hexane and chromatographed over a Silica gel 60 column (7x45cm) using a gradient solvent mixture of hexane and diethyl ether from 100% hexane to 60:40 (hexane/diethyl ether, v/v). Aliquots of 20 mL eluent were collected with a Gilson FC-100 fraction collector and monitored by TLC developed with dichloromethane. The plates were visualized under UV light and subsequently sprayed with acidic vanillin solution, followed by heating. Aliquots of eluent with same component checked by TLC were combined together to form one fraction. Seven major fractions were obtained after the first chromatographing of the crude distilled oil (62g): I (11.31 g), II (20.6g), III (0.48g), IV (18.03g), V (3.45g), VI (5.08g), VII (1.13g).
Fraction I was found to mainly contain valencene and nootkatene and a trace of methyl carvacrol by gas chromotography. Fraction II was highly pure carvacrol checked by gas chromotography.
Fraction III was a mixture of trace components by comparing its chromatogram to that of the crude oil in gas chromotagraphy.
Fraction IV showed two main spots on a TLC plate developed by dichloromethane, one visible under UV light and the other only after being sprayed with acidic vanillin solution, followed by heating. Their Rf values were 0.29 and 0.42, respectively. This fraction was analyzed by gas chromotography and found to consist of nootkatone (Rf 0.29) and one unknown compound named "unknown compound 1," Rf 0.42. A portion of this fraction (5 g) was rechromatographed twice over a Kieselgel column (5x45 cm) with dichloromethane as mobile phase and yielded the two pure compounds, nootkatone (1.55 g) and unknown compound 1 (0.68 g). As shown in FIG. 1 A, unknown compound 1 was subsequently identified as 13-hydroxy-valencene.
Fraction V was still a mixture, which contained small amount of almost every component in the crude oil. Fraction VI checked by gas chromotography and TLC was found to contain one main compound (Rf 0.43 in hexane/ethyl acetate 70/30 v/v). This unknown compound 2 (8 mg) was yielded from one portion of this fraction (30mg) after preparative HPLC procedures and, as shown in FIG. 1 A, later identified as nootkatol.
Fraction VII contained highly pure unknown compound 2 (nootkatol) checked by gas chromotography. A graphic representation of separation of these fractions is illustrated in
FIGS. 1A and IB.
Isolation from the diethyl ether extract: The diethyl ether extract (2.5 g) was chromatographed on a Silica gel column (5x44 cm) with diethyl ether and dichloromethane as the gradient solvent system from 90:10 (dichloromethane: diethyl ether, v/v) to 100% diethyl ether. See FIG. 1. Another unknown compound, named "unknown compound 3," was obtained as Fraction 2. As shown in FIG. IB, unknown compound 3 was later identified as valencene- 11,12-epoxide.
Spectroscopic data for isolated compounds
Eremophil-l(10),l l-dien-13-ol. Isolated from Fraction IV of the crude essential oil extraction and originally listed as "unknown compound 1" but later identified as eremophil-l(10),ll-dien-13-ol. See FIG. 1A. Pale yellowish oil. MW-220. High Resolution MS revealed mass (220.18271) and formula (C15H24O). C15H24O requires 220.18272. [α]589+61.9 (C 2.26 in chlorofonn). Rf 0.42 (in dichloromethane). MS (70ev), mlz 220([M+] 100), 202(40), 189(81), 161(77), 105(67), 91(65), 79(54). 13C NMR (ppm): 154.5, 143.2, 120.8, 108.3, 65.7, 45.8, 41.3, 38.3, 37.1, 34.0, 33.1, 27.5, 26.3, 18.8, 16.0. 1H NMR(δ): 0.87(3H, d, J-6 Hz), 0.95(3H, s), 1.01(1H, d, J=12.6 Hz), 1.21(1H, dd, J-4.1, 13.3 Hz), 1.41(3H, m), 1.59(1H, m), 1.82(1H, dm?), 1.93(1H, m), 2.01(2H, m), 2.09(1H, ddd, J=14.0, 4.16, 2.66 Hz), 2.31(1H, tt, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz), 4.12(2H, s), 4.88(1H, s), 5.02(1H, s), 5.33(1H, t, J=2.4 Hz), 7.26, (IH, s).
Nootkatone. Pale yellowish oil. MW=218, C15H22O. [α]589+152 (1.51 in chloroform). Rf0.29(in dichloromethane). 13C NMR (ppm): 199.7, 170.6, 149.0, 124.6, 109.2, 43.9, 42.0, 40.4, 40.3, 39.3, 33.0, 31.6, 20.8, 16.8, 14.8. 1H NMR(δ): 5.77(1H, s), 4.74(2H), d), 1.74(3H, s), 1.13(3H, s), 0.97(3H, s). Nootkatol. Colorless oil. MW=220. High Resolution MS revealed mass (220.18165) and formula (C15H24O). C15H24O requires 220.18272. [α]589+41.3 (C 1.52 in chloroform). Rf 0.43(in hexane/ethyl acetate), 0.4(in hexane/diethyl ether 50:50 v/v), 0.74(in dichloromethane/diethyl ether 50:50 v/v). MS (70ev), mlz 220([M+] 100), 203(21), 187(4), 177(60), 162(6), 138(13), 121(20), 107(21), 93(22), 81(16), 67(13). 13C NMR (ppm): 150.6, 146.5, 124.7, 108.9, 68.4, 45.0, 41.2, 39.7, 38.6, 37.6, 33.3, 32.8, 21.2, 18.6, 15.8. 1HNMR(δ): 0.89(3H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 0.95(lH,J=2.7Hz?), 0.99(3H, s), 1.20(1H, dm, J=4.3 Hz), 1.37(1H, td, J=12.4, 10.0 Hz), 1.51(1H, m, J=2.1), 1.71(3H, s), 1.76(1H, td, J=2.0, 6.5 Hz), 1.79(1H, dd, J=2.0, 4.5), 1.85(1H, dd, J=12.6, 2.7 Hz), 2.1(1H, ddd, J=14.1, 4.2, 2.6 Hz),
2.25(1H, tt, J=12.4, 3.0 Hz), 2.33(1H, m), 4.25(1H, m), 4.68(2H, m), 5.32(1H, d, J=1.6 Hz). valencene- 11,12-epoxide. Isolated from Fraction 2 of the diethyl ether extract and originally listed as "unknown compound 3," but later identified as valencene- 11,12-eρoxide. See FIG. IB. Dark yellow oil. MW=220. High Resolution MS revealed mass (220.18280) and formula (C15H24O). C15H24O requires 220.18272. [α]589+58.5 (C 1.17 in chloroform). Rf 0.36(in dichloromethane/diethyl ether 50:50 v/v). MS (70ev), mlz 220([M+] 85), 189(74), 178(6), 161(100), 135(41), 121(25), 107(38), 81(42), 75(44). 13C NMR (ppm): 143.4, 120.5, 75.0, 69.0, 41.5, 40.4, 39.9, 38.1, 32.9, 29.6, 27.6, 26.3, 20.4, 18.8, 16.1. 1H NMR(δ): 0.86(1H, m), 0.89(3H, d, J=6.27 Hz), 0.93(3H, s), 1.00(1H, dd, J=4.7, 13.2 Hz), 1.07(3H, s), 1.42(3H, m), 1.71(1H, ddd, J=2.6, 4.7, 12.2 Hz), 1.84(1H, tt, J=3.0, 12.6 Hz), 1.98(3H, m), 2.07(1H, ddd, J=2.6, 4.2, 14.1 Hz), 2.27(1H, m), 3.43(1H, d, J=10.14 Hz), 3.59(1H, d, J=11.28 Hz), 5.32(1H, t, J=2.5 Hz).
NMR experiments were run on a Bruker Model AM 400 spectrometer with the XWMNMR software package, using CDC13 as the solvent and TMS as an internal standard for chemical shifts given in ppm. DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) experiments were performed using both pulses of 135°C and 90°C. 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, HMBC, NOEs were also performed on the instrument according to the standard procedures described by Bruker. EI-MS was done with a Kratos MS-50TC mass spectrometer. A gas chromato graph (GC-17A Shimadzu, Japan) was used for monitoring composition of fractions and identifying pure compounds by using standards. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The column (30 mxθ.25 mm DB-5, 0.25μm, J&W Scientific) was temperature programmed from 100°C for 1 minute, then to 150°C at a rate of 5°C/min, then to 220°C at 3°C/min, and finally to 240°C at 5 °C/min and held at that temperature for 2 minutes.
GC-MS analysis was carried out on a HP 5972 GC/MS to confirm those previously known compounds in Alaska cedar heartwood oil. One microliter of a 587 ng/μl solution of the distillate dissolved in hexane was injected into the injector maintained at 250°C. A 30m x 0.25mm ID DB-5 column was used and temperature programmed from 50°C initially held for 5 minutes to 300°C finally at a rate of 5°C/min. The transfer line temperature was 280°C. The MS was operated in electron impact mode with a 70 eV ionization potential and was scanned from 50- 560 m/z.
The optical rotations were measured on a digital polarimeter (JASCO, MODEL DIP-370, Japan) with a Na lamp (589 nm) as the light source. Chloroform was used as the solvent.
Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on aluminum plates pre-coated with Kieselgel 60 F254 (EM, Germany) to monitor the course of column separation and act for a preliminary guideline to select mobile phase for column separation.
The solvent systems used for TLC analysis were:
(1) Hexane : Ethyl acetate (70:30 v/v) (2) Dichloromethane
(3) Hexane : Diethyl ether (50:50 v/v) The spots on TLC plates were visualized under UV light and sprayed with acidic vanillin solution (1 g vanillin, 50 mL absolute EtOH, and 10 mL concentrated HC1), followed by heating. Preparative HPLC was performed on a Waters Millipore Model 510 system using a normal phase column (Silica-prep, 250x10 mm 10 μm, Phenomenex). Degased hexane (A) and ethyl acetate (B) were used as the gradient mobile phase, starting from 15 up to 30% B in 20 min, to 40% B in 30 min. The total flow rate was maintained at 3.5 mL/min. An UV detector (Lambda-Max Model 481 LC spectrophotometer, Waters Millipore) was connected to the outlet of the column and operated at 254 nm and 0.01 AUFS. A computer-based data system (Maxima 820) was connected to the system for monitor and control. Fractions were collected according to the peaks shown on the screen.
A Buchi Rotavapor Model R-l 10 equipped with a Buchi 461 Water Bath was used for the removal of solvent from the samples under reduced pressure by using a water aspirator. The temperature of water in the bath was maintained at
10 30°C.
All solvents used were ACS grades and re-distilled prior to use. All water was also distilled before use.
Example 2 15 Pesticidal Properties of Certain Compounds on Ticks and Fleas.
Samples of the compounds listed below were obtained from Dr. Karchesy, a co-inventor, and screened for biocidal activities against nymphal Ixodes scapularis. In this example, 2% acetone solutions (wt./vol.) of the compounds were applied to inner surfaces of 2-dram friction cap vials. Vials and caps were treated then allowed 20 to dry for a minimum of 4 hours before placing 10 nymphs in each container. These same vials were used to challenge additional nymphs and adult I. scapularis ticks and adult Xenopsylla cheopis fleas through five weeks to observe any possible residual activity. Results of this biocidal screening are presented in Table 5.
Table 5
Figure imgf000053_0001
Numbers in parentheses refer to length of treatment in terms of hours (h) or weeks (wk). Data is presented in terms of number killed / number tested. For test periods longer than 24 hours, the treated vials were allowed to sit for the stated period after drying (72 h, 4 wk, or 5 wk) and each group of arthropods was added to the vials for the final 24 h of the test period.
These bioassays demonstrate that four of the five compounds had biocidal activity against ticks and fleas and that nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide were the most efficacious and persistent.
Example 3 Pesticidal Properties of Certain Compounds on Mosquito.
Using a bioassay method similar to that presented in Example #2, the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti adults to the five compounds presented in Example #2 at 24 hours challenge was determined to be 100%) mortality except for nootkatin (20% mortality).
Example 4 Pesticidal Properties of Nootkatol on Certain Arthropods. Nootkatol was tested using the bioassay presented in Example 2. The biocidal activity of nootkatol was determined to be essentially equivalent to the activity of nootkatene against ticks, fleas. and mosquitos.
Example 5 Persistence of Biocidal Activity of the Compounds.
Persistence of biocidal activity was determined for nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide by using the vials as treated with the 2% solutions of Example 2. This bioassay employed groups of ticks, fleas, formicids and termites using a method similar to that presented in Example 2. Each group of arthropods demonstrated 100% mortality after 24 hour exposure at each test through 10 weeks for both chemicals. At 11 weeks, the biocidal activity began to dissipate below the 100% mortality level. Example 6 Comparison of Extracted Nootkatone Samples
Two nootkatone samples were compared to nootkatone isolated from Alaska yellow cedar using the method presented in Example 1. The first sample was a natural extract of nootkatone taken from grapefruit oil purchased commercially. The second sample was a synthetically produced nootkatone purchased commercially.
Both samples were compared to the nootkatone originating from Alaska yellow cedar in tenns of their biocidal activities. Using a bioassay method similar to that presented in Example 2, no differences were discernible among the nootkatone samples in terms of their biocidal effect on ticks, fleas and mosquitos.
Example 7 Effectiveness of Compounds Against Ticks Baseline dose-mortalities were established for nymphal I. scapularis for nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide using the method described in Maupin, G. O., and Piesman, J., J. Med. Entomol., 31:319-21 (1994).
A comparison of relative potency was made with published data for carbaryl and permethrin (Maupin and Piesman, 1994) and Alaska yellow cedar essential oil (Panella et al, J. Med. Entomol. 34:340-45 (1997) is presented in Table 6.
Figure imgf000055_0001
Nootkatone and valencene- 11,12-epoxide were extracted from Alaska yellow ■ cedar essential oil. Both compounds were approximately 50 times more potent and about 98% more effective against nymphal ticks than their parent source, essential oil of Alaska yellow cedar. While permethrin and carbaryl demonstrated greater effectiveness than these two biocidal sesquiterpenes, this relative potency is not absolutely accurate since the permetlirin and carbaryl samples were technical grade (> 99% pure), while the two biocidal sesquiterpenes were extracted at a 90-95% 5 purity level.
Example 8 Effectiveness of Compounds Against Mosquito.
The susceptibility of mosquitos to valencene- 11,12-epoxide was determined 0 using a method similar to that presented in Example 2. Culexp. pipiens was treated with serial dilutions of valencene- 11,12-epoxide from 0.125% down to 0.0045%. Due to the extreme sensitivity of this species to the biocidal activity of valencene- 11,12-epoxide, the corresponding LD50 could not be calculated by Probit analysis. At the lowest tested dosage, the mortality rate was still 64%. Therefore, the LD50 5 for compound 10 against C. pipiens is < 4.5 X 10"3. Similar results were obtained when both valencene-11,12-epoxide and nootkatone were assayed for their biocidal activities against Aedes aegypti, thus demonstrating that mosquitos are quite sensitive to these compounds. Table 7 compares the effectiveness of raw essential oil of Alaska yellow cedar, nootkatone, and valencene-11,12-epoxide against two 0 mosquitos, A. aegypti and C. pipiens.
Table 7
Figure imgf000056_0001
Example 9 5 Effectiveness of Compounds Against Ticks, Fleas, and Mosquitoes
The pesticidal activities of valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, nootkatone- 1,10-epoxide, and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide against ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes were assayed. Materials and Methods.
Plant Extracts. All compounds were produced in the Forest Chemistry Laboratory at Oregon State University (Corvallis, OR) from an Alaska yellow cedar {Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) specimen collected under a special collection permit from the United States Forest Service. A plant voucher specimen (#188046) was deposited at Oregon State University Herbarium (Corvallis, OR).
Some tested compounds — carvacrol, nootkatin, nootkatene, valencene, nootkatone, nootkatol, and 13 -hydroxy- valencene — ere isolated from the steam distilled essential oil of Alaska yellow cedar heartwood (see Example 1).
Valencene-11,12-epoxide was isolated from the diethyl ether extract of the ground heartwood. See Xiong, Y., Essential oil components of Alaska cedar heartwood (Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2001). Valencene-13- aldehyde was prepared by oxidation of valencene with Seθ2. Nootkatone- 1,10- epoxide and nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide were prepared from nootkatone with H2O2, and nootkatone- 11,12-epoxide was prepared using m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Commercial samples of nootkatone for comparison were obtained from Bedoukian Research, Inc., Danbury, CT (semi-synthetic crystalline) and Frutarom, Inc. N.J. (from grapefruit oil). As shown in Table 8, each compound was assigned a numerical identifier for this Example (the identifiers for the compounds used in this Example may be different than the identifiers used elsewhere in this application as specified in Table 1 above). The compounds identified by an asterisk — nos. 1, 2 and 3 — demonstrated no pesticidal activity after 24 hours exposure.
Table 8. Compound names, numerical identifiers, and source for compounds.
NTo. Compound name Source
1 3-Carene* Alaska yellow cedar,
2 Terpinen-4-ol* Alaska yellow cedar,
3 Methyl carvacrol* Alaska yellow cedar,
4 Carvacrol Alaska yellow cedar,
5 Valencene Alaska yellow cedar,
6 Nootkatene Alaska yellow cedar,
7 Nootkatone, crystalline Alaska yellow cedar,
8 Nootkatone Grapefruit oil
9 Nootkatone Synthetic
10 13-hydroxy- valencene Alaska yellow cedar,
11 Nootkatin Alaska yellow cedar,
12 Nootkatol Alaska yellow cedar,
13 Valencene- 11,12-epoxide Alaska yellow cedar,
15 Valencene- 13 -aldehyde Valencene
16 Nootkatone- 11,12-epoxide Nootkatone
17 Nootkatone- 1 , 10-epoxide Nootkatone
18 Nootkatone-1, 10-11,12- Nootkatone diepoxide
Tick Colonies. Nymphal I. scapularis ticks (8-12 weeks old) were used in all trials and were obtained from the Fi offspring of adult I. scapularis ticks collected in Bridgeport, CT. There was no known pesticide used at this location. Ticks were maintained at 21°C, 90% RH, and received a 16:8 h (lightidark) cycle as described in Piesman, J., J. Med. Entomol. 30:199-203 (1993).
Flea Colonies. Adult X. cheopis fleas (1-3 wk old) were obtained from a colony founded more than eight years ago using adults received from Tom Schwan, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT. The area from which these original adult fleas were obtained, and the resulting colony, have no known histories of pesticide exposure. Colonies were maintained in glass jars containing a 4: 1 : 1 : 1 ratio of sawdust, dried beef blood, powedered milk, and powdered mouse chow and were held at 23°C, 85% RH, and received a 24 h dark cycle. Mosquito Colonies. Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes were obtained from an existing colony at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), Fort Collins, CO. This colony has been maintained for over fifteen years with no known history of exposure to pesticides. Mosquitoes were reared at 28°C, 85% RH, and a 14:10 h (lightidark) cycle. Larvae were grown in de-ionized water and fed ground liver powder solution ad libitum. Fourth instars were removed and placed in emergence cages, and adults were fed a 2% sucrose solution until assayed. Adults were exposed to test products at 4-7 d after emergence.
Tick and Flea Bioassays. Concentrations of the compounds were prepared by 2-fold serial dilutions of a 0.5% (wt:vol) solution of the extracts in acetone. The approximate toxicity of individual compounds was determined with a total of 8 doses ranging from 0.002% to 0.25%. All 13 compounds were run in duplicate with more active compounds replicated once. A control treated with acetone only was run with each series. Tick and flea susceptibility was evaluated using a modified disposable pipette method. See, Barnard, D.R., et al., J. Econ. Entomol. 74:466-69 (1981).
Groups of 10 nymphal I. scapularis and_ cheopis fleas were used in all tests, resulting in a total of 5,240 nymphs and 4,860 fleas exposed to the compounds. The inner surface of 2-dram friction cap vials were treated with the compound/acetone solution, or acetone only as a control, and left to air-dry overnight. Three to 4 holes were made in the plastic cap to allow for air exchange. Nymphal ticks and adult fleas were then placed directly into the vials using forceps. Vials containing ticks or fleas were placed in desiccators for 24h at 21°C and 90% RH. Morbidity and mortality was recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after initial exposure.
After 24 h, ticks were considered alive if they exhibited normal behavior when breathed upon or physically stimulated with wooden dowels. For each time point, if ticks were incapable of movement, maintaining normal posture, leg coordination, ability to right themselves, or any signs of life, they were considered moribund or dead. Results from tests where more than 10% of the control population died were discarded and retested.
Efficacies of individual compounds were determined by calculating lethal concentration 50%> (LC50) and 90% (LC 0) wt:vol by probit analysis using the LdP Line software (copyright 2000 by Ehab Mostafa Bakr), available via the Internet. Mosquito Bioassay. Adult mosquitoes were tested using the bottle bioassay method of Brogden, W.G., and McAllister, J.C., J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 14:159-64 (1998), with minor modifications. Natural product extracts were two-fold serially diluted for a total of 8 concentrations ranging from 0.002% to 0.25% in 1.5ml of acetone. Individual dilutions were added to 250 ml Wheaton glass bottles and capped. Bottles were manipulated to evenly coat all inner surfaces. The caps were removed and bottles were allowed to air-dry overnight. Once bottles were completely dry, 10-50 adult mosquitoes were aspirated into the bottles. Mosquitoes were held in the bottles for 24 h at 23°C and 85% RH. Morbidity and mortality were recorded at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and 24 hour intervals. One bottle for each replicate was treated with acetone only and served as a control. The dose-mortality data was evaluated with probit analysis, using the LdP Line software, to determine LC50 and LC90 values.
Residual Activity. To determine persistence of pesticidal activity of the compounds, 2-dram friction cap vials and 250ml Wheaton glass bottles were treated using the same series of dilutions as described above. Treated vials and bottles, minus vector test species, were held at 21°C with the ability of air exchange to take place (3-4 holes in the lids of 2-dram vials and lids on Wheaton bottles loosely applied). On day 7 after treatment, 2-dram vials were loaded with 10 ticks or 10 fleas and Wheaton bottles with 10-50 mosquitoes and held as previously described. Morbidity and mortality data for each test subject was recorded using the same time points. Any extracts that displayed acaricidal/insecticidal activity were retested at 2 and 4 wk after treatment. Dose mortality data was evaluated using probit analysis via the LdP Line software.
Results.
The susceptibility of I. scapularis nymphs, X. cheopis adults, and Ae. aegypti adults are presented in Tables 9-11 below. The terpenes, compounds 1-3, were found to be ineffective against all three arthropods in initial screenings, and, therefore were not further analyzed. The fourth terpene, carvacrol (compound 4), exhibited significant biological activity against ticks, fleas and mosquitoes with LC50 values of 0.0068, 0.0059, and 0.0051 respectively. Compounds 5-12 are eremophilane sesquiterpenes. Compound 5, valencene was effective only against mosquitoes and demonstrated an LC50 of 0.015. Nootkatene, compound 6, was effective against all three pest species, demonstrating LC50 values of 0.011 for ticks, 0.017 for fleas, and 0.027 for mosquitoes after 24h. This compound did not demonstrate any residual activity after one week. The 3 preparations of nootkatone and 13 -hydroxy- valencene demonstrated the greatest activity in terms of LC50 and LC90 of the eremophilane sesquiterpenes. Compound 7, nootkatone from Alaska yellow cedar, was most effective against nymphal I. scapularis, with an observed LC50 value of 0.0029. Adults cheopis were most susceptible to the natural grapefruit exfract of nootkatone (compound 8) with an LC50 value of 0.0029. Finally, compound 10 (13-hydroxy- valencene) proved to be the most toxic to adult mosquitoes (LC50 of 0.0034).
Although there were slight differences in susceptibility to compounds 7-10, depending on the vector species, overall LC50 and LC90 values did not differ significantly. Of the last two compounds tested in the eremophilane sesquiterpene ring system (compounds 11 and 12), only compound 12 (nootkatol) exhibited biological activity against all three species. The LC50 values were slightly greater for ticks (LC50 = 0.023) and fleas (LCso = 0.024), but comparable to nootkatone against mosquitoes (LC50 = 0.004). The remaining five compounds (compounds 13 and 15-18) are derivatives of nootkatone and valencene. See Table 8. Compound 13, an epoxide, showed some activity against mosquitoes only (LC50 = 0.295). Compounds 17 and 18 (nootkatone- 1,10 epoxide and nootkatone diepoxide) had the greatest activity against fleas (LC50 = 0.017 for compound 17 and LC50 = 0.064 for compound 18) and ticks (LC50 = 0.02 for compound 17 and LC50 - 0.061 for compound 18). Valencene- 13 -aldehyde (compound 15) demonstrated LC50 and LC90 values equivalent to those of nootkatone and 13-hydroxy-valencene (compound 10): LC50 = 0.0059 against ticks, LC50 = 0.0049 against fleas and LC50 = 0.0024 against mosquitoes. Compounds were analyzed for residual activity based on results obtained for their 24 hour activities. A total of six compounds were examined with five demonstrating residual activity for at least four weeks, as shown in Tables 12-14. Compound 6 was nearly inactive beyond week after treatment and, therefore, not tested any further.
Compounds 7, 8, 9, 10 and 15 all demonstrated considerable biological activity through the four week time period. While the residual activity of compound 7 against I. scapularis nymphs remained virtually unchanged throughout the study, compounds 8 and 9 produced the lowest LC50 values overall (Table 12). Compound 10 was still effective against ticks at four weeks, though a decrease in activity compared to earlier observations was noticed.
All five compounds remained active against fleas through the four-week period, with compound 7 producing the lowest LC50 values (Table 13). Measurable residual activity was also observed in mosquitoes for all 5 compounds. Interestingly, the effectiveness of compounds 7 and 10 increased over the four week period (demonstrated by decreasing LC50 values), while activity decreased for compounds 8 and 9 (Table 14). Compound 7 had the lowest LC50 values after 4 wk against ticks (LC50 = 0.026) and fleas (LC50 = 0.031).
These dose-mortality results indicate that these compounds — such as nootkatone, carvacrol, 13 -hydroxy- valencene, and valencene- 13 -aldehyde — function as effective pest confrol agents and pesticides. These compounds have the ability to knock down insects quickly and maintain a comparable level of activity for several weeks.
These individual compounds isolated from Alaska yellow cedar oil are more effective pest control agents than the crude oil itself, based on the LC50 values observed for the crude oil against ticks (LCso = 0.151), mosquitoes (LC50 = 0.032), and fleas (LC50 = 0.337). These values are several times greater than what was observed for nootkatone, carvacrol, 13 -hydroxy- valencene and valencene-13- aldehyde.
Furthermore, residual activity of the crude oil decreased rapidly after the initial treatment and was undetectable after 21 days against nymphal I. scapularis, indicating that the individual compounds obtained from the crude oil, and derivative compounds, are more stable and less volatile over time than the crude oil. The methods used in these Examples are representative of types of applications occurring outside a laboratory setting, hi most such applications, the pest would directly contact the compounds as they do in the bottles and vials, rather than ingesting the compound as a feed supplement, thus replicating conditions existing in a field setting. For example, the compound or composition might be applied to the walls of dwellings or stagnant pools of water to control mosquitoes, or it would be applied to vegetation or domesticated animals to control ticks and fleas.
Table 9. Response of J. scapularis nymphs after 24h exposure.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC50 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, wt:vol) Compound C50 LC90 Slope
4 0.0068 (0.0054-0.0084) 0.014 (0.011-0.022) 3.906
5 0.598 44.837 0.684
6 0.011 (0.0086-0.014) 0.06 (0.043-0.098) 1.763
7 0.0029 (0.0025-0.0034) 0.0055 (0.0046-0.0073) 4.708
8 0.0061 (0.005-0.0072) 0.015 (0.012-0.021) 3.211
9 0.0033 (0.0027-0.004) 0.0087 (0.0069-0.012) 3.061
10 0.0051 (0.0041-0.0062) 0.016 (0.013-0.023) 2.562
11 NE NE NE
12 0.023 (0.017-0.03) 0.059 (0.042-0.116) 3.069
13 21.219 3713.114 0.571
15 0.0059 (0.0044-0.0076) 0.017 (0.012-0.029) 2.755
16 NE NE NE
17 0.02 (0.015-0.026) 0.055 (0.04-0.092) 2.883
18 0.061 (0.045-0.094) 0.245 (0.142-0.756) 2.131
NE = not effective at concentrations tested
Table 10. Response of X. cheopis adults after 24h exposure.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC50 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, w vol) Compound LC50 LC90 Slope
4 0.0059 (0.0047-0.0075) 0.014 (0.011-0.023) 3.413
5 0.041 (0.034-0.049) 0.063 (0.052-0.093) 6.925
6 0.017 (0.012-0.024) 0.075 (0.049-0.151) 2.022
7 0.0083 (0.0064-0.01) 0.019 (0.015-0.031) 3.527
8 0.0029 (0.002-0.0038) 0.008 (0.0059-0.014) 2.949
9 0.0066 (0.0046-0.0086) 0.018 (0.013-0.032) 2.9
10 0.0083 (0.0064-0.011) 0.021 (0.016-0.035) 3.143
11 NE NE NE
12 0.024 (0.018-0.034) 0.1 (0.065-0.196) 2.101
13 NE NE NE
15 0.0049 (0.0039-0.0058) 0.0085 (0.0071-0.011) 5.366
16 NE NE NE
17 0.017 (0.012-0.022) 0.059 (0.041-0.108) 2.326
18 0.064 (0.044-0.101) 0.484 (0.284-1.609) 1.455
NE = not effective at concentrations tested
Table 11. Response of Ae. aegypti after 24h exposure.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC50 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, wtvol) Compound LC 0 C90 Slope
4 0.0051 0.014 2.908
5 0.015 (0.008-0.029) 0.037 (0.031-0.162) 3.199
6 0.027 0.059 3.696
7 0.0057 0.0092 6.22
8 0.0046 (0.004-0.0053) 0.0087 (0.0072-0.011) 4.635
9 0.0075 0.021 2.845
10 0.0034 (0.0024-0.0045) 0.014 (0.01-0.023) 2.094
11 0.852 7.869 1.327
12 0.004 (0.0032-0.0048) 0.01 (0.008-0.014) 3.201
13 0.295 (0.21-0.522) 1.911 (0.922-7.257) 1.581
15 0.0024 0.0034 8.714
16 NE NE NE
17 0.223 (0.158-0.402) 2.001 (0.873-10.537) 1.346
18 0.059 0.114 4.472
NE = not effective at concentrations tested Table 12. Residual activivy against Ixodes scapularis nymphs at 1, 2, and 4 weeks.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC50 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, wt.vol) Compound Weeks LC50 C90 Slope
6 1 2.062 524.656 0.533
6 2 NE NE NE
6 4 NE NE NE
7 1 0.023 0.13 1.682
7 2 0.026 (0.018-0.039) 0.168 (0.094-0.448) 1.586
7 4 0.026 (0.018-0.039) 0.164 (0.093-0.429) 1.609
8 1 0.025 0.071 2.871
8 2 0.019 (0.014-0.024) 0.056 (0.04-0.094) 2.727
8 4 0.25 0.71 2.871
9 1 0.0084 (0.005-0.013) 0.08 (0.045-0.22) 1.304
9 2 0.0089 (0.0068-0.012) 0.027 (0.02-0.045) 2.649
10 1 0.0071 (0.0055-0.0091) 0.019 (0.014-0.031) 3.005
10 2 0.0083 (0.0057-0.011) 0.044 (0.029-0.081) 1.781
10 4 0.031 0.303 1.285
15 1 0.026 (0.02-0.033) 0.072 (0.052-0.121) 2.859
NE = not effective at concentrations tested
Table 13. Residual activivy against Xenopsylla cheopis adults nymphs at 1, 2, and 4 weeks.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC50 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, wt.vol) Compound Weeks LC50 LC90 Slope
6 1 NE NE NE
7 1 0.016 (0.012-0.02) 0.05 (0.036-0.081) 2.546
7 2 0.031 0.134 2.033
8 1 0.02 (0.016-0.026) 0.053 (0.04-0.082) 3.107
8 2 0.018 (0.013-0.024) 0.081 (0.054-0.156) 1.931
8 4 0.035 (0.026-0.051) 0.161 (0.098-0.387) 1.95
9 1 0.043 0.259 1.633
9 2 0.027 0.085 2.571
9 4 0.43 (0.034-0.056 0.111 (o.o8-0.193) 3.135
10 1 0.03 (0.022-0.041) 0.113 (0.074-0.226) 2.218
10 2 0.039 (0.029-0.053) 0.131 (0.087-0.268) 2.442
15 1 0.059 0.148 3.211 NE = not effective at concentrations tested Table 14. Residual activivy against Aedes aegypti adults nymphs at 1, 2, and 4 weeks.
(95% Cl in parentheses; LC 0 and LC90 values expressed in terms of percent concentration, wt.vol) Compound Weeks C50 C90 Slope
6 1 0.132 (0.096-0.236) 0.659 (0.329-2.855) 1.833
6 2 NE NE NE
6 4 NE NE NE
7 1 0.02 (0.014-0.029) 0.054 (0.041-0.105) 3.043
7 2 0.019 (0.016-0.022) 0.046 (0.037-0.061) 3.342
7 4 0.013 (0.011-0.015) 0.038 (0.031-0.051) 2.698
8 1 0.0065 0.014 3.858
8 2 0.0067 (0.0058-0.0076) 0.012 (0.01-0.015) 4.953
8 4 0.02 0.29 7.772
9 1 0.0089 (0.0077-0.01) 0.018 (0.015-0.023) 4.336
9 2 0.0042 (0.0036-0.0049) 0.0088 (0.0074-0.011) 4.014
9 4 0.018 0.036 4.169
10 1 0.024 (0.02-0.028) 0.058 (0.046-0.081) 3.286
10 2 0.014 (0.012-0.016) 0.021 (0.019-0.027) 6.932
10 4 0.013 (0.0089-0.017) 0.04 (0.029-0.074) 2.645
15 1 0.011 (0.0095-0.013) 0.027 (0.022-0.037) 3.392
15 2 0.014 (0.0074-0.025) 0.037 (0.029-0.127) 3.136
NE = not effective at concentrations tested Example 10
Pesticidally Acceptable Compositions
Compositions suitable for pesticidal uses are described, including solid, liquid, and gaseous formulations. Dusts Component Amount (by weight)
Dust A 13 -hydroxy- valencene 2% highly dispersed silica 1% talcum 97%
Dust B valencene- 11,12-epoxide 1 % highly dispersed silica 5% talcum 94%
Dust C valencene-13 -aldehyde 1% valencene- 11 , 12-epoxide 1 % sodium sulfate 98% Ready-to-use dusts may be obtained by intimately mixing the carriers with the active ingredients.
Emulsifiable Concentrate Component Amount (by weight) nootkatone- 1 , 10-epoxide 2% octylphenol polyethoxylate 3% calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 3% polyethoxylated castor oil 2% cyclohexanone 35% xylene mixture 55%
An emulsions of a desired concentration may be prepared from this concentrate by dilution with water.
Extruder Granules Component Amount (by weight)
13 -hydroxy- valencene 10% sodium ligninsulfonate 2% carboxymethyl cellulose 1% kaolin 87%
The active ingredient is mixed with the additives, the mixture is ground together, water is added to the mixture, and the mixture is then extruded, granulated, and subsequently dried.
Example 11 Production of Compound 15 (valencene-13-aldehyde)
Valencene- 13 -aldehyde was produced by the reaction:
Figure imgf000067_0001
using the following procedure: one gram (4.89 mmol) of valencene was dissolved in 10 ml of dry pyridine. The solution was stirred and 1 g (9.01 mmol) of SeO2 was added to the reaction. The mixture was refluxed for 5 hours until the yellow solution turned black. The mixture was filtered to eliminate the selenium dust. The brown solution was passed through Silica gel-Na2CO3 1:1 and the funnel was washed with ether. The pyridine was removed by vacuum distilation and the remaining oil was analyzed by chromatography tlirough Silica gel- Na2CO3 1 : 1 with hexane as eluent recovering the most polar fraction (Rf=0.2 in hexane). After solvent evaporation, a yellow oil (0.125 g, 11.59% yield) was obtained, showing just one product in high purity.
Example 12 Production of Compound 16 (nootkatone-11,12-epoxide)
Nootkatone-11,12-epoxide was produced by the reaction:
mCPBA
Diethyl ether
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000068_0002
using the following procedure: four grams of nootkatone (18.32 mmol) were dissolved in 30 ml of diethyl ether and 3.79 g (18.32 mmol) of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA 80%) were added while stirring. After two hours, an excess of one mol (3.79 g) of mCPBA 80% was added. The solution was stirred for two hours more, then 30 ml of cold water and 30 ml of NaHCO3 saturated solution was added to stop the reaction. The mixture was poured through a separatory funnel to separate the organic layer. The remaining water layer was washed twice with diethyl ether (30 ml) and joined with the first one. The organic layer containing diethyl ether and the product was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and ether was removed with rotavap or by nitrogen flow yielding 2.5 g (58% yield) of product as a coalescent pale yellow oil that eventually crystallized (rf = 0.24 in hexane-diethyl ether 1:1).
The principle epoxide product showed a high purity by NMR analysis (>90%). However, some efforts to purify the compound by silica gel-sodium carbonate chromatography yielded a mixture of open products, likely diols. Some crystals of the pure product were obtained by passing a small quantity of the crude epoxide through a Na2CO3-silica gel (7:3) column yielding white crystals that melted at 35.2-35.7°C.
Example 13 Production of Compound 17 (nootkatone-l,10-epoxide)
Nootkatone- 1,10-epoxide was produced by the reaction:
Figure imgf000069_0001
using the following procedure: five grams (22.29 mmol) of nootkatone were dissolved in 30 ml of methanol, the solution was cooled to 10°C while stirring, then 4.67 g (133.74 mmol, 15.56 ml) of H2O2 (30%) was added. When the addition was finished, 10 ml of KOH 6N was added drop by drop over a period of 20 minutes, taking care that the temperature did not exceed 10°C. After the KOH addition, the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 25°C, the methanol was evaporated in a rotavap, and the product was extracted from the water solution by diethyl ether (3 X 20 ml). The organic solution with the product was dried on anhydrous Na2SO4 and the ether completely eliminated by evaporation to give 2.97 g (44.4% yield) of a colorless oil (rf = 0.44 in Hexane- Acetone 9:1), NMR analysis of the product showed high purity.
Example 14 Production of Compound 18 (nootkatone-l,10-ll,12-diepoxide)
Nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide was produced by the reaction:
Figure imgf000069_0002
using the following procedure: 1.7 g (7.26 mmol) of the epoxide were dissolved in 50 ml of anhydrous methanol, the solution was cooled to 10°C, then 2.5 ml (0.75 g, 22.06 mmol) was added drop by drop while stirring, over a period of 20 minutes, taking care that the temperature did exceed 10°C. After the KOH addition, the mixture was stirred for 3 hours then killed with 30 ml of cold water. The methanol was eliminated in a rotavap and the water solution was extracted with diethyl ether (3 X 20 ml). The ethereal solution containing the product was evaporated by rotavap or by nitrogen flow, yielding 0.735 g (40.5%) of the diepoxide as a semisolid white, (rf= 0.50 in hexane-acetone 1:1). 13C-NMR showed a mixture of diastereo isomers with high purity.
Having illustrated and described the principles of the invention by several embodiments, it should be apparent that those embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the principles of the invention. Thus, the invention as claimed includes all such embodiments and variations thereof, and their equivalence, as come within the true spirit and scope of the claims stated below.

Claims

WE CLAM:
1. A compound, other than valencene, nootkatone, nootkatol, epinootkatol, or nootkatene, having the formula:
Figure imgf000071_0001
where
Figure imgf000071_0002
may be
Figure imgf000071_0003
and where Y is
Figure imgf000071_0004
Ri, R2, R3, t, R5, Re, R , R8 R9 R10 Rπ, and Ri2 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R , Ri, R5, Re, R7, R8 R Rio Rπ, and Ri2 satisfy valence requirements.
2. The compound according to claim 1 where the bonds Ci-C10 and C8- C are both double bonds and R5 is absent to satisfy valence requirements.
3. The compound according to claim 2 where bond d-do or bond C9- do is a double bond and R5 is absent to satisfy valence requirements.
4. The compound according to claim 1 where lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl; lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol; lower aliphatic thiol is an alkyl thiol; carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic is a carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic is a thiocarbonyl-containing lower alkyl; lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkyl ether; and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkyl epoxide.
5. The compound according to claim 1 where R3, t, R5 s, R8, and Rπ are H and R7 is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl thiol, carbonyl- containing lower alkyl, thiocarbonyl-containing lower alkyl, lower alkyl ether, or lower alkyl epoxide.
6. The compound according to claim 1 or 5 where both R9 and R10 are lower alkyl.
7. The compound according to claim 1 or 5 where R2 is =C, =O, or lower alkyl epoxide.
8. The compound according to claim 7 where Rls R9, and Rio are lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower alkyl, or lower alkyl epoxide.
9. The compound according to claim 8 where R9 and Rio are lower alkyl.
10. A compound, other than valencene, nootkatone, nootkatol, epinootkatol, or nootkatene, comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000073_0001
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000073_0002
a compound having the formula
Figure imgf000073_0003
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000073_0004
wherein Y is
Figure imgf000073_0005
Ri, R2, R3, R , R5, Rό, R , and R8 are each independently selected from H, =0, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, R<5, R7, and R8 satisfy valence requirements.
11. The compound according to claim 10 where lower aliphatic is a lower alkyl; lower aliphatic alcohol is a lower alkyl alcohol; lower aliphatic thiol is an alkyl thiol; carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic is a carbonyl-containing lower alkyl; thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic is a thiocarbonyl-containing lower alkyl; lower aliphatic ether is a lower alkyl ether; and lower aliphatic epoxide is a lower alkyl epoxide.
12. The compound according to claim 10 where R6 and R7 are H and R5 is H, =O, -OH, lower alkyl alcohol, lower alkyl thiol, carbonyl-containing lower alkyl, thiocarbonyl-containing lower alkyl, lower alkyl ether, or lower alkyl epoxide.
13. The compound according to claim 10 or 12 where both R3 and t are lower alkyl.
14. The compound according to claim 10 or 12 where R2 is =C, =O, or lower alkyl epoxide.
15. The compound according to claim 14 where Rl5 R3, and R4 are lower alkyl, lower alkyl alcohol, carbonyl-containing lower alkyl, or lower alkyl epoxide.
16. The compound according to claim 15 where R and ILt are lower alkyl.
17. The compound according to claim 16 where R and t are methyl.
18. The compound according to claim 1 or 10 where the compound is 13- hydroxy- valencene, valencene-11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, or nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
19. A composition, comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a compound according to claim 18.
20. A composition, comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000075_0001
where
Figure imgf000075_0002
may be
Figure imgf000075_0003
and where Y is
Ri Rl2 Rl
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Rό, R7, R8 R R10 Rπ, and R12 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R , R8 R Rio Rπ, and R12 satisfy valence requirements.
21. A composition, comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000076_0001
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000076_0002
a compound having the formula
Figure imgf000076_0003
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000076_0004
wherein Y is
Figure imgf000077_0001
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, and R8 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, and R8 satisfy valence requirements.
22. The composition according to claim 20 or 21, further comprising a second pesticidal compound.
23. The composition according to claim 22 where the second pesticidal compound is a compound according to claim 1.
24. The composition according to claim 22 where the second pesticidal compound is valencene, nootkatone, nootkatol, epinootkatol, nootkatene, 13- hydroxy- valencene, valencene-11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13 -aldehyde, or nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
25. The composition according to claim 22 where the combination of the pesticidal compounds demonstrates a synergistic effect.
26. The composition according to claim 20 or 21, further comprising a pesticidally acceptable carrier, additive, or adjuvant.
27. The composition according to claim 26 where the concentration of the compound in the composition is less than about 50% by weight.
28. The composition according to claim 27 where the concentration is less than about 10% by weight.
29. The composition according to claim 28 where the concentration is less than about 1% by weight.
30. An article of manufacture, comprising, packaged together: a vessel containing a compound, or a device comprising the compound; and instructions for use of the compound or device for controlling an arthropod, wherein the compound has the formula:
Figure imgf000078_0001
where
Figure imgf000078_0002
maybe
Figure imgf000078_0003
and where Y is
Figure imgf000078_0004
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, Rs R9 Rio R11, and Ri2 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, R8 R Rio Rπ, and R12 satisfy valence requirements.
31. An article of manufacture, comprising, packaged together: a vessel containing a compound, or a device comprising the compound; and instructions for use of the compound or device for controlling an arthropod, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000079_0001
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000079_0002
a compound having the formula
Figure imgf000079_0003
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000079_0004
therein Y is
Figure imgf000080_0001
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R , and R8 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R , and R8 satisfy valence requirements.
32. The article of manufacture according to claim 30 or 31 where controlling the arthropod consists of killing the arthropod.
33. The article of manufacture according to claim 30 or 31 where controlling the arthropod comprises repelling the arthropod.
34. The article of manufacture according to claim 30 or 31 where the arthropod is Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea), Homalodisca coagulata (glassy-winged sharpshooter), or Culex pithiens (mosquito).
35. A method for controlling an arthropod," comprising contacting an arthropod with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000080_0002
where
Figure imgf000081_0001
maybe
Figure imgf000081_0002
and where Y is
Figure imgf000081_0003
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Rό, R7, Rs R9 Rio R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, Rs R9 Rio R11, and R12 satisfy valence requirements.
36. A method for controlling an arthropod, comprising contacting an arthropod with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000081_0004
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000082_0001
a compound having the formula
Figure imgf000082_0002
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000082_0003
wherein Y is
Figure imgf000082_0004
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Rό, R7, and R8 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Ri, R5, Re, R , and R8 satisfy valence requirements.
37. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where controlling the arthropod consists of killing the arthropod.
38. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where controlling the arthropod comprises repelling the arthropod.
39. The method according to claim 35 or 36 compound is valencene, nootkatone, nootkatol, epinootkatol, nootkatene, 13 -hydroxy- valencene, valencene- 11,12-epoxide, valencene- 13-aldehyde, or nootkatone- 1,10-11,12-diepoxide.
40. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where the compound is applied directly to the arthropod.
41. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where the compound is applied to a locus comprising the arthropod.
42. The method according to claim 41 where the method comprises an area-wide application of the compound.
43. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where the compound is provided to a human or non-human animal.
44. The method according to claim 43 the compound is orally administered or provided as a topical treatment.
45. The method according to claim 35 or 36 where the arthropod is a member of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, Diptera, Siphonoptera, Blattaria, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, or Lepidoptera.
46. The method according to claim 45 where the arthropod is Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea), Homalodisca coagulata (glassy-winged sharpshooter), or Culex pithiens (mosquito).
47. A method for controlling the spread of a vector-borne disease, comprising: identifying an arthropod vector; and contacting the arthropod vector with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000084_0001
where
Figure imgf000084_0002
maybe
Figure imgf000084_0003
and where Y is
Figure imgf000084_0004
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Rδ, R7, Rs R9 Rio R11, and Rι2 are each independently selected from H, =O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, R8 R9 Rio Ru, and R12 satisfy valence requirements.
48. A method for controlling the spread of a vector-borne disease, comprising: identifying an arthropod vector; and contacting the arthropod vector with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000085_0001
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000085_0002
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000085_0003
a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000085_0004
wherein Y is
R2 O R2 or or Rs
Ri Ri Ri
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Rδ, R , and R8 are each independently selected from H, O, -OH, lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic alcohol, lower aliphatic thiol, carbonyl- containing lower aliphatic, thiocarbonyl-containing lower aliphatic, lower aliphatic ether, or lower aliphatic epoxide; and
Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, and R8 satisfy valence requirements.
49. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the disease is a disease of an animal.
50. The method according to claim 49 where the animal is a human.
51. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the disease is Lyme disease; Dengue Fever; Yellow Fever; tick borne-babesiosis; tuleremia; powassan- like virus infection; tick borne encephalitis; relapsing fever; malaria; West Nile Virus encephalitis; Eastern equine encephalitis; St. louis encephalitis; Venezuelan equine encephalitis; Western equine encephalitis; Lacrosse encephalitis; Colorado Tick Fever; ehrlichiosis; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; or the Plague.
52. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the arthropod vector is a member of the taxonomic class Insecta or Arachnida.
53. The method according to claim 52 where the arthropod is a member of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, Diptera, Siphonoptera, Blattaria, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, or Lepidoptera.
54. The method according to claim 53 where the arthropod vector is a member of the taxonomic order or subclass Acarina, Diptera, or Siphonoptera.
55. The method according to claim 54 where the arthropod vector is Ixodes scapularis (deer tick); Aedes aegypti (mosquito); Culex pipiens (mosquito), or Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea).
56. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the arthropod is selected from the group consisting of ticks, mites, termites, flies, mosquitos, fleas, ants, wasps, spiders, aphids, and cockroaches.
57. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the compound comprises a pesticidal composition.
58. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the compound is applied directly to the arthropod vector.
59. The method according to claim 47 or 48 where the compound is applied to a locus comprising the arthropod vector.
60. The method according to claim 59 where applying the compound to the locus comprises an area-wide application.
61. The use of a compound according to claim 1 or 10 for controlling an arthropod.
62. The use of claim 61 where controlling a pest comprises killing an arthropod.
63. The use of claim 61 where controlling a pest comprises repelling an arthropod.
PCT/US2001/047736 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control WO2002050053A2 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2431548A CA2431548C (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
DE60135021T DE60135021D1 (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 PEST CONTROL CONNECTIONS
EP01993241A EP1355895B1 (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control
US10/450,024 US7129271B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
AU4509502A AU4509502A (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
AU2002245095A AU2002245095B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control
US11/105,807 US7629387B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2005-04-13 Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
US11/115,849 US7230033B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2005-04-26 Pest control compositions and methods for their use

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US25431100P 2000-12-08 2000-12-08
US60/254,311 2000-12-08

Related Child Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10450024 A-371-Of-International 2001-12-07
US11/105,807 Continuation US7629387B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2005-04-13 Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
US11/115,849 Continuation-In-Part US7230033B2 (en) 2000-12-08 2005-04-26 Pest control compositions and methods for their use

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002050053A2 true WO2002050053A2 (en) 2002-06-27
WO2002050053A3 WO2002050053A3 (en) 2003-01-16

Family

ID=22963781

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2001/047736 WO2002050053A2 (en) 2000-12-08 2001-12-07 Compounds for pest control

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US7129271B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1355895B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE402156T1 (en)
AU (2) AU2002245095B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2431548C (en)
DE (1) DE60135021D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2310567T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2002050053A2 (en)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004021784A1 (en) * 2002-09-03 2004-03-18 Bioprospect Limited Eremophilone and eremophilone derivatives for pest control
US8101667B2 (en) * 2002-09-19 2012-01-24 Arkema France Pesticidal treatment of stored goods, enclosures, structures and works of art, with sulphur compounds
WO2014031790A1 (en) 2012-08-23 2014-02-27 Allylix, Inc. Nootkatone as an insecticide and insect repellent
WO2014170915A1 (en) * 2013-04-17 2014-10-23 Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research Insect repellents
AU2016201206B2 (en) * 2015-03-24 2017-04-13 Reynolds, Max Professor Pest control
WO2017162886A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Compositions and methods for repelling and killing ticks and detachment of feeding ticks
WO2017162883A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Methods and compositions for the prevention of infections and arthropod infestation
WO2017162887A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to kill sap-sucking insects
US11154057B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2021-10-26 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to treat mosquito infestations
WO2022090464A1 (en) * 2020-10-30 2022-05-05 Givaudan Sa Method of mitigating conversion of volatile terpene species
EP4186365A1 (en) 2021-11-29 2023-05-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Plant protection method against the planthopper pentastiridius leporinus

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7943160B2 (en) * 2002-05-09 2011-05-17 Scimetrics Limited Corp. Pest control methods
WO2008143961A1 (en) * 2007-05-18 2008-11-27 Valent Biosciences Corporation Cinnamaldehyde formulations and methods of use
TWI556741B (en) * 2007-08-17 2016-11-11 英特威特國際股份有限公司 Isoxazoline compositions and their use as antiparasitics
AU2008304003B2 (en) * 2007-09-25 2014-06-26 Keygene N.V. Plant volatiles
GB0721937D0 (en) * 2007-11-08 2007-12-19 Secr Defence Rodenticide
US8865930B2 (en) * 2008-08-13 2014-10-21 Salk Institute For Biological Studies Method for making terpene derivatives
US9161532B2 (en) 2008-10-17 2015-10-20 Valent Biosciences Corporation Cinnamaldehyde-allicin formulations and methods of their use
JP5514829B2 (en) * 2008-10-17 2014-06-04 バレント・バイオサイエンシーズ・コーポレイション Cinnamaldehyde-allysine compositions and uses thereof
WO2011005325A1 (en) * 2009-07-09 2011-01-13 Spray Away Bed Bugs Llc Compositions and methods of use pertaining to insecticide
WO2012007500A2 (en) * 2010-07-15 2012-01-19 Bayer Cropscience Ag New heterocyclic compounds as pesticides
ES2489298B1 (en) * 2013-01-24 2015-06-11 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) USE OF EREMOFILAN SESQUITERPENOS AS GARRAPATICIDAS
US10912283B2 (en) * 2016-04-02 2021-02-09 Intel Corporation Technologies for managing the health of livestock
JP6979039B2 (en) * 2016-07-06 2021-12-08 クロップ エンハンスメント、インコーポレイテッド Non-toxic coating concentrate for agricultural applications
WO2018042023A1 (en) * 2016-09-02 2018-03-08 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone as a larvicide
US20200093123A1 (en) 2016-12-01 2020-03-26 Evolva Sa Insecticidal emulsion
WO2019055314A1 (en) * 2017-09-12 2019-03-21 Bedoukian Research, Inc. Formulations for killing agricultural pests

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997022575A1 (en) 1995-12-18 1997-06-26 Firmenich S.A. Method for preparing nootkatone
JPH1087409A (en) 1996-09-13 1998-04-07 Masashi Fujii Repellent and exterminator of epidermoptid
JPH11240802A (en) 1997-11-17 1999-09-07 Taisho Pharmaceut Co Ltd Repellent against blood-sucking noxious insect
EP1033076A1 (en) 1997-11-17 2000-09-06 Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Hematophagous insect repellent
WO2001028343A1 (en) 1999-10-19 2001-04-26 Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College Vetiver oil extracts as termite repellent and toxicant

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3880931A (en) 1970-02-19 1975-04-29 Givaudan Corp Novel noreremophilane derivatives
US3966959A (en) * 1975-02-13 1976-06-29 American Cyanamid Company Insecticidal and acaricidal, pyrethroid compounds
US4195080A (en) 1977-10-27 1980-03-25 Herrera Alberto P Insecticidal use of orange juice essence oil
JPS5545649A (en) 1978-09-29 1980-03-31 T Hasegawa Co Ltd Novel nootkatone and vetivone derivative, their novel intermediate, their preparation and use
US4497838A (en) 1982-02-17 1985-02-05 Tropicana Products, Inc. Process for the production of useful products from orange peel
US4904645A (en) 1988-01-27 1990-02-27 Safer, Ltd. Environmentally safe, broad spectrum insecticide
US4973485A (en) * 1989-02-24 1990-11-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Orange stripper essence and stripper oil having high ratios of more desirable to less desirable flavor compounds
US5417009A (en) 1991-01-18 1995-05-23 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. House fly, horn fly, and mosquito repellents and apparatus useful in testing efficacy of same
US5653991A (en) 1993-03-24 1997-08-05 The Rod Family Trust Process for repelling and killing insects and compositions to effect the same comprising a monoterpene
US6114384A (en) 1993-05-21 2000-09-05 Ecosmart, Inc. Non-hazardous pest control
WO1995017816A1 (en) 1993-12-30 1995-07-06 The Pillsbury Company Pest repellent
US5858738A (en) 1996-11-07 1999-01-12 Merck & Co., Inc. Ermophilane sesquiterpenoids as HIV intergrase inhibitors
US6074634A (en) 1997-10-06 2000-06-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Feeding attractant and stimulant for adult control of noctuid and/or other lepidopteran species
AU1397199A (en) 1998-11-10 2000-05-29 Procter & Gamble Company, The A composition containing an insect repellent active blend
AU1079600A (en) 1998-11-10 2000-05-29 Hiroshi Kashihara Nootkatone or nootkatone analog derivatives and utilization thereof
US7230033B2 (en) * 2000-12-08 2007-06-12 United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention Pest control compositions and methods for their use
US6906108B2 (en) 2001-08-17 2005-06-14 Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College Extracts of vetiver oil as repellent and toxicant to ants, ticks, and cockroaches
US6897244B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2005-05-24 Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College Dihydronootkatone and tetrahydronootkatone as repellents to arthropods

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997022575A1 (en) 1995-12-18 1997-06-26 Firmenich S.A. Method for preparing nootkatone
US5847226A (en) 1995-12-18 1998-12-08 Firmenich Sa Process for the preparation of nootkatone
JPH1087409A (en) 1996-09-13 1998-04-07 Masashi Fujii Repellent and exterminator of epidermoptid
JPH11240802A (en) 1997-11-17 1999-09-07 Taisho Pharmaceut Co Ltd Repellent against blood-sucking noxious insect
EP1033076A1 (en) 1997-11-17 2000-09-06 Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Hematophagous insect repellent
WO2001028343A1 (en) 1999-10-19 2001-04-26 Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College Vetiver oil extracts as termite repellent and toxicant

Non-Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"IUPAC Information Bulletin Appendices on Tentative Nomenclature", SYMBOLS, UNITS, AND STANDARDS, no. 53, December 1976 (1976-12-01)
"Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: Section F-Natural Products and Related Compounds, Recommendations", INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY, 1976
"Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacology", vol. 28, 1995
BARNARD, D.R ET AL., J. ECON. ENTOMOL., vol. 74, 1981, pages 466 - 69
BARNARD, D.R. ET AL., J. ECON. ENTOMOL, vol. 74, 1981, pages 466 - 69
BROGDEN, W.G.; MCALLISTER, J.C., J. AM. MOSQ. CONTROL ASSOC., vol. 14, 1998, pages 159 - 64
EUR. J. BIOCHEM., vol. 86, 1978, pages 1 - 8
KONST ET AL., FLAVOURS, March 1975 (1975-03-01), pages 121 - 125
MAUPIN, G. 0.; PIESMAN, J., J. MED. ENTOMOL., vol. 31, 1994, pages 319 - 21
MAUPIN, G. O.; PIESMAN, J., J. MED. ENTOMOL., vol. 31, 1994, pages 319 - 21
PANELLA ET AL., J. MED. ENTOMOL., vol. 34, 1997, pages 340 - 45
TELLEZ ET AL., J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM., vol. 48, 2000, pages 3008 - 3012
XIONG, Y.: "Essential oil components of Alaska cedar heartwood", MASTERS THESIS, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, CORVALLIS, OR, 2001

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004021784A1 (en) * 2002-09-03 2004-03-18 Bioprospect Limited Eremophilone and eremophilone derivatives for pest control
JP2005537324A (en) * 2002-09-03 2005-12-08 バイオプロスペクト リミテッド Eremophilon and eremophyllone derivatives for pest control
AU2003257249B2 (en) * 2002-09-03 2008-06-26 Bioprospect Limited Eremophilone and eremophilone derivatives for pest control
AU2003257249B8 (en) * 2002-09-03 2008-07-24 Bioprospect Limited Eremophilone and eremophilone derivatives for pest control
US8101667B2 (en) * 2002-09-19 2012-01-24 Arkema France Pesticidal treatment of stored goods, enclosures, structures and works of art, with sulphur compounds
WO2014031790A1 (en) 2012-08-23 2014-02-27 Allylix, Inc. Nootkatone as an insecticide and insect repellent
WO2014170915A1 (en) * 2013-04-17 2014-10-23 Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research Insect repellents
AU2016201206B2 (en) * 2015-03-24 2017-04-13 Reynolds, Max Professor Pest control
WO2017162886A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Compositions and methods for repelling and killing ticks and detachment of feeding ticks
WO2017162883A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Methods and compositions for the prevention of infections and arthropod infestation
WO2017162887A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to kill sap-sucking insects
US11191266B2 (en) 2016-03-24 2021-12-07 Evolva Sa Methods and compositions for the treatment of infections and arthropod infestation
US11737459B2 (en) 2016-03-24 2023-08-29 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to kill sap-sucking insects
US11800867B2 (en) 2016-03-24 2023-10-31 Evolva Sa Methods of repelling biting arthropods, reducing pathogen spread and treating arthropod infestation
US11154057B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2021-10-26 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to treat mosquito infestations
US11896008B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2024-02-13 Evolva Sa Use of nootkatone to treat mosquito infestations
WO2022090464A1 (en) * 2020-10-30 2022-05-05 Givaudan Sa Method of mitigating conversion of volatile terpene species
EP4186365A1 (en) 2021-11-29 2023-05-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Plant protection method against the planthopper pentastiridius leporinus
DE102021131251A1 (en) 2021-11-29 2023-06-01 AgPrime GmbH PLANT PROTECTION METHODS AGAINST THE REED PLANTER PENTASTIRIDIUS LEPORINUS

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2310567T3 (en) 2009-01-16
EP1355895B1 (en) 2008-07-23
ATE402156T1 (en) 2008-08-15
AU2002245095B2 (en) 2007-01-18
DE60135021D1 (en) 2008-09-04
US7129271B2 (en) 2006-10-31
AU4509502A (en) 2002-07-01
EP1355895A2 (en) 2003-10-29
US7629387B2 (en) 2009-12-08
CA2431548C (en) 2011-02-22
CA2431548A1 (en) 2002-06-27
US20040077713A1 (en) 2004-04-22
WO2002050053A3 (en) 2003-01-16
US20050176818A1 (en) 2005-08-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7629387B2 (en) Compounds for pest control and methods for their use
US7230033B2 (en) Pest control compositions and methods for their use
US7524888B2 (en) Biorational repellents obtained from terpenoids for use against arthropods
US7939091B2 (en) Biorational repellents obtained from terpenoids for use against arthropods
US9497974B2 (en) Pesticidal compositions and methods for using same
US9743676B2 (en) Pesticidal compositions comprising a solid insecticide and an essential oil
KR101933722B1 (en) Use of sarmentine and its analogs for controlling plant pests
US20080269177A1 (en) Pesticidal compositions
HRP931073A2 (en) Oxadiazine derivates
US11827622B2 (en) Crystalline forms of imidacloprid and methods of use thereof
US11582971B2 (en) Crystalline forms of deltamethrin and methods of use thereof
EP0559612B1 (en) Dioxolane derivatives as pesticides
Hao et al. Synthesis and application of insect attractants in Vietnam
KR0172940B1 (en) Pesticidal agent
EP0661281B1 (en) Substituted phenylethers as pesticides
JPH0782201A (en) Preparation of phenoxyphenoxyalkyl derivative
Hao et al. Synthesis and application of insect attractants in Vietnam
JPH10504799A (en) Perhaloalkoxybenzenofenone hydrazones and their use as pesticides
SI9300673A (en) Oxadiazine derivatives
HUT64337A (en) Thiangazole, its production, preparative containing it and application of said compound

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2431548

Country of ref document: CA

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2002245095

Country of ref document: AU

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2001993241

Country of ref document: EP

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2001993241

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 10450024

Country of ref document: US

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Country of ref document: JP