WO2003027853A1 - A system and method for synchronisation for enforcing mutual exclusion among multiple negotiators - Google Patents
A system and method for synchronisation for enforcing mutual exclusion among multiple negotiators Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003027853A1 WO2003027853A1 PCT/US2002/029857 US0229857W WO03027853A1 WO 2003027853 A1 WO2003027853 A1 WO 2003027853A1 US 0229857 W US0229857 W US 0229857W WO 03027853 A1 WO03027853 A1 WO 03027853A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lock
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- node
- read
- writing
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/0703—Error or fault processing not based on redundancy, i.e. by taking additional measures to deal with the error or fault not making use of redundancy in operation, in hardware, or in data representation
- G06F11/0793—Remedial or corrective actions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/0703—Error or fault processing not based on redundancy, i.e. by taking additional measures to deal with the error or fault not making use of redundancy in operation, in hardware, or in data representation
- G06F11/0706—Error or fault processing not based on redundancy, i.e. by taking additional measures to deal with the error or fault not making use of redundancy in operation, in hardware, or in data representation the processing taking place on a specific hardware platform or in a specific software environment
- G06F11/0709—Error or fault processing not based on redundancy, i.e. by taking additional measures to deal with the error or fault not making use of redundancy in operation, in hardware, or in data representation the processing taking place on a specific hardware platform or in a specific software environment in a distributed system consisting of a plurality of standalone computer nodes, e.g. clusters, client-server systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
- G06F9/52—Program synchronisation; Mutual exclusion, e.g. by means of semaphores
- G06F9/526—Mutual exclusion algorithms
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
- Y10S707/99938—Concurrency, e.g. lock management in shared database
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/99951—File or database maintenance
- Y10S707/99952—Coherency, e.g. same view to multiple users
- Y10S707/99953—Recoverability
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to computer systems. More specifically, it relates to a synchronization mechanism for use with multiple negotiators.
- Servers are typically used for big applications and workloads such as those used in conjunction with large web services and manufacturing. Often, a single server does not have enough power to perform the required application. To accommodate these large applications, several servers may be used in conjunction with several shared storage devices in a storage area network (SAN). In order to accomplish synchronization, a lock may be used.
- SAN storage area network
- Some hardware such as disk storage, typically does not support an atomic test-and-set operation, atomic swap operation, or equivalent operation on shared storage.
- a potential problem with the use of locks with this type of hardware is in the instance where a first node reads the lock, sees that it is available, then writes to the lock to claim it. In the meantime, after the first node has read the lock but before it has written to the lock, a second node reads the same lock and sees that it is available, then writes to the lock, claiming it as well. Accordingly, both nodes may think that they have control over the lock, and therefore try to alter the shared data.
- a proposed solution is to reserve a separate area in the lock corresponding to each node or application to write in so that there are substantially as many reserved lock areas as nodes or applications. By doing so, an algorithm can be devised that avoids the problem described in the preceding paragraph.
- a potential problem with this solution is the large amount of space that may be required to hold in reserve for the various nodes and applications which may need to access shared data. Additionally, the set of nodes or applications may change over time and accommodating this change would be very difficult.
- What is needed is a system and method for synchronizing mutual exclusion among multiple negotiators that does not require hardware support for an atomic test and set or swap equivalent on the shared storage, that does not require the reservation of a large amount of shared storage space and that can be dynamic to accommodate changes to the set of negotiators.
- the present invention addresses such needs.
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a shared storage system suitable for facilitating the synchronization mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an example of a communications failure of a shared storage system.
- Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a lock according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4A-4D are flow diagrams of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention for obtaining a lock.
- Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for synchronizing locks using priority according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, or a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storage medium or a computer network wherein program instructions are sent over optical or electronic communication links. It should be noted that the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention.
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a shared storage system suitable for facilitating the synchronization mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- nodes 102A-102D are coupled together through a network switch 100.
- the network switch 100 can represent any network infrastructure such as an Ethernet.
- the nodes 102A-102D are also shown to be coupled to a data storage interconnect 104.
- An example of the data storage interconnect 104 is a fiber channel switch, such as a Brocade 3200 the fiber channel switch.
- nodes 102A- 102D include but are not limited to computers, servers, and any other processing units or applications that can share storage or data.
- the data interconnect 104 is shown to be coupled to shared storage 106A-106D.
- shared storage 106A-106D include any form of storage such as hard drive disks, compact disks, tape, and random access memory.
- node is intended to include all possible negotiators of any system that requires a synchronization mechanism for enforcing mutual exclusion among multiple negotiators.
- Examples, of node, as used herein, include but are not limited to servers, computers, and applications.
- Fig. 1 Although the system shown in Fig. 1 is a multiple node system, the present invention can also be used with a single computer system for synchronizing various applications as they share data on a shared storage.
- Shared storage can be any storage device, such as hard drive disks, compact disks, tape, and random access memory.
- a filesystem is a logical entity built on the shared storage. Although the shared storage is typically considered a physical device while the filesystem is typically considered a logical structure overlaid on part of the storage, the filesystem is sometimes referred to herein as shared storage for simplicity. For example, when it is stated that shared storage fails, it can be a failure of a part of a filesystem, one or more filesystems, or the physical storage device on which the filesystem is overlaid. Accordingly, shared storage, as used herein, can mean the physical storage device, a portion of a filesystem, a filesystem, filesystems, or any combination thereof.
- Fig. 2 is a similar block diagram to Fig. 1, illustrating a network communications failure.
- the network switch 100' is shown to have failed. If the network 100' connection failed between node 102B' and node 102C then the shared storage system would have cluster 150A which includes 102A' and 102B', and cluster 150B which includes node 102C and 102D'.
- the nodes 102 A' and 102B' within cluster 150A can communicate with each other but can no longer communicate with nodes 102C and 102D'.
- nodes 102C and 102D' of cluster 150B can communicate with each other but can no longer communicate with nodes 102A' and 102B'.
- a lock is used to solve this problem and to allow synchronization between negotiators.
- Negotiators can be any device, application, group of devices or applications, or any combination thereof that may attempt to use the lock. Examples of negotiators include but are not limited to servers, nodes, computers, clusters and applications.
- Fig. 3 shows a lock according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, only a single shared storage 106 is shown for clarity, however, the system shown in Fig. 3 can accommodate a large number of shared storage units.
- a lock 120 is shown to be included within the shared storage 106.
- the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 shows a lock 120 including two parts 122A and 122B.
- An example of the size of reserved space for parts 122A-122B is four disk sectors.
- the reserved space can be optionally split into blocks.
- part 122 A can include a renew block and a holder block.
- the renew block 124 A is shown to include a renew time.
- the holder block 126 A is shown to include a lock state, a holder ID, and a priority.
- holder lock 126B is shown to include lock state, holder ID, and priority. Further details of these features will be discussed in conjunction with the following flow diagrams.
- Fig. 4 shows a flow diagram of method according to an embodiment of the present invention for obtaining a lock.
- This example can correspond with lock 120 of Fig. 3 which includes parts 122A-122B, however, the examples shown in block 124A-124B and 126A-126B can apply but does not need to apply to the method shown in Fig. 4.
- a requesting node reads part one of the lock (400). It is then determined whether the part one of the lock is available (402). For example, the requesting node can read the Lock State of part one 122 A of Fig. 3. If the Lock State deems the lock free, then it is available. If, however, the Lock State deems the lock unavailable, then the requesting node reads the Holder ID of part one 122A. If there is no Holder ID, or if the Holder ID identifies the lock as being available, then it can be determined that the lock is available.
- part one is not free (402), then it is determined whether a lease on part one has expired (404).
- An example of a lease is when a node obtains a lock for a predefined time period. In order to maintain the lock, the node renews the lease. In this example, the node leases part one of the lock. The requesting node reads a renew time of part one of the lock. It is then determined whether a mark or unique identifier, such as a time stamp or a progressive sequence of numbers, of the renew time has changed within a predetermined period of time. An example of how often the timestamp is updated is five seconds. In the example shown in Fig. 3, the time stamp is identified as ⁇ renew time 1>.
- the lease is deemed to have expired. If the time stamp has changed in the predetermined period of time, then it is assumed that the current lock holder is still active and validly holding the lock. Accordingly, the requesting node attempts again to obtain the lock by reading part one .
- this node waits a predetermined amount of time (406).
- a predetermined amount of time is five seconds. Afterwards, part one is read again (400).
- part one is free (402), or if the lease on part one has expired (404), then an ID is written in to part one (410).
- the ID is preferable a unique entry written by the requesting node which can be any identifiable notation that can be associated with the requesting node. This unique entry is sometimes referred to as holder ID.
- Part two is then read (412). It is then determined whether part two is free (414). If part two is available, then the ID of the requesting node is written into part two. If, however, part two is not available, then it is determined whether the lease has expired on part two (416). An example of when part two would not be available is if there is a holder ID of another node already written into part two.
- a time stamp such as a predetermined time period of five seconds.
- the time stamp is identified as ⁇ renew time 2>. If the time stamp has changed in the predetermined period of time, then it is assumed that the current lock holder is still active and validly holding the lock.
- the requesting node still owns part one (430). For example, if the requesting nodes ID is still written into part one, then it still owns part one. If it still owns part one (430), then the lock is now leased to the requesting node (434). A predetermined amount of time is waited (436), such as five seconds, and then the time stamp in part two is renewed (438).
- the requesting node does not still own part one (430), then the lock is not leased to the requesting node (432), and the requesting node waits a predetermined amount of time (406 of Fig. 4A) before reading part one again (400).
- the requesting node waits a predetermined amount of time (440), such as five seconds, and then reads part one (442). It is then determined whether the requesting node still owns part one (444). If it still owns part one, then the time stamp in part one is renewed (446). Thereafter, a predetermined amount of time is again waited (440). Thereafter, part two is again read (412 Fig. 4B).
- a predetermined amount of time such as five seconds
- this predetermined time interval for the renewing of the time stamp be shorter than the amount of time that is required to wait before being able to grab the lock away from the current holder of the lock, such as the lease time of step 416 of Fig 4B.
- An example of the time interval between renewing the time stamp (438) is one second while an example of the lease time (416) is five seconds. In this manner, ordinary delays can occur before the lock can be taken away form the current holder.
- An advantage to leasing the lock in this manner rather than owning the lock is that in case the node which holds the lock fails, then after a predetermined amount of time, another node is able to take the lock away from the failed node so that the lock is not frozen and unavailable to the rest of the system.
- the time stamp in part two can be renewed by any node that has been authorized to do so by the node that currently holds the lock without over- writing the holder information. For example, if node 102 A currently leases lock 120 of Fig. 3, then node 102B can also renew the time stamp in part two (438 of Fig. 4C) on behalf of node 102 A if it has been authorized to do so by node 102 A. This feature can keep the lock from being inadvertently dropped if the holder of the lease on the lock becomes too busy for some period to renew its lease on the lock.
- Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method of synchronizing access according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the method utilizes priority factors.
- This embodiment differs from the previous embodiment shown in Figs. 4A-4D in the way a node acquires part one of the lock.
- a node When a node acquires part one of the lock, it writes its priority into part one of the lock along with its unique identifier. If the priority of that node later changes, it updates its priority in part one of the lock.
- another node attempts to acquire part one of the lock, it first reads part one of the lock, then determines if there is a current holder of the lock, and if so, determines whether that node has a lower priority than itself. If so, the node is allowed to acquire part one of the lock without checking if the current holder is renewing its lease on the lock. Essentially, a node is allowed to steal part one of the lock from a lower priority holder.
- the priority can be any value or set of values.
- Figs. 4A-4B, and 4D are substantially the same for this embodiment accept that step 402 of Fig. 4A determines whether part one is free or whether the requesting node has a higher priority then the holder of part one. Additionally, Fig. 4C would be substituted with Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, it is determined whether the requesting node still owns part one (500). If it does still own part one, then the lock is leased to the requesting node (504). A predetermined amount of time is then waited (506), and part one is read again (508). It is then determined whether another node holds part one and whether it has a higher priority than this node (510).
- ⁇ priority 2> is the priority of the current lock holder while ⁇ priority 1> is the priority of the requesting node that has claimed part one of the lock but cannot claim part two since it is already taken.
- Another node does hold part one and it does have a higher priority than this node (510), then it waits a predetermined amount of time (406 of Fig. 4A) and again reads part one (400).
- An advantage of the present invention is that an atomic test-and-set, atomic swap, or equivalent operation is not required on the shared storage.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that a fixed, predictable amount of space is used by the lock regardless of the number of negotiators.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that the set of negotiators can be dynamic without interruption to the locking mechanism. For example, if a negotiator or holder of the lock fails, then the lock will automatically be obtained by another negotiator as illustrated in Figures 4A-4D and 5. Likewise, if an additional negotiator is added to the shared storage system, then the locking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention does not need to be altered to account for the change.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that it does not require that clocks be synchronized among the negotiators.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (16)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US32424301P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US32424201P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US32419501P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US32422601P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US32419601P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US32422401P | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | |
US60/324,243 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US60/324,224 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US60/324,196 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US60/324,226 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US60/324,195 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US60/324,242 | 2001-09-21 | ||
US32478701P | 2001-09-24 | 2001-09-24 | |
US60/324,787 | 2001-09-24 | ||
US32719101P | 2001-10-01 | 2001-10-01 | |
US60/327,191 | 2001-10-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003027853A1 true WO2003027853A1 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
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Family Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2002/030085 WO2003025751A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | A system and method for efficient lock recovery |
PCT/US2002/030082 WO2003025801A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | System and method for implementing journaling in a multi-node environment |
PCT/US2002/029859 WO2003027903A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | A system and method for a multi-node environment with shared storage |
PCT/US2002/029857 WO2003027853A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | A system and method for synchronisation for enforcing mutual exclusion among multiple negotiators |
PCT/US2002/030083 WO2003025780A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | System and method for journal recovery for multinode environments |
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PCT/US2002/030085 WO2003025751A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | A system and method for efficient lock recovery |
PCT/US2002/030082 WO2003025801A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | System and method for implementing journaling in a multi-node environment |
PCT/US2002/029859 WO2003027903A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | A system and method for a multi-node environment with shared storage |
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PCT/US2002/030083 WO2003025780A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | System and method for journal recovery for multinode environments |
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US (8) | US7437386B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1428149B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4249622B2 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1302419C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002341784A1 (en) |
CA (2) | CA2461015A1 (en) |
WO (5) | WO2003025751A1 (en) |
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