WO2002073832A1 - Credit card communication system - Google Patents

Credit card communication system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002073832A1
WO2002073832A1 PCT/US2002/000122 US0200122W WO02073832A1 WO 2002073832 A1 WO2002073832 A1 WO 2002073832A1 US 0200122 W US0200122 W US 0200122W WO 02073832 A1 WO02073832 A1 WO 02073832A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
communication system
credit card
antenna
receiver
display
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/000122
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Scott Alan Stratmoen
Jeffrey Jay Stone
Original Assignee
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Northrop Grumman Corporation filed Critical Northrop Grumman Corporation
Priority to CA002440700A priority Critical patent/CA2440700C/en
Priority to AU2002234202A priority patent/AU2002234202B2/en
Priority to DE60227927T priority patent/DE60227927D1/en
Priority to EP02700999A priority patent/EP1374422B1/en
Priority to JP2002572753A priority patent/JP3913679B2/en
Publication of WO2002073832A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002073832A1/en
Priority to AU2005202955A priority patent/AU2005202955B2/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0723—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
    • G06K7/10029—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers. the collision being resolved in the time domain, e.g. using binary tree search or RFID responses allocated to a random time slot
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/08—Means for collapsing antennas or parts thereof
    • H01Q1/084—Pivotable antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2283—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles mounted in or on the surface of a semiconductor substrate as a chip-type antenna or integrated with other components into an IC package
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/02—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
    • H04B7/18502—Airborne stations
    • H04B7/18506—Communications with or from aircraft, i.e. aeronautical mobile service
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/10—Frequency-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using frequency-shift keying
    • H04L27/14—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access, e.g. scheduled or random access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to communications systems , and more particularly to a miniaturized communications system.
  • Miniaturization of commercial communications systems has focused upon the use of micro-cellular architectures, such as the one shown in Figure 1 which employs one high power base station transmitter 20 to communicate to remote communication devices 22 and many micro-cell receivers. Given that the remote communication devices only radiate a low power radio frequency (RF) signal, many receivers are required to encompass the area of the high power transmitter. Given the multitude of receivers required, the micro-cellular architecture is costly. Due to the fluid and ever-changing military battle space, traditional commercial communication systems are unsuitable for military deployment.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the architecture includes one base station which can be located in an aircraft (manned or unmanned) or atop a tower.
  • a system for communications includes a base station and wireless long-range communication devices which are approximately the size of a credit card.
  • the base station includes a high temperature superconductivity receiver.
  • the wireless communication devices each include a transceiver, a man machine interface, a processor, a power supply and an antenna .
  • the transceiver includes a frequency shift keying receiver.
  • the transceiver includes a direct sequence spread spectrum modulator with differential phase shift keying.
  • the man machine interface includes a display.
  • the display is a thin polymer emissive display that is capable of displaying both graphical and textual information.
  • the man machine interface includes pushbuttons (e.g., four pushbuttons).
  • the power supply includes a battery.
  • the battery is a primary lithium non-rechargeable battery or a secondary lithium polymer rechargeable battery.
  • the power supply also includes a constant current source charger and a low dropout analog regulator.
  • the antenna is either a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, or a patch antenna.
  • the communications system is a voice response architecture and includes a microphone.
  • the voice response architecture also includes an integrated broadband processor.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of an exemplary prior art commercial micro-cellular architecture
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of an exemplary architecture formed in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 3 is an exemplary configuration of the credit card communications system of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary architecture of a credit card communication system of the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a block diagram of an alternative (voice response) architecture of a communication system of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates exemplary antenna configurations suitable for use in an exemplary architecture for the present invention
  • Figure 7 illustrates the assignment of a unique slot in a master frame via a hashing function
  • Figure 8 illustrates how adaptive sleep eliminates variation in resistor capacitor (RC) oscillator frequency due to process and temperature changes
  • Figure 9 is an exemplary communications state diagram
  • Figure 10 is an illustration of a forward/reverse channel frame format.
  • the exemplary architecture of the present invention shown in Figure 2 is a network architecture which includes a single high power base station 20 which communicates with credit card size wireless communications devices.
  • the invention is referred to as a Credit Card Communications System (C3S) herein.
  • C3S Credit Card Communications System
  • the invention has commercial uses, such as a credit card sized pager, preferably with smart card capabilities.
  • the invention can also be used as a reduced function device which serves as a low cost long- range active radio frequency identification device (RFID) .
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • the credit card communication system of the present invention can communicate with a Global Positioning System (GPS) such that the credit card communications device can receive its location and can then upload its location to the base station.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • Another application of the present invention is for the credit card communications device to receive information which includes a phone number. The card is then inserted into a phone and the phone number is automatically dialed.
  • the C3S utilizes a single high power forward channel transmitter 30. Because the communicator of the C3S uses a simple receiver due to the aggressive size constraints, preferably, FSK modulation is utilized. In exemplary embodiments, the C3S employs high temperature superconductivity technology and spread spectrum coding to improve base sensitivity which eliminates the need for multiple micro-cellular receivers. Due to the enhanced base station, the C3S communicator's radio frequency output power is very low which increases battery life and enables using a small planar battery.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary configuration of the C3S credit card 40.
  • the packaging of the credit card 40 is a smart card form factor (e.g., approximately 9.6 mm x 6.4 mm with a thickness of .79 mm) and includes a complex transceiver 42, an antenna 44 and a man machine interface
  • the communicator's MMI includes a display 46, such as a dot matrix display, push buttons 48 and a microphone (not shown) .
  • a smart card form factor is preferable, it will be appreciated that other configurations can be used, for example, the card can be a magnetic stripe card.
  • Text or graphical information is delivered to the communicator, for example, via a forward channel frequency shift keying (FSK) .
  • the user can communicate with the base station (e.g., using predetermined responses and/or compressed voice) via, for example, the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) , phase shift keying (PSK) reverse channel.
  • DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • the C3S single base station architecture of the invention is predicated upon a forward channel high power base station and an optimized reverse channel.
  • the architecture combines various technologies, for example, DSSS, a high temperature superconductivity receiver, and an adaptive base station antenna array. Together these technologies allow a low power C3S transmitter to communicate with the base station with an acceptably low error rate.
  • the invention employs DSSS reverse channel in order to improve interrogator sensitivity and to reject unwanted signals. Due to the nature of DSSS communications, when transmissions from remote transmitters are correlated, interfering signals are de-correlated. This allows for rejecting of unwanted signals that are not strong enough to overload the receiver's low noise amplifier (LNA) .
  • LNA low noise amplifier
  • the sensitivity of the interrogator is a function of temperature and bandwidth.
  • the bandwidth is the coherent bandwidth for the focused code.
  • the C3S utilizes a focused code bandwidth of 1000 hertz and a temperature of 77 degrees Kelvin.
  • An adaptive interrogator antenna array helps reject unwanted signals because unwanted signals which are not located at the same geolocation as wanted signals can be rejected by use of a sectored gain antenna array or an adaptive sectored gain antenna array.
  • the adaptive sectored antenna array subtracts the unwanted signal from the wanted signal thus canceling the unwanted signal.
  • the sensitivity of a receiver is defined primarily by its noise figure and noise power.
  • High temperature superconductivity (HTS) allows the LNA and front end power filter RF components to be constructed such that a noise figure of less than 0.5 dB can be realized.
  • noise power is set by the system's temperature and bandwidth.
  • the overall interrogator receiver sensitivity can be as great as -186 dBm.
  • a convergence of technologies allow a C3S communicator to: perform long range communications (e.g., approximately 30 kilometers); be a self-contained credit card form factor; include an MMI with a flexible emissive display; and have low recurring costs.
  • Long range communications are accomplished via the following technologies: an HTS interrogation receiver; a low profile efficient antenna, DSSS, and an interrogator adaptive antenna array.
  • a self-contained smart card form factor is accomplished using the following technologies: a thinned flexible die (which produces a flexible card) , printed integrated passives thus eliminating discrete resistors and capacitors, thus reducing manufacturing costs, a flip chip on flex (die attachment method where the die is attached to the substrate material with solder ball connection pads), a thin lithium polymer battery, a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphone and a low profile efficient antenna.
  • the technology of a thin polymer emissive display is used for an integrated MMI.
  • Fluidic Self Assembly is a process which decouples the fabrication of transistors from the processing of display materials and permits the efficient assembly of drive electronics into all types of Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) .
  • FSPs Flat Panel Displays
  • FSA processing can be applied to devices other than displays.
  • the exemplary architecture of a credit card communications system formed in accordance with the present invention shown in Figure 4 includes four primary subsystems: a transceiver 50, a man machine interface 52, a processor 54 and a power supply 56.
  • An exemplary transceiver utilizes a single conversion Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) receiver 58 to provide a robust means of transmitting information to the card.
  • FSK Frequency Shift Keying
  • receiver 58 is a single Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) device.
  • the transmitter is implemented with a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation 68 to provide rejection to interference and enhance reverse channel link range.
  • DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum
  • DPSK differential phase shift keying
  • the man machine interface 52 is implemented with a one-quarter VGA size dot matrix (46 of Figure 3) display and four push buttons (48 of Figure 3) .
  • the display 46 can hold a combination of text and graphics.
  • the display can be utilized to hold context sensitive textual prompts such that the user will reuse the four push buttons for multiple functions .
  • the primary function of the processor 54 is to process the forward channel information for display and to generate the reverse channel information.
  • the forward channel uses a simple repetition due to the simplicity of processing (which minimizes power consumption) and high forward channel carrier to interference (C/I) .
  • the reverse channel utilizes a robust forward error correcting code.
  • the power supply 56 includes of a single Lithium (Li) polymer secondary chemistry (rechargeable) battery 60 along with a constant current source charger 62 and a low drop out analog regulator (LDO) 64. While a switch mode regulator is normally more efficient than an analog regulator, a magnetic element of sufficient size is difficult to realize with an integrated passive structure. With respect to analog regulators, the low drop out regulator circuit topology is the most efficient and can be matched to the battery's inherent flat discharge curve to maximize efficiency.
  • An alternative architecture is a voice response architecture such as the one shown in Figure 5.
  • the voice response architecture is similar to the exemplary architecture shown in Figure 4, but with two significant differences: (1) a microphone 70 (e.g., a MEMS microphone) is included to allow a voice information to be transferred by the user to the base station; and (2) the efficient transmission of voice traffic is permitted on the reverse channel coding.
  • the coding function includes vocoding (compression) , forward error correction coding, framing, etc. included in an integrated baseband processor 72.
  • Figure 6 illustrates three possible antenna designs: a monopole antennalOO, a dipole antenna 102, and a patch antenna 104.
  • the C3S communicator card's power source is planar and has a high energy density.
  • a primary non-rechargeable thin Li battery or a secondary rechargeable thin Li polymer battery is used.
  • ISO ISO standard contact pad
  • interrogation protocol utilized to communicate between the base station and the C3S communicator is critical to achieving high battery endurance for the communicator.
  • performance modeling typically is based upon well-known fundamental protocols.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the present invention utilize the reservation aloha model as a basis for the C3S protocol.
  • Aloha is a protocol for satellite and terrestrial radio transmissions. In pure Aloha, a user can transmit at any time but risks collisions with other users' messages. "Slotted Aloha" reduces the chance of collisions by dividing the channel into time slots and requiring that the user send only at the beginning of a time slot. As with any aloha based protocol, time is divided into slots.
  • the C3S protocol groups N slots together into a master frame which repeats every X seconds as shown in Figure 7.
  • C3S communicators are assigned by default to a unique slot in the master frame via a hashing function, as shown in Figure 8. The communicator only wakes up from sleep for its assigned time slot(s). The system will assign additional slots for a period of time after an interrogation of the communication to minimize latency for subsequent interrogations.
  • a low frequency resistor capacitor (RC) oscillator/ complementary metal- oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counter is utilized to measure the time the communicator is sleeping.
  • RC resistor capacitor
  • CMOS complementary metal- oxide semiconductor
  • the RC oscillator's accuracy is a function of voltage, temperature and CMOS process variations. Potential problems can be mitigated because the voltage is controlled accurately by the communicator's voltage regulator and temperature and process variations can be handled by adapting the sleep to feedback timing from the base station (or network), as shown in Figure 10.
  • a sleep timer awakens the system from a sleep state 110. Once awakened, the system looks for an interrogation frame and start timer 112. Once the frame is found, the system computes a sleep timer correction 114. The system then decodes the interrogation frame 116. If the ID of the interrogation frame matches (i.e., if the identification matches the unique identification of this credit card communications device) a response (e.g., a keyboard response, a voice message response or a combination there of) is transmitted 118. Once the response has been transmitted 118 or if the ID did not match the system returns to a sleep state 110.
  • a response e.g., a keyboard response, a voice message response or a combination there of
  • the C3S communication system utilizes identical frame formats for the forward and reverse channels.
  • the frame consists of a bit sync, a frame sync, payload and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) .
  • the payload can be any arbitrary data, for example, a query ID and time sync information.

Abstract

A system for long range communications is disclosed. The system includes a base station and credit card sized wireless long range communications devices (40). The wireless long range communication devices (40) each include a transceiver (42), a man machine interface (e.g., display (46) and pushbuttons (48)), a processor, a power supply (e.g., primary and secondary battery) and an antenna (44). Preferably, the wireless communication devices (40) are flexible (e.g., like a smart card).

Description

CREDIT CARD COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT
(Not Applicable)
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to communications systems , and more particularly to a miniaturized communications system. Miniaturization of commercial communications systems has focused upon the use of micro-cellular architectures, such as the one shown in Figure 1 which employs one high power base station transmitter 20 to communicate to remote communication devices 22 and many micro-cell receivers. Given that the remote communication devices only radiate a low power radio frequency (RF) signal, many receivers are required to encompass the area of the high power transmitter. Given the multitude of receivers required, the micro-cellular architecture is costly. Due to the fluid and ever-changing military battle space, traditional commercial communication systems are unsuitable for military deployment.
Thus, a need exists for a miniaturized communication system with an architecture suitable for military deployment. Preferably, the architecture includes one base station which can be located in an aircraft (manned or unmanned) or atop a tower.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A system for communications is disclosed. The system includes a base station and wireless long-range communication devices which are approximately the size of a credit card.
Preferably, the base station includes a high temperature superconductivity receiver.
In accordance with other aspects of the invention, the wireless communication devices each include a transceiver, a man machine interface, a processor, a power supply and an antenna .
In accordance with still other aspects of the invention, preferably, the transceiver includes a frequency shift keying receiver. Preferably, the transceiver includes a direct sequence spread spectrum modulator with differential phase shift keying.
In accordance with yet other aspects of the invention, the man machine interface includes a display. Preferably, the display is a thin polymer emissive display that is capable of displaying both graphical and textual information. Preferably, the man machine interface includes pushbuttons (e.g., four pushbuttons).
In accordance with further aspects of the invention the power supply includes a battery. Preferably, the battery is a primary lithium non-rechargeable battery or a secondary lithium polymer rechargeable battery.
Preferably, the power supply also includes a constant current source charger and a low dropout analog regulator. In accordance with still further aspects of the invention, the antenna is either a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, or a patch antenna.
In accordance with yet further aspects of the invention, the communications system is a voice response architecture and includes a microphone. Preferably, the voice response architecture also includes an integrated broadband processor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These as well as other features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reference to the drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a diagram of an exemplary prior art commercial micro-cellular architecture; Figure 2 is a diagram of an exemplary architecture formed in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 3 is an exemplary configuration of the credit card communications system of the present invention; Figure 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary architecture of a credit card communication system of the present invention;
Figure 5 is a block diagram of an alternative (voice response) architecture of a communication system of the present invention;
Figure 6 illustrates exemplary antenna configurations suitable for use in an exemplary architecture for the present invention; Figure 7 illustrates the assignment of a unique slot in a master frame via a hashing function;
Figure 8 illustrates how adaptive sleep eliminates variation in resistor capacitor (RC) oscillator frequency due to process and temperature changes; Figure 9 is an exemplary communications state diagram; and
Figure 10 is an illustration of a forward/reverse channel frame format.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The exemplary architecture of the present invention shown in Figure 2 is a network architecture which includes a single high power base station 20 which communicates with credit card size wireless communications devices. Thus, the invention is referred to as a Credit Card Communications System (C3S) herein. Due to the single base station (or interrogator) architecture, the C3S system is capable of quick setup and mobility which can accommodate battle field operations. While ideally suited for military operations, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not so limited. For example, the invention has commercial uses, such as a credit card sized pager, preferably with smart card capabilities. The invention can also be used as a reduced function device which serves as a low cost long- range active radio frequency identification device (RFID) . For example, several of the credit card sized communication devices can be put on several sides of a pallet or container. Traditional RFIDs are much more costly than the credit card sized communication device of the present invention because smart card form factor devices can be mass produced (for example, using reel-to-reel processing) . The credit card communication system of the present invention can communicate with a Global Positioning System (GPS) such that the credit card communications device can receive its location and can then upload its location to the base station. Another application of the present invention is for the credit card communications device to receive information which includes a phone number. The card is then inserted into a phone and the phone number is automatically dialed. It will be appreciated that the above examples illustrate a few possible applications of the credit card communications system of the present invention and that many other applications are possible.
As illustrated in Figure 2, the C3S utilizes a single high power forward channel transmitter 30. Because the communicator of the C3S uses a simple receiver due to the aggressive size constraints, preferably, FSK modulation is utilized. In exemplary embodiments, the C3S employs high temperature superconductivity technology and spread spectrum coding to improve base sensitivity which eliminates the need for multiple micro-cellular receivers. Due to the enhanced base station, the C3S communicator's radio frequency output power is very low which increases battery life and enables using a small planar battery. Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary configuration of the C3S credit card 40. The packaging of the credit card 40 is a smart card form factor (e.g., approximately 9.6 mm x 6.4 mm with a thickness of .79 mm) and includes a complex transceiver 42, an antenna 44 and a man machine interface
(MMI) . Preferably, the communicator's MMI includes a display 46, such as a dot matrix display, push buttons 48 and a microphone (not shown) . Although a smart card form factor is preferable, it will be appreciated that other configurations can be used, for example, the card can be a magnetic stripe card. Text or graphical information is delivered to the communicator, for example, via a forward channel frequency shift keying (FSK) . The user can communicate with the base station (e.g., using predetermined responses and/or compressed voice) via, for example, the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) , phase shift keying (PSK) reverse channel. Preferably, the C3S single base station architecture of the invention is predicated upon a forward channel high power base station and an optimized reverse channel. The architecture combines various technologies, for example, DSSS, a high temperature superconductivity receiver, and an adaptive base station antenna array. Together these technologies allow a low power C3S transmitter to communicate with the base station with an acceptably low error rate.
Preferably, the invention employs DSSS reverse channel in order to improve interrogator sensitivity and to reject unwanted signals. Due to the nature of DSSS communications, when transmissions from remote transmitters are correlated, interfering signals are de-correlated. This allows for rejecting of unwanted signals that are not strong enough to overload the receiver's low noise amplifier (LNA) .
The sensitivity of the interrogator is a function of temperature and bandwidth. For a DSSS based link, the bandwidth is the coherent bandwidth for the focused code. Preferably, the C3S utilizes a focused code bandwidth of 1000 hertz and a temperature of 77 degrees Kelvin.
An adaptive interrogator antenna array helps reject unwanted signals because unwanted signals which are not located at the same geolocation as wanted signals can be rejected by use of a sectored gain antenna array or an adaptive sectored gain antenna array. The adaptive sectored antenna array subtracts the unwanted signal from the wanted signal thus canceling the unwanted signal. The sensitivity of a receiver is defined primarily by its noise figure and noise power. High temperature superconductivity (HTS) allows the LNA and front end power filter RF components to be constructed such that a noise figure of less than 0.5 dB can be realized. In addition, noise power is set by the system's temperature and bandwidth. Thus, the overall interrogator receiver sensitivity can be as great as -186 dBm. As described in further detail below, in exemplary embodiments, a convergence of technologies allow a C3S communicator to: perform long range communications (e.g., approximately 30 kilometers); be a self-contained credit card form factor; include an MMI with a flexible emissive display; and have low recurring costs. Long range communications are accomplished via the following technologies: an HTS interrogation receiver; a low profile efficient antenna, DSSS, and an interrogator adaptive antenna array. A self-contained smart card form factor is accomplished using the following technologies: a thinned flexible die (which produces a flexible card) , printed integrated passives thus eliminating discrete resistors and capacitors, thus reducing manufacturing costs, a flip chip on flex (die attachment method where the die is attached to the substrate material with solder ball connection pads), a thin lithium polymer battery, a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphone and a low profile efficient antenna. The technology of a thin polymer emissive display is used for an integrated MMI. The following are exemplary technologies that contribute to low recurring costs for producing credit card communications systems in accordance with the invention: reel-to- reel production and fluidic self assembly. Fluidic Self Assembly (FSA™) is a process which decouples the fabrication of transistors from the processing of display materials and permits the efficient assembly of drive electronics into all types of Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) . For example, see www. alientechnology for a description of FSA™ developed by Alien Technology™ . It will be appreciated that FSA processing can be applied to devices other than displays.
The exemplary architecture of a credit card communications system formed in accordance with the present invention shown in Figure 4 includes four primary subsystems: a transceiver 50, a man machine interface 52, a processor 54 and a power supply 56. An exemplary transceiver utilizes a single conversion Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) receiver 58 to provide a robust means of transmitting information to the card. Preferably, receiver 58 is a single Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) device. Preferably, the transmitter is implemented with a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation 68 to provide rejection to interference and enhance reverse channel link range.
In exemplary embodiments, the man machine interface 52 is implemented with a one-quarter VGA size dot matrix (46 of Figure 3) display and four push buttons (48 of Figure 3) . Preferably, the display 46 can hold a combination of text and graphics. For example, the display can be utilized to hold context sensitive textual prompts such that the user will reuse the four push buttons for multiple functions . The primary function of the processor 54 is to process the forward channel information for display and to generate the reverse channel information. In exemplary embodiments, the forward channel uses a simple repetition due to the simplicity of processing (which minimizes power consumption) and high forward channel carrier to interference (C/I) . Preferably, the reverse channel utilizes a robust forward error correcting code.
Preferably, the power supply 56 includes of a single Lithium (Li) polymer secondary chemistry (rechargeable) battery 60 along with a constant current source charger 62 and a low drop out analog regulator (LDO) 64. While a switch mode regulator is normally more efficient than an analog regulator, a magnetic element of sufficient size is difficult to realize with an integrated passive structure. With respect to analog regulators, the low drop out regulator circuit topology is the most efficient and can be matched to the battery's inherent flat discharge curve to maximize efficiency. An alternative architecture is a voice response architecture such as the one shown in Figure 5. The voice response architecture is similar to the exemplary architecture shown in Figure 4, but with two significant differences: (1) a microphone 70 (e.g., a MEMS microphone) is included to allow a voice information to be transferred by the user to the base station; and (2) the efficient transmission of voice traffic is permitted on the reverse channel coding. Preferably, the coding function includes vocoding (compression) , forward error correction coding, framing, etc. included in an integrated baseband processor 72.
Due to the credit card form factor, the antenna configuration used must be capable of integrating into the credit card form factor. Figure 6 illustrates three possible antenna designs: a monopole antennalOO, a dipole antenna 102, and a patch antenna 104.
Preferably, the C3S communicator card's power source is planar and has a high energy density. In exemplary embodiments, a primary non-rechargeable thin Li battery or a secondary rechargeable thin Li polymer battery is used.
An International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) standard contact pad (66 of Figure 4) provides a means of communicating with the C3S's integrated processor via a bi-directional bit serial communications link. In addition, as the contact pad also provides power and ground which can be utilized to charge the battery.
The choice of interrogation protocol utilized to communicate between the base station and the C3S communicator is critical to achieving high battery endurance for the communicator. With any communications protocol development, performance modeling typically is based upon well-known fundamental protocols. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention utilize the reservation aloha model as a basis for the C3S protocol.
Aloha is a protocol for satellite and terrestrial radio transmissions. In pure Aloha, a user can transmit at any time but risks collisions with other users' messages. "Slotted Aloha" reduces the chance of collisions by dividing the channel into time slots and requiring that the user send only at the beginning of a time slot. As with any aloha based protocol, time is divided into slots. The C3S protocol groups N slots together into a master frame which repeats every X seconds as shown in Figure 7. C3S communicators are assigned by default to a unique slot in the master frame via a hashing function, as shown in Figure 8. The communicator only wakes up from sleep for its assigned time slot(s). The system will assign additional slots for a period of time after an interrogation of the communication to minimize latency for subsequent interrogations.
To enhance power savings during sleep, a low frequency resistor capacitor (RC) oscillator/ complementary metal- oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counter is utilized to measure the time the communicator is sleeping. Normally a crystal oscillator is utilized to drive a CMOS counter. However, the crystal oscillator based structure is not desirable due to the C3S communicator's size and power constraints. A low speed oscillator is more efficient but requires a large crystal. Small crystals while possibly fitting on the card would be prohibitively power inefficient.
The RC oscillator's accuracy is a function of voltage, temperature and CMOS process variations. Potential problems can be mitigated because the voltage is controlled accurately by the communicator's voltage regulator and temperature and process variations can be handled by adapting the sleep to feedback timing from the base station (or network), as shown in Figure 10.
An exemplary C3S communications state diagram is shown in Figure 11. A sleep timer awakens the system from a sleep state 110. Once awakened, the system looks for an interrogation frame and start timer 112. Once the frame is found, the system computes a sleep timer correction 114. The system then decodes the interrogation frame 116. If the ID of the interrogation frame matches (i.e., if the identification matches the unique identification of this credit card communications device) a response (e.g., a keyboard response, a voice message response or a combination there of) is transmitted 118. Once the response has been transmitted 118 or if the ID did not match the system returns to a sleep state 110.
The C3S communication system utilizes identical frame formats for the forward and reverse channels. As shown in Figure 12, the frame consists of a bit sync, a frame sync, payload and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) . The payload can be any arbitrary data, for example, a query ID and time sync information.
Additional modifications and improvements of the present invention may also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the particular combination of parts described and illustrated herein is intended to represent only a certain embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to serve as a limitation of alternative devices within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A communication system comprising: a) at least one credit card sized wireless long-range communications device; b) wherein the credit card sized wireless long- range communication device (s) communicate with a base station .
2. The communication system of Claim 1, wherein the base station comprises a high temperature superconductivity receiver.
3. The communication system of Claim 1, wherein the at least one wireless long-range communications device comprises : a) a receiver; b) an antenna; c) a man machine interface; d) a processor; and e) a power supply.
4. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the credit card sized wireless long-range communications device further comprises a transmitter.
5. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the receiver comprises a frequency shift keying receiver.
6. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the receiver comprises a direct sequence spread spectrum modulator.
7. The communication system of Claim 6, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum modulator comprises differential phase shift keying.
8. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the man machine interface comprises a display.
9. The communication system of Claim 8, wherein the display is a thin polymer emissive display.
10. The communication system of Claim 8, wherein the display is capable of displaying graphical and textual information.
11. The communication system of Claim 8, wherein the man machine interface further comprises at least one pushbutton.
12. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the power supply comprises a primary battery.
13. The communication system of Claim 12, wherein the primary battery is a lithium non-rechargeable battery.
14. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the power supply comprises a secondary battery.
15. The communication system of Claim 14, wherein the secondary battery is a lithium rechargeable battery.
16. The communication system of Claim 15, wherein the power supply further comprises: a) a constant current source charger; and b) a low dropout analog regulator.
17. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the antenna is a monopole antenna.
18. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the antenna is a dipole antenna.
19. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the antenna is a patch antenna.
20. The communication system of Claim 3, wherein the system is a voice response architecture and further comprises : a) a microphone; and b) an integrated broadband processor.
21. The communication system of Claim 1, wherein the credit card sized wireless long range communication device (s) are flexible.
22. The communication system of Claim 1, wherein the credit card sized wireless long-range communication device (s) can communicate in the range of about 30 kilometers .
PCT/US2002/000122 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 Credit card communication system WO2002073832A1 (en)

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CA002440700A CA2440700C (en) 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 Credit card communication system
AU2002234202A AU2002234202B2 (en) 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 Credit card communication system
DE60227927T DE60227927D1 (en) 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 CREDIT CARD COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
EP02700999A EP1374422B1 (en) 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 Credit card communication system
JP2002572753A JP3913679B2 (en) 2001-03-08 2002-01-02 Credit card communication system
AU2005202955A AU2005202955B2 (en) 2001-03-08 2005-07-06 Credit card communication system

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US09/802,296 2001-03-08
US09/802,296 US7006846B2 (en) 2001-03-08 2001-03-08 Credit card communication system

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CA2440700A1 (en) 2002-09-19
US7006846B2 (en) 2006-02-28
US20020128034A1 (en) 2002-09-12
EP1374422A1 (en) 2004-01-02
JP2004533145A (en) 2004-10-28
CA2440700C (en) 2008-04-22
EP1374422B1 (en) 2008-07-30
DE60227927D1 (en) 2008-09-11
EP1374422A4 (en) 2006-08-30
AU2002234202B2 (en) 2005-04-28
JP3913679B2 (en) 2007-05-09

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