WO2002096113A1 - Resolution downscaling of video images - Google Patents
Resolution downscaling of video images Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002096113A1 WO2002096113A1 PCT/IB2002/001725 IB0201725W WO02096113A1 WO 2002096113 A1 WO2002096113 A1 WO 2002096113A1 IB 0201725 W IB0201725 W IB 0201725W WO 02096113 A1 WO02096113 A1 WO 02096113A1
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- video signal
- downscaling
- pixels
- inverse
- downscaled
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
- H04N7/0125—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level one of the standards being a high definition standard
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformation in the plane of the image
- G06T3/40—Scaling the whole image or part thereof
- G06T3/4084—Transform-based scaling, e.g. FFT domain scaling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/44—Decoders specially adapted therefor, e.g. video decoders which are asymmetric with respect to the encoder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/48—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using compressed domain processing techniques other than decoding, e.g. modification of transform coefficients, variable length coding [VLC] data or run-length data
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
- H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
- H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
- H04N19/59—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving spatial sub-sampling or interpolation, e.g. alteration of picture size or resolution
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/80—Details of filtering operations specially adapted for video compression, e.g. for pixel interpolation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/90—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using coding techniques not provided for in groups H04N19/10-H04N19/85, e.g. fractals
Definitions
- This invention relates to downscaling spatial resolution in video signals such as high definition television (HDTV) signals. More specifically, this invention relates to downscaling the resolution of HDTV signals to be commensurate with the resolution of standard definition television (SDTV) .
- HDTV high definition television
- SDTV standard definition television
- SDTV Standard Definition Television
- HDTV High Definition Television
- a significant advantage of HDTV over SDTV is that the increased data transmission improves the clarity of the viewed image. The clarity is improved by transmitting an image having greater resolution than SDTV transmission.
- Adapting SDTV television sets to HDTV formats may be easily accomplished by adding a converter box, e.g., a set-top box, to spatially downscale the received HDTV signal to a format acceptable for viewing on the SDTV television set.
- a converter box e.g., a set-top box
- WO97/14252-A1 discloses a method and apparatus using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to resize the image.
- DCT discrete cosine transform
- the method and apparatus exploit the convolution-multiplication property of the DCT to implement the anti-aliasing filter in the DCT domain, then the filter coefficients are operated on to produce DCT coefficients of the reduced-size image.
- EP 0 781 052-A2 discloses a decoder for decoding MPEG video bitstreams encoded in any color space encoding format and outputting the decoded video bitstream to different size windows. Both MPEG decompression and color space decoding and conversion are performed on the bitstreams within the same decoder.
- the disclosed decoder may be programmed to output the decoded video bitstream in any of three primary color space formats comprising YUN 4:2:0, YUN 4:2:2 and YUV 4:4:4.
- the decoder may also output the decoded bitstream to different sized windows using DCT based image resizing.
- An object of the invention is to provide a more advantageous resolution downscaling, in particular for encoded video signals including both field-type encoded groups of pixels and frame-type encoded groups of pixels.
- the invention provides a method and an apparatus according to the independent claims.
- Advantageous embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
- frequency domain anti-aliasing filtering and downscaling is performed in a first direction (e.g. horizontal) corresponding with a line direction in the first video signal and spatial domain downscaling is performed in a second direction (e.g. vertical) perpendicular to the first direction.
- the downscaling in the first direction may be performed prior to or during an inverse frequency transform operation.
- the invention is based on the insight that a given type of frequency domain anti-aliasing filter which is applied in the second direction for both field-type encoded groups of pixels and frame-type encoded groups of pixels corresponds to different filter types in the spatial domain.
- field-type groups of pixels usually include two separate transform encoded fields (e.g. top field and bottom field)
- frame-type groups of pixels usually include information corresponding to two fields mixed in one frame which is transform encoded as a whole. Filtering field-type and frame type encoded groups of pixels differently in the spatial domain may lead to significant errors arising during inverse motion compensation in the case that both field-type and frame-type encoded groups of pixels are present in the video signal.
- the method and apparatus of the invention are therefore suitable for handling interlaced video signals comprising mixed frame/field type groups of pixels, interlaced signals without mixed frame/field type encoded groups of pixels (e.g. only field type encoded groups of pixels) as well as progressive video signals with frame-type encoded groups of pixels without major modifications to the method or apparatus.
- spatial domain anti-aliasing filtering in the second direction is performed prior to the spatial domain downscaling in the second direction.
- the first video signal is downscaled prior to or during an inverse transform operation such as an inverse DCT (IDCT) which transform operation is followed by an inverse motion compensation prior to the spatial domain downscaling in the second direction.
- ICT inverse DCT
- the spatial domain downscaling in the second direction is preferably preceded by anti-aliasing filtering in the same direction.
- the spatial domain downscaling is preferably applied at frame level. This makes it possible to use a filter with long impulse response in the second direction to obtain a sharper frequency cutoff.
- Advantage of this embodiment is that distortions occurring at block edges due to block-based filtering are present only in the first direction.
- inverse motion compensation is performed on one-directional downscaled pictures the memory size required for reference field/frame storing is reduced compared with traditional full spatial domain scheme. The memory reduction depends on horizontal scaling factor.
- the spatial domain downscaling is performed prior to the inverse motion compensation. Due to the vertical spatial domain downscaling prior to inverse motion compensation, the memory size needed for storing a reference field/frame for the inverse motion compensation is reduced to e.g. half the size in the case the downscaling reduces the size of the field/frame with 50%. This memory size corresponds to the memory size which is needed for a comparable bi-directional frequency domain downscaling.
- field-type encoded groups of pixels are antialiasing filtered in both directions in the frequency domain rather than one direction in the frequency domain and the other in spatial domain. For each frame-type encoded group of pixels horizontal frequency domain anti-aliasing filtering and vertical spatial domain anti- aliasing filtering is performed.
- the same frequency domain filter can be applied in horizontal direction for field-type encoded groups of pixels and frame-type encoded groups of pixels.
- the spatial domain filter which is used in vertical direction for frame-type encoded groups of pixels has to correspond to the frequency domain filter which is used in vertical direction for field-type encoded macroblocks. Due to the vertical downscaling in spatial domain prior to inverse motion compensation, the memory size needed for storing a reference field/frame for the inverse motion compensation corresponds to the memory size which is needed for a comparable bi-directional frequency domain downscaling.
- the performance of this embodiment is higher because vertical spatial domain filtering, which is usually a slow procedure, is only performed on frame-type groups of pixels and not on field-type groups of pixels.
- Each frame-type group of pixels is filtered in frequency domain only in the first direction and then downscaled in the first direction during scalable IDCT. After all groups of pixels are decoded in this way, the mixed field information can be separated and each group of pixels is filtered and downscaled in spatial domain in the second direction prior to motion compensation.
- the field-type group of pixels is frequency domain filtered in both directions but downscaled in one direction in the frequency domain and in the other direction in the spatial domain prior to the inverse motion compensation.
- the groups of pixels may be blocks of pixels or macroblocks.
- each 16x16 macroblock consists of four 8x8 blocks of pixels.
- the interlaced signals can be encoded by the two different modes in e.g MPEG-2: the first is with field type of picture and the second one is with frame type of picture. In the first case each field of picture is coded separately and mixed field/frame macroblock mode is not used. In the second case (the most commonly used) each picture is coded at progressive manner, i.e. two fields are mixed and coded together. For this case the mixed macroblock mode is used. So if one uses the straightforward bi-directional frequency domain down conversion scheme for second way encoded interlaced signals, it leads to error propagation during motion compensation and significant visual quality losses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings:
- Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary HDTV transmitting and receiving system.
- Figure 2 illustrates exemplary HDTV and SDTV display formats;
- Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary HDTV receiving system and SDTV display system;
- Figure 4a illustrates a functional block diagram of an exemplary MPEG decoding system
- Figure 4b depicts an illustrative block diagram of an exemplary MPEG decoding system
- Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a decoding system in accordance with principles of the invention
- Figure 6a illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a decoding system in accordance with principles of the invention
- Figure 6b depicts a functional block diagram of part of the exemplary decoding system as shown in Fig. 6a, and
- Figure 6c depicts a functional block diagram of an exemplary motion vector downscaling for use in the exemplary decoding system as shown in Fig. 6a.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a typical HDTV system.
- a digital television signal produced by signal generator 101 composed typically of an 8x8 matrix of 64 pixel elements, is compressed by MPEG encoder 103.
- MPEG encoding is based on the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT), a mathematical operation similar to Fourier transformation and well known in the art.
- DCT Discrete Cosine Transformation
- MPEG encoder 103 performs, among other operations, a conversion of an exemplary 8x8 matrix of pixels, represented by signal 102, into an 8x8 matrix of coefficients, represented by signal 104.
- the resultant DCT transformed matrix stores high-frequency information in the top-left corner of the matrix and the low-frequency information in the bottom-right corner of the matrix.
- the DCT transformed matrix is then quantized so that 8 bits i.e., one byte, are used to describe the values in each matrix element.
- the quantized matrix is transmitted, in this illustrative example, by TV transmitter 105 through transmitting antenna 106.
- Digital video compression techniques such as MPEG -2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, which are standards specified by the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), are well known in the art and need not be discussed in detail herein.
- the transmitted digital signal 108 is received by receiving antenna 110 and processed by TV receiver 120, which includes tuner 125.
- Tuner 125 is used to isolate a specific HDTV signal from the plurality of HDTV and SDTV signals received.
- the isolated signal is then processed by decoder 140, e.g., an MPEG decoder, which decodes the digitally transmitted signal 130 into displayable signal 145.
- decoder 140 decodes the received signal and returns the transmitted coefficients to a stream of pixel data ordered by lines and rows.
- Display driver 150 generates appropriate Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) colors signal for display on high- resolution screen 160 based on the received data. To achieve higher resolution, HDTV images are created with a high resolution.
- an image is transmitted with 1920 pixels in each horizontal line and there are 1080 lines, i.e., a resolution of 1920 x 1080.
- an image is transmitted with 1280 pixels per line and 720 lines, i.e., 1280 x 720.
- SDTV television has a resolution significantly less than that of HDTV.
- the television transmission system in the United States and Japan the SDTV system NTSC consists of a resolution of approximately 720 x 480, i.e., 720 pixels for each of 480 lines. Europe employs the PAL system which uses still a different resolution, i.e., 720 x 576.
- Figure 2 illustrates the image viewing area of a typical NTSC SDTV image superimposed on a HDTV image.
- the viewing area of a transmitted HDTV image is depicted as area 205 and the SDTV image is depicted as area 210.
- a significant portion of the HDTV image is lost as only that portion of the HDTV image overlapping the SDTV image is viewable on an SDTV screen.
- the HDTV signal is "downscaled” to compress the HDTV signal.
- Figure 3 illustrates the introduction of sealer 170, in the system of Figure 1 to scale digital signal 145 into scaled signal 155 for viewing on SDTV screen 190.
- sealer 170 essentially performs a two-dimensional scaling of the signal 145 to reduce image 205 of Figure 2 to fit within the bounds of image 210. That is, sealer 170 divides, in this illustrative example, image 205 horizontally by the ratio:
- Sealer 170 may further be programmable to appropriately downscale alternative HDTV resolutions.
- CPU 180 is used illustratively to program sealer 170 to the appropriate downscaling ratios.
- FIG. 4a illustrates an exemplary decoder 140, e.g., MPEG decoder, which is well known in the art and briefly described herein.
- digital signal 130 is processed by Huffman decoder 425.
- the Huffman decoded signal is then processed by inverse quantizer 405.
- Signal 407 is then processed by Inverse DCT (IDCT) 410 to convert the, typically transmitted 8x8 matrix of 64 coefficients into an 8x8 matrix of 64 pixels.
- IDCT Inverse DCT
- the converted signal 408 is then combined with a signal to uncompress the transmitted image by restoring stationary image data and to inverse (436) the motion compensation that was originally applied.
- the resultant combined signal is now a digital image that is uncompressed and motion compensated.
- a link between the Huffman decoder 425 and the inverse motion compensation block 436 shows that the Huffman decoder 425 decodes motion vector data prior to their using for inverse motion compensation.
- the digital image is next applied to anti-aliasing filter 435 to filter the high- frequency components from the image.
- Anti-aliasing filtering as such is well-known in the art and may e.g. be implemented as a low-pass Finite Impulse Response filter.
- Anti-aliasing filter 435 softens the edges of the data items within the digital images.
- Output signal 145 includes pixel information that is representative of video lines used to display an image.
- FIG. 4b illustrates the video memory 420 needed in decoder 140 to perform inverse motion compensation.
- each image is stored on a "page" of video memory.
- Memory page 420a thus includes pixel information associated with a first image
- memory 420b includes pixel information associated with a second image
- memory 420n includes the pixel information associated with an "n-th" image.
- storage of each video image requires significant video memory. For example, storing an image having resolution 1920 x 1080 requires over 2 Megabytes of memory storage.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the replacement of decoder 140 by AFD (All Format Decoder) 505 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- AFD 505 receives the digital signal 130 and converts it into scaled signal 520.
- AFD 505 horizontally scales digital signal 130 to achieve a resolution comparable to the standards of an SDTV image.
- AFD 505 horizontally downscales digital signal 130 by a factor of two (e.g., resolution 1920 to 960).
- Horizontally scaled signal 520 is then vertically scaled by sealer 170 to achieve a resolution comparable to the standards of an SDTV image.
- sealer 170 vertically downscales horizontally scaled signal 520 by a factor of two i.e., resolution 1080 to 540. Accordingly, the downscaled image has a resolution of 980 x 540.
- AFD 505 to downscale the digital signal 130 horizontally is advantageous, as less processing power is needed because digital signal 130 is not decoded at a full resolution and significantly less video memory is necessary to store uncompressed motion compensated video data. Processing power requirements of AFD 505 are significantly reduced, as a selectively chosen reduced data set, e.g., a 4x8 matrix of 32 elements is processed rather than a conventional 8x8 matrix of 64 elements. Further, significantly less video memory is necessary to store the scaled images, as the complete decoded image is not stored, but, rather, only the selectively chosen reduced data set. Reduced memory is illustrated as memory 510a through 51 On in Figure 5.
- the video memory requirements to store a horizontally scaled image for inverse motion compensation performing are approximately one Megabyte.
- the macroblocks are spatially downscaled prior to the inverse motion compensator, even further reduced data sets are processed, e.g. 4x4 matrix of 16 elements.
- the output of the AFD 505 is in that case a frame which has been downscaled in both directions thereby making the sealer 170 redundant.
- the video memory requirements to store a horizontally and vertically scaled image for inverse motion compensation performing are approximately one-half Megabyte.
- Figure 6a depicts an exemplary functional block diagram of AFD 505.
- the digital signal 130 is first processed by the Huffman decoder 425, and then processed by an inverse quantizer and frequency domain filter 610.
- the output of quantizer/filter 610 is signal 612.
- Signal 612 as will be shown, has a filtered characteristic similar to the filtered characteristic achieved by anti-aliasing filter 435.
- Signal 612 is next processed by scalable IDCT 615, which converts the exemplary 64 filtered coefficient elements of the signal 612 to a horizontally scaled signal composed of selectively chosen, for example, 32 pixel elements.
- the output of the scalable IDCT 615 is then scaled in vertical direction in spatial domain vertical downscaler 511 and merged with a signal from scalable motion compensator 650 to restore the stationary information within an image and inverse the effect of motion compensation.
- Motion vectors for use in the motion compensator 650 are derived from the Huffman decoder 425 via a motion vector sealer 513.
- Output signal 520 is a signal having resolution spatially downscaled to be substantially compatible with SDTV television sets.
- Figure 6b illustrates a functional block diagram of part of the exemplary decoder of Fig. 6a.
- the filtered signal 612 produced by the quantizer/filter 610 is processed by the IDCT and Horizontal sealer 615, which transforms the set of coefficients to a reduced set of pixels.
- the decoder can be programmed to spatial domain downscaling the image vertically on macroblock level or on frame level. If macroblock level is chosen, after IDCT 630 each filtered and horizontally downscaled macroblock is processed by spatial filter and sealer in vertical direction if it is frame-type coded.
- macroblock is field-type coded it may be processed by sealer without filtering because it may already be filtered in both directions in the frequency domain.
- vertical frequency domain filter used for field-type coded macroblocks must correspond to spatial domain filter used for frame-type encoded macroblock in order to reduce prediction distortions during inverse motion compensation.
- frame level vertical spatial domain downscaling is chosen, any-type coded macroblocks are downscaled horizontally in the IDCT 630 and thereafter processed by motion compensator 650. After performing motion compensation the spatial domain filter and sealer 170 are necessary to spatially downsize the image vertically.
- Figure 6c illustrates a functional block diagram of the motion vector downscaler 513.
- the motion vector 122 is first processed by Huffman decoder 425, then downscaled horizontally by horizontal motion vector sealer 514, vertically downscaled by vertical motion vector sealer 515 and processed by motion compensator 650.
- a motion vector has to be downscaled only in vertical direction by vertical motion vector sealer 515.
- a c (n) is the N-point DCT of the real sequence of a(n);
- the two-dimension DCT of the real sequence of a(k,l) creates a matrix wherein the lower frequency elements are contained in the upper left of the matrix and the higher frequency element are contained in the lower right of the matrix.
- filtering in the DCT domain in both directions can be realized by multiplying the received DCT coefficients by a special filter matrix.
- the frequency response of indicated filter H>j(n) can be obtained by computation of DFT of h 2N (n), odd symmetric sequence expanded to 2N-length by zeros.
- Two-dimension frequency response can be consider as:
- the frequency domain quantizer/filter can be combined with the inverse quantization function by prior merging of the quantization matrix with the filter matrix H(n,m). More specifically, if the filter matrix is denoted as HH N as:
Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002592640A JP2004531969A (en) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-17 | Method and apparatus for downscaling video image resolution |
EP02727926A EP1397920A1 (en) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-17 | Resolution downscaling of video images |
KR1020037000972A KR100893276B1 (en) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-17 | Resolution downscaling of video images |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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US29271501P | 2001-05-22 | 2001-05-22 | |
US60/292,715 | 2001-05-22 | ||
US10/132,041 US7215708B2 (en) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-04-25 | Resolution downscaling of video images |
US10/132,041 | 2002-04-25 |
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WO2002096113A1 true WO2002096113A1 (en) | 2002-11-28 |
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PCT/IB2002/001725 WO2002096113A1 (en) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-17 | Resolution downscaling of video images |
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US (1) | US7215708B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1397920A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004531969A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100893276B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1224265C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002096113A1 (en) |
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EP2693767A3 (en) * | 2012-07-31 | 2014-09-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Image processing apparatus and image processing method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7215708B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 |
US20020181592A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
JP2004531969A (en) | 2004-10-14 |
CN1463552A (en) | 2003-12-24 |
EP1397920A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
KR100893276B1 (en) | 2009-04-17 |
KR20030024804A (en) | 2003-03-26 |
CN1224265C (en) | 2005-10-19 |
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