WO2002086610A1 - Optical retarder - Google Patents
Optical retarder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002086610A1 WO2002086610A1 PCT/NZ2002/000073 NZ0200073W WO02086610A1 WO 2002086610 A1 WO2002086610 A1 WO 2002086610A1 NZ 0200073 W NZ0200073 W NZ 0200073W WO 02086610 A1 WO02086610 A1 WO 02086610A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- display
- retarder
- diffuser
- optical
- focal plane
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
- G02F1/13471—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells in which all the liquid crystal cells or layers remain transparent, e.g. FLC, ECB, DAP, HAN, TN, STN, SBE-LC cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
- G02B30/40—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images giving the observer of a single two-dimensional [2D] image a perception of depth
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
Definitions
- the present invention applies generally to the field of optical retarders and in particular to those suitable for use with multi-layered viewing screens.
- Boundary detection involves attempting to detect the boundary formed by a group of target elements with a unique visual feature set within distractors. It maybe readily visualised for example that a red circle would be immediately discernible set amongst a number of blue circles. Equally, a circle would be readily detectable if set amongst a number of square shaped distractors. In order to test for preattentiveness, the number of distractors as seen is varied and if the search time required to identify the targets remains constant, irrespective of the number of distractors, the search is said to be preattentive. Similar search time limitations are used to classify boundary detection searches as preattentive.
- a widespread threshold time used to classify preattentiveness is 200-250 msec as this only allows the user opportunity for a single 'look' at a scene. This timeframe is insufficient for a human to consciously decide to look at a different portion of the scene. Search tasks such as those stated above maybe accomplished in less than 200 msec, thus suggesting that the information in the display is being processed in parallel unattendedly or pre-attentively.
- the target is composed of a conjunction of unique features, i.e. a conjoin search
- a target is comprised for example, of a red circle set within distractors including blue circles and red squares
- Results showed the response time for SC and SM trials were constant and below the 250 msec threshold regardless of the number of distractors.
- the trials involved conjoin as the target did not possess a feature unique to all the distractors. However, it appeared the observers were able to search each plane preattentively in turn without interference from distractors in another plane.
- Liquid Crystal Displays used in computer monitors, passive matrix and active matrix.
- Passive-matrix Liquid Crystal Displays use a simple grid to supply the charge to a particular pixel on the display. Creating the grid starts with two glass layers called substrates. One substrate is given columns and the other is given rows made from a transparent conductive material. This is usually indium tin oxide. The rows or columns are connected to integrated circuits that control when a charge is sent down a particular column or row. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between the two glass substrates, and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each substrate.
- a pixel is defined as the smallest resolvable area of an image, either on a screen or stored in memory.
- Each pixel in a monochrome image has its own brightness, from 0 for black to the maximum value (e.g. 255 for an eight-bit pixel) for white.
- each pixel has its own brightness and colour, usually represented as a triple of red, green and blue intensities.
- the integrated circuit sends a charge down the correct column of one substrate and a ground activated on the correct row of the other. The row and column intersect at the designated pixel and that delivers the voltage to untwist the liquid crystals at that pixel.
- the passive matrix system has significant drawbacks, notably slow response time and imprecise voltage control.
- Response time refers to the Liquid Crystal Displays ability to refresh the image displayed.
- Imprecise voltage control hinders the passive matrix's ability to influence only one pixel at a time. When voltage is applied to untwist one pixel, the pixels around it also partially untwist, which makes images appear fuzzy and lacking in contrast.
- TFT thin film transistors
- Thin film transistors are tiny switching transistors and capacitors. They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is switched on, and then a charge is sent down the correct column. Since all of the other rows that the column intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge. The capacitor is able to hold the charge until the next refresh cycle. And if the amount of voltage supplied to the crystal is carefully controlled, it can be made to untwist only enough to allow some light through. By doing this in very exact, very small increments, Liquid Crystal Displays can create a grey scale. Most displays today offer 256 levels of brightness per pixel.
- a Liquid Crystal Display that can show colours must have three subpixels with red, green and blue colour filters to create each colour pixel. Through the careful control and variation of the voltage applied, the intensity of each subpixel can range over 256 shades. Combining the subpixel produces a possible palette of 16.8 million colours (256 shades of red x 256 shades of green x 256 shades of blue).
- Liquid Crystal Displays employ several variations of liquid crystal technology, including super twisted nematics, dual scan twisted nematics, ferroelectric liquid crystal and surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal. They can be lit using ambient light in which case they are termed as reflective, backlit and termed Tran missive, or a combination of backlit and reflective and called transflective. There are also emissive technologies such as Organic Light Emitting Diodes, and technologies which project an image directly onto the back of the retina which are addressed in the same manner as Liquid Crystal Displays. These devices are described hereafter as LCD panels.
- an inherent characteristic of using conventionally constructed LCD screens is that the polarisation of the light emanating from the front of the rearward screen is mis-aligned with the orientation of rear polariser of the front screen.
- Optical retarders also known as retardation plates, wave plates and phase shifters, may be considered as polarisation form converters with close to a 100% efficiency.
- a retarder may be simply defined as a transmisive material having two principle axes, slow and fast, which resolves the incident beam into two orthogonally polarised components parallel to the slow and fast axes without appreciable alteration of the of the intensity or degree of polarisation.
- the component parallel to the slow axis is retarded with respect to the beam component parallel to the fast axis.
- the two components are then reconstructed to form a single emergent beam with a specific polarisation form.
- the degree of retardance/ retardation denoting the extent to which the slow component is retarded relative to the fast component is generally expressed in terms of
- fractional wavelength - the optical path length difference expressed as a fraction of a given wavelength, obtained by dividing linear displacement values by a particular phase angle value or wavelength by 2 ⁇ , e.g 280nm/560nm V ⁇ wave retarder;
- phase angle - the phase difference between the wave fronts of the two component beams, expressed in degrees eg 90°, 180 ° or radians, l/2 ⁇ , ⁇ .
- r/ ⁇ is the fractional wavelength
- the retarder produces a phase angle of less than ⁇ and is said to be of the first order. If the resultant phase angle is between ⁇ and 2 ⁇ then the retarder is said to be of the second order, if between 2 ⁇ and 3 ⁇ it is a third order retarder and so forth.
- the mean wavelength of the visible spectrum (560nm) is used as the reference wavelength for optical retarders.
- a retarder may be employed as a polarisation form converter to rotate the output polarised light from the rear most liquid crystal display of a multi-screened LCD unit through the required angle to align with the polarisation plane of the rear surface of the front liquid crystal display.
- Polyesters such as polycarbonate are known retarders with a low intrinsic cost, though they are difficult to produce with sufficient chromatic uniformity to avoid the appearance of coloured 'rainbow-like' interference patterns when viewed between crossed polarisers. This is due (at least in part) to the thickness to which such sheets of polycarbonate are available, which result in second or higher order retarders .
- the different wavelengths of the spectrum constituents of white light are retarded to by the same linear displacement, but by different phase angles such that pronounced coloured interference fringes result.
- a diffuser is inserted between the two liquid crystal displays.
- This may take the form of an individual layer/sheet or alternatively be formed by the application of a particular pattern or structure to the surface of the retarder.
- Chemical etching is a relatively cheap means of applying the required pattern, though in practice it has been found deficient for producing acceptable results in combination with a polyester or polyester retarder.
- Alternatives to chemical etching include embossing, impressing or calendering of the said pattern by a holographically-recorded master onto the surface of the polyester retarder, forming a random, non-periodic surface structure. These randomised structures may be considered as a plurality of micro lenslets diffusing incident light to eliminate moire interference and colour defraction. This method is however significantly more expensive than conventional methods such as chemical etching. Further alternatives include specifically engineered retarder films with no diffusive capability but these are also costly and have chromatic uniformity problems.
- interstitial optical elements located between the display layers may change the optical path length of light incident on the second (or successive) screen having passed through the first display. This alteration in path length leads to chromatic aberrations that require correction to ensure a clear display image.
- Interstitial elements which may introduce such optical path length changes include:
- a multi-focal plane display including at least two at least partially overlapping display surfaces having a first order optical retarder interposed between at least two said screens.
- a first order optical retarder produces a phase angle displacement or retardation of less than or equal to that of the incident wavelength. Furthermore, it has been found that a first order retarder does not produce discernible coloured interference fringes when used in said displays.
- Suitable materials for production of first order retarders have hitherto suffered from significant drawbacks such as instability underexposure to bright lights and/or ageing, discoloration over time, manufacturing expense, brittleness and so forth.
- a display as hereinbefore described wherein said first order retarder is a material with the optical properties of a biaxial polypropylene.
- the said optical properties include those of a diffuser.
- the diffuser may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from said retarder or diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder itself.
- said diffusive effects of the diffuser are formed by a means selected from the group comprising chemical etching; embossing; impressing: or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- the ideal separation of the said diffuser from the surface of the display surface is a trade off between image clarity (decrease with separation) and diffusion of the moire effects.
- the separation of the diffusive layer from the display surface can be controlled by using adhesive of various thickness, to attach the diffuser to the display surface. This is applicable for both the use of a separate distinct diffuser or one integrally formed with, or attached to the said retarder.
- the said diffuser is adhered to said display by adhesive of a predetermined thickness.
- said first order retarder has a phase difference of less than or equal to 560nm.
- said retarder causes a phase angle retardation of less than or equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display. This is may be alternatively expressed as a linear displacement of less than or equal to 560nm of said incident light.
- the biaxial polypropylene is preferably formed as clear flexible film, though may conceivably be formed as a film, lacquer or coating.
- a method of manufacturing a multi-focal plane display including positioning a first order optical retarder between at least two partially overlapping display surfaces.
- a biaxial polypropylene layer adapted for use in an optical system.
- Said optical system need not be restricted to multi-focal plane displays as described above, but includes any optical system capable of utilising the said optical properties of biaxial polypropylene, and in particular, those of a retarder.
- biaxial polypropylene has not been employed for its optical properties, and in particular those of retardation. It has been found that replacing known retarders - such as polycarbonate in multi-layer displays by film of biaxial polypropylene that unexpectedly advantageous results are obtained in comparison to the prior art.
- the multi focal plane displays are preferably formed from liquid crystal panels, though it will be appreciated that other forms of optically active display elements may be used and are thus incorporated within the scope of the present invention.
- Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a multi-focal plane display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG 1 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in figure 1 incorporated in a dual screen display (1) of known type.
- the display (1) includes two overlapping, parallel liquid crystal display screens (2, 3) upon which information and/or images may be displayed by a variety of known means.
- a back light (4) is placed behind the rear LCD screen (2) to provide illumination for the images shown on one or both LCD screens (2, 3).
- both LCD screens (2, 3) are constructed in accordance with conventional manufacturing techniques, i.e. crossed polarising filters are located on the front and rear surface of each liquid crystal active element.
- crossed polarising filters are located on the front and rear surface of each liquid crystal active element.
- an optical retarder (5) is placed between the LCD screens (2, 3). Whilst in theory, the retarder (5) may be placed anywhere between the screens (2, 3), the use of prior art retarders such as polyester necessitates a location adjacent the front of the rear LCD screen (2). This is primarily due to the need for a diffusive pattern to be applied to retarders to avoid interference effects degrading the resultant display (1) image.
- Interference patterns are generated by both the Moire effect, - i.e., interference caused by slight period disparities between the structured surface on the LCD screens (2, 3), and the effects of chromatic separation of white polarised light into 'rainbow' coloured fringes. Diffusing the light is therefore used to deregulate the interference patterns generated.
- Prior art alternatives also include custom manufactured LCD screens constructed with the rear polarising filter of the front LCD screen (3) already aligned with the rear polariser of the front LCD screen (3). This re-alignment may also be undertaken after manufacture by a third party, albeit with a significant risk of damage to the LCD screens. Both means of re-alignment are prohibitively expensive.
- the present invention addresses this need by use of a biaxial polypropylene film as a first order retarder (5) located between the LCD screens (2, 3).
- Biaxial polypropylene available direct from commercial stationery outlets has been found to produce surprisingly good results in terms of optical performance in addition to the obvious cost and availability benefits.
- a brightness gain of 1.96 has been measured in comparison to existing polyester retarders.
- biaxial polypropylene of sufficient thickness to form a first order retarder eliminates the colour interference effects whilst also permitting the use of chemically etched diffusion pattern to eliminate the Moire interference effect without loss of image quality.
- the degree of retardance/ retardation is generally expressed in terms of
- 17 ⁇ is the fractional wavelength.
- biaxial polypropylene may readily be produced as thin flexible durable sheets, sufficiently thin to produce a linear displacement less than one wavelength of visible light, i.e, the retarder produces a phase angle of less than ⁇ , it is said to be of the first order.
- Prior art retarders used in this application produced resultant phase angles between ⁇ and 2 ⁇ , or between 2 ⁇ and 3 ⁇ , i.e. second order, or third order retarders respectively.
- the chemically etched diffusion pattern may be applied to a diffuser in the form of sheet of acrylic (6) or similar placed between the LCD screens (2, 3).
- the biaxial polypropylene also provides sufficient chromatic uniformity that the retarder (5) can be placed at any point between the LCD screens (2, 3).
- the diffuser (6) may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from said retarder (5) or diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder (5) itself.
- the said diffusive effects of the diffuser (6) may be formed by chemical etching; embossing; impressing: or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- the ideal separation of the said diffuser (6) from the surface of the display (3) surface is a trade off between image clarity (decrease with separation) and diffusion of the moire effects (increasing with separation).
- This separation can be controlled by using adhesive (not shown) of a predetermined thickness, to attach the diffuser (6) to the display (3) surface. This is applicable for both embodiments using of a separate distinct diffuser (6) or one integrally formed with, or attached to the said retarder (5).
- biaxial polypropylene film thickness and variations in the manufacturing processes and/or constituents may affect some optical properties including the difference in refractive index for each polarisation axis, different frequencies and temperature.
- biaxial polypropylene exhibits achromatic retarding properties.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02764117A EP1388023A4 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
JP2002584076A JP2005500557A (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
KR1020037013671A KR100878089B1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
CA002477142A CA2477142A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
US10/475,432 US7742124B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
US12/765,332 US20100201921A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2010-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ511255A NZ511255A (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2001-04-20 | Multi-focal plane display having an optical retarder and a diffuser interposed between its screens |
NZ511255 | 2001-04-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002086610A1 true WO2002086610A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
Family
ID=19928446
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NZ2002/000073 WO2002086610A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7742124B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1388023A4 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2005500557A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100878089B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2477142A1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ511255A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002086610A1 (en) |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN * |
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Cited By (9)
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US6986591B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2006-01-17 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Non-imaging photon concentrator |
US7011434B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2006-03-14 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Non-imaging photon concentrator |
EP1441547A2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-07-28 | Pioneer Corporation | Three-dimensional image display device |
EP1441547A3 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2006-05-17 | Pioneer Corporation | Three-dimensional image display device |
US7345658B2 (en) | 2003-01-24 | 2008-03-18 | Pioneer Corporation | Three-dimensional image display device |
JP2005345864A (en) * | 2004-06-04 | 2005-12-15 | Seiko Epson Corp | Image display apparatus, projector and polarization compensated optical system |
US7443565B2 (en) | 2004-06-04 | 2008-10-28 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Image display apparatus, projector, and polarization compensation system |
US7300164B2 (en) | 2004-08-26 | 2007-11-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Morphing light guide |
JP2008134655A (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2008-06-12 | Seiko Epson Corp | Image display apparatus, projector and polarized light compensating optical system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100201921A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
NZ511255A (en) | 2003-12-19 |
US7742124B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 |
US20040183972A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
JP2009282530A (en) | 2009-12-03 |
CA2477142A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
KR100878089B1 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
EP1388023A1 (en) | 2004-02-11 |
EP1388023A4 (en) | 2008-12-10 |
KR20030089720A (en) | 2003-11-22 |
JP2005500557A (en) | 2005-01-06 |
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