WO2003088824A2 - Device and method for variable speed lancet - Google Patents

Device and method for variable speed lancet Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003088824A2
WO2003088824A2 PCT/US2003/012546 US0312546W WO03088824A2 WO 2003088824 A2 WO2003088824 A2 WO 2003088824A2 US 0312546 W US0312546 W US 0312546W WO 03088824 A2 WO03088824 A2 WO 03088824A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
velocity
lancet
tissue
penetrating member
stratum corneum
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/012546
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2003088824A3 (en
Inventor
Dominique M. Freeman
Dirk Boecker
Original Assignee
Pelikan Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/127,395 external-priority patent/US7025774B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/324,053 external-priority patent/US7713214B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,240 external-priority patent/US7717863B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,142 external-priority patent/US7374544B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,252 external-priority patent/US7648468B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,052 external-priority patent/US7491178B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,257 external-priority patent/US7485128B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,217 external-priority patent/US7232451B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,212 external-priority patent/US7547287B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,182 external-priority patent/US7410468B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,259 external-priority patent/US7481776B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,241 external-priority patent/US7582099B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,220 external-priority patent/US7297122B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,183 external-priority patent/US7371247B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,082 external-priority patent/US7901362B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,215 external-priority patent/US7563232B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,073 external-priority patent/US7524293B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,211 external-priority patent/US7229458B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,099 external-priority patent/US7244265B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,219 external-priority patent/US7291117B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,258 external-priority patent/US7674232B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/335,218 external-priority patent/US7331931B2/en
Priority to EP03747051A priority Critical patent/EP1501402A4/en
Application filed by Pelikan Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Pelikan Technologies, Inc.
Priority to AU2003231749A priority patent/AU2003231749A1/en
Publication of WO2003088824A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003088824A2/en
Publication of WO2003088824A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003088824A3/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15146Devices loaded with multiple lancets simultaneously, e.g. for serial firing without reloading, for example by use of stocking means.
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150015Source of blood
    • A61B5/150022Source of blood for capillary blood or interstitial fluid
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150053Details for enhanced collection of blood or interstitial fluid at the sample site, e.g. by applying compression, heat, vibration, ultrasound, suction or vacuum to tissue; for reduction of pain or discomfort; Skin piercing elements, e.g. blades, needles, lancets or canulas, with adjustable piercing speed
    • A61B5/150106Means for reducing pain or discomfort applied before puncturing; desensitising the skin at the location where body is to be pierced
    • A61B5/150152Means for reducing pain or discomfort applied before puncturing; desensitising the skin at the location where body is to be pierced by an adequate mechanical impact on the puncturing location
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150053Details for enhanced collection of blood or interstitial fluid at the sample site, e.g. by applying compression, heat, vibration, ultrasound, suction or vacuum to tissue; for reduction of pain or discomfort; Skin piercing elements, e.g. blades, needles, lancets or canulas, with adjustable piercing speed
    • A61B5/150167Adjustable piercing speed of skin piercing element, e.g. blade, needle, lancet or canula, for example with varying spring force or pneumatic drive
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150175Adjustment of penetration depth
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150374Details of piercing elements or protective means for preventing accidental injuries by such piercing elements
    • A61B5/150381Design of piercing elements
    • A61B5/150412Pointed piercing elements, e.g. needles, lancets for piercing the skin
    • A61B5/150427Specific tip design, e.g. for improved penetration characteristics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150374Details of piercing elements or protective means for preventing accidental injuries by such piercing elements
    • A61B5/150381Design of piercing elements
    • A61B5/150412Pointed piercing elements, e.g. needles, lancets for piercing the skin
    • A61B5/150435Specific design of proximal end
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150374Details of piercing elements or protective means for preventing accidental injuries by such piercing elements
    • A61B5/150381Design of piercing elements
    • A61B5/150503Single-ended needles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15101Details
    • A61B5/15115Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids
    • A61B5/15123Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids comprising magnets or solenoids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15146Devices loaded with multiple lancets simultaneously, e.g. for serial firing without reloading, for example by use of stocking means.
    • A61B5/15148Constructional features of stocking means, e.g. strip, roll, disc, cartridge, belt or tube
    • A61B5/15157Geometry of stocking means or arrangement of piercing elements therein
    • A61B5/15159Piercing elements stocked in or on a disc
    • A61B5/15161Characterized by propelling the piercing element in a radial direction relative to the disc
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14532Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement

Definitions

  • BACKGROUND Lancing devices are known in the medical health-care products industry for piercing the skin to produce blood for analysis.
  • a drop of blood for analysis is obtained by launching or driving a lancet into tissue to create a small incision, which generates a small blood droplet on the tissue surface.
  • the present invention provides solutions for at least some of the drawbacks discussed above. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide improved control of lancet or penetrating member velocity. At least some of these and other objectives described herein will be met by embodiments of the present invention.
  • a method of penetrating tissue comprises using a lancet driver to advance a lancet into the tissue; advancing the lancet at a first desired velocity in a first layer of tissue; advancing the lancet at a second desired velocity in a second layer of tissue; and advancing the lancet at a third desired velocity in a third layer of tissue.
  • the method may including using a processor having logic for controlling velocity of the lancet in each layer of tissue.
  • the first velocity is at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum.
  • the lancet driver may be electromechanical. The velocity may be determined based on cell population and distribution in the different zones of tissue.
  • the processor may also determine what proportion of electrical power consumption is related to the stratum corneum by measuring differences between normal and hydrated stratum corneum.
  • a method for penetrating tissue.
  • the method comprises using a drive force generator to advance a penetrating member along a penetration path into the tissue wherein the penetrating member having a penetrating member velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue. Penetrating member velocity is determined at a plurality of locations along the penetration path.
  • the method also includes adjusting penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along the penetration path prior to the penetrating member coming to a stop in the tissue.
  • the method may further include advancing the penetrating member at a maximum velocity through the stratum corneum, at a velocity in the epidermis sufficient to reduce shock waves to pain sensor in dermis, and at a velocity in the dermis is sufficient for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain sensors.
  • a lancing system fto drive a lancet during a lancing cycle and for use on a tissue site.
  • the system comprises a lancet driver; a processor coupled to said lancet driver, the processor configured to adjust lancet velocity to achieve a desired velocity based on the layer of tissue through which the lancet is cutting.
  • the system may include a user interface allowing a user to adjust penetration depth based on stratum corneum hydration.
  • the user interface may also allow a user to adjust lancet velocity based on user pain.
  • the system may also include memory for storing at least one of the following to determine a skin profile: energy consumed per lancing event; time of day.
  • a further method of driving a lancet into a tissue site comprises calculating stratum corneum thickness based on energy consumed and depth of lancet penetration on a previous lancing cycle; driving the lancet into the tissue site, wherein the lancet does not penetrate more than a desired distance beyond the stratum corneum thickness, the stratum corneum thickness determined by an inflection point of energy consumption when the lancet exits that layer.
  • the processor controls penetrating member velocity and there are at least a number different decision points to change penetrating member velocity during penetration, said number selected from: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram shows a lancet penetrating layers of the skin in a histological section.
  • Figure 2 is a skin anatomy drawing showing the various skin layers with distinct cell types.
  • Figure 3 shows lancet trajectories plotted in terms of velocity and position.
  • Line (a) indicates the lancet position
  • line (b) indicates the skin position as it interacts with the lancet
  • Line (c) indicates the actual penetration depth of the lancet within the skin.
  • Figure 4 is a diagram showing variation of lancet velocity through different phases of the inbound trajectory.
  • Figure 5 shows one embodiment of an invention according to the present invention for use with a multiple lancet cartridge.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing a difference in power depending on the level of stratum corneum hydration.
  • Optional or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
  • a device optionally contains a feature for analyzing a blood sample, this means that the analysis feature may or may not be present, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a device possesses the analysis feature and structures wherein the analysis feature is not present.
  • the pain and sufficiency of blood yield of a capillary blood sample from the skin may vary based in part on the efficiency of the cutting device within skin layers. Specifically, the ability to control the lancet trajectory in terms of the velocity profile within the spatial constraints of the skin layers will determine, at least in part, how painless, and how efficient the cutting is.
  • cutting the blood vessels yields blood volumes of about 1 - 3 ⁇ L using lancets of diameters 300 to 400 ⁇ m at depths of about 0.1- 1.5 mm. It is desirable, in one embodiment, to only penetrate deep enough to reach and cut the required amount of blood vessels for a blood sample. Penetrating too deep causes more pain than necessary, penetrating too shallow does not yield enough blood or no blood. In one embodiment, cutting the capillaries in the superficial reticular layer of the dermis with a 300 ⁇ m diameter lancet is sufficient to yield enough blood to fill current state of the art glucose test strips using 0.3 - 0.5 ⁇ L of blood.
  • a painless incision by the lancet would cut enough blood vessels to yield a spontaneous blood sample, which would reach the surface of the tissue for analyte testing for such metabolites as glucose without cutting many nerves or disturbing the elastin fiber net, collagen fibers.
  • Efficient cutting would be defined as controlled lancing for minimal pain to yield a required blood volume for testing at a shallow depth which equates to cutting the capillary mesh in the superficial reticular layer.
  • an electronically driven lancet (where position and velocity are accurately controlled) the user can fine-tune the cutting process depending on the cell population and distribution in the different layers, for example, based on whether nerves are present or not, or based on the elastin or collagen fiber content orientation or distribution.
  • Accurate depth control relates to generating a spontaneous blood sample with minimum pain. It is desirable, in one embodiment, to vary the velocity of the cutting lancet based on the cell population.
  • the surface of the skin is comprised of dead or dying cells (the stratum corneum). It is a horny layer, which may vary from 100 ⁇ m to 600 ⁇ m in thickness, and represents the top layer of the epidermis.
  • the deeper layers of the epidermis can be grouped into 5 different layers, the last of which separates it from the dermis.
  • the epidermis has little innervation compared to the dermis.
  • the distance from the bottom of the stratum corneum to the capillary loops of the dermal papillae is about 300 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiments of the invention include devices and methods to control the velocity of the lancet within the different anatomical layers of the skin to achieve the most efficient cutting. Advantages are achieved by use of a miniaturized electronic lancing system for efficiently cutting through the layers of skin by optimizing the velocity profile and using position control feedback mechanism is described.
  • Skin is composed of various distinct anatomical regions ( Figure 1).
  • the main function of the epidermis E is to protect the body from harmful influences from the environment and against fluid loss.
  • the dermis D is the thick layer of connective tissue to which the epidermis D is attached.
  • the epidermis E is compsed of an outermost layer is the stratum corneum, which mainly consists of dead keratinized cells. Variations in the thickness of the epidermis (-0.1 mm. in thin skin, 1 mm or more in thick skin) are mainly the result of variations in the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC).
  • the epidermis E composed of stratum lucidum (consisting of several layers of flattened dead cells), stratum granulosum (consisting of a few layers of flattened cells) stratum spinosum (cells are irregularly polygonal and often separated by narrow, translucent clefts), and stratum basale.
  • Stratum basale is the deepest layer or zone of the epidermis and separates the epidermis from the dermis. It consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells, which rest on the basement membrane. Basal cells are the stem cells of the epidermis.
  • the dermis D is where capillaries and blood vessels are located and nerves supported by connective tissue including collagen fibers and elastin are found.
  • the collagen fibers give the dermis its strength, the elastin and microfibrils give skin its elasticity. Its deepest part continues into the subcutaneous tissue without a sharply defined boundary making thickness difficult to determine. It is about 1-2 mm for "average" skin.
  • the lancet may cut through each layer, it may reach the required depth to cut a sufficient number of blood vessels for the desired blood volume, and then the blood may be able to flow up the wound tract created by the lancet and arrive at the surface of the skin. If blood arrives at the surface of the finger without "milking" of the finger, this is called a 'spontaneous' blood sample.
  • Generating a spontaneous blood sample is crucial when interfacing a measurement unit (e.g. test strip) to the lancing event.
  • the lancet penetration may be deep enough that adequate vessels are cut to release the blood, and not too deep that unnecessary pain is generated. Thus accurate depth control is the primary factor controlling a spontaneous blood sample.
  • Maintaining wound patency is also a factor for achieving a "successful" bleeding event. Many times blood is prevented from flowing upstream the wound channel due to closure of the channel by retraction forces of surrounding elastic fibers, which cause the wound channel to close before the blood can surface. Keeping the wound open and allowing spontaneous blood flow can be achieved by slowly retracting the lancet up the wound channel.
  • the thickness of the stratum corneum SC, epidermis E and dermis D are given for comparison.
  • the lancet or penetrating member 10 driven along a penetration path by an electronic driver 12 may reach the blood vessels located in the dermis D, and cut enough of them to produce a sample of blood for testing.
  • the cutting process may be as painless as possible. This may be achieved by a rapid cutting speed and accurate control of depth of penetration.
  • the ability to control the lancet or penetrating member trajectory in terms of the velocity profile of the lancet or penetrating member 10 within the spatial constraints of the skin layers may result in less painful, more efficient cutting of the skin.
  • the user can fine tune the cutting process depending on the skin layer and cell population of the different zones using an electronically driven lancet 10, where position and velocity are accurately controlled i.e. whether nerves are present or not as seen in Figure 2.
  • Figure 2 shows skin anatomy relevant to capillary blood sampling.
  • the skin layers are comprised of distinct cell types. Variation of lancet velocity based on cell populations in the different layers allows for very precise cutting.
  • an electronic or electromechanical lancet driver 12 such as the controllable electronic drivers described in copending U.S. Patent Application titled "Tissue Penetration Device” (Attorney Docket No. 38187-2551), operating at a lancing velocity in the range of about 4 - 10 m/s is possible. This is two to four times faster than the commonly available mechanically actuated devices, (which operate in the range of 1 - 2 m/s).
  • Ballistic mechanical launcher devices are also not equipped with position feedback mechanisms. Depth control in these devices is usually by an end cap with stepped offsets. The lancet barrel hitting the back of the cap controls the lancet depth. The thicker the offset, the shallower the resulting penetration.
  • penetration settings vary from about 0.5 - 2.0 mm with steps of about 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm.
  • the accuracy of the depth variation is of the order of + 0.1 mm with the selected puncture depth.
  • velocity of the lancet 10 may be controlled at any stage during the actuation and retraction.
  • the accuracy of the device in terms of position may be different for the inbound and outbound phase of the movement.
  • Two different types of sensor readings may be applied for the inbound and the outbound.
  • the current embodiment achieves 70 ⁇ m accuracy on the inbound phase using a so called “single (falling) edge detection” and 17 ⁇ m for the outbound, using a so called “four (rising and falling) edge detection”.
  • the accuracy of the velocity control is within 1% at a speed of 5 m/s.
  • Lancet trajectories in Figure 3 are plotted in terms of velocity and position.
  • Line (a) indicates the lancet position
  • line (b) indicates the skin position as it interacts with the lancet.
  • Line (c) indicates the actual penetration depth of the lancet within the skin.
  • Skin tenting can account for up to I00 ⁇ m.
  • Inelastic tenting (the fact that the skin does not return to it original position post lancet removal) is on average about 100 ⁇ m. The invention focuses on controlling the lancet velocity while on the inbound trajectory in the finger skin.
  • the lancet 10 in one embodiment undergoes an acceleration phase 50 to a specified velocity from where it coasts until it contacts the skin. This velocity may be preset. At this point any type of velocity profile can be defined until it reaches the target depth. There is a braking period 52 included which allows the lancet 10 to come to a complete stop at the selected penetration depth for this embodiment. The lancet 10 is then retracted from the tissue or finger, and returns to the housing.
  • the area of interest is the velocity profile 100 while the lancet is cutting through the skin layers in the finger until it reaches a predetermined depth. More specifically, variation of lancet velocity through different phases of the inbound trajectory is shown in Figure 4.
  • Phase I corresponds to the stratum corneum
  • phase II to the epidermis
  • phase III to the dermis.
  • the options are to maintain current velocity, increase current velocity or decrease current velocity.
  • velocity could be monitored and changed in this embodiment at 9 points in the stratum corneum, 6 points in the epidermis, and 29 points in the dermis using the four edge detection algorithm and the 360 strips per inch encoder strip.
  • driver discussed herein produces the previously discussed number of monitoring points for a given displacement, other driver and position sensor embodiments may be used that would give higher or lower resolution.
  • the skin is viewed as having three distinct regions or tissue layers: the stratum corneum SC (Phase I), the epidermis E (Phase II) and the dermis D (Phase III).
  • the lancet 10 is accelerated to a first desired velocity. This velocity may be predetermined or it may be calculated by the processor during actuation. The processor is also used to control the lancet velocity in tissue. At this velocity, the lancet 10 will impact the skin and initiate cutting through the stratum corneum.
  • the stratum corneum is hard, hence in this embodiment, maximum velocity of the lancet 10 may be employed to efficiently cut through this layer, and this velocity may be maintained constant until the lancet passes through the layer.
  • an embodiment of a method may decrease the velocity ((c) arrows) from the first velocity so that tissue compression is reduced in this second tissue layer.
  • the lancet 10 in this nonlimiting example, may have a second desired velocity that is less than the first velocity.
  • the reduced speed in the second tissue layer may reduce the pain experienced by the mechano receptor nerve cells in the dermal layer (third tissue layer).
  • lancet velocity may be kept constant for efficient cutting (i.e. second velocity may be maintained the same as the first velocity).
  • velocity may be increased in the second tissue layer from the first velocity.
  • the lancet or penetrating member 10 may reach the blood vessels and cut them to yield blood.
  • the innervation of this third tissue layer and hence pain perception during lancing could be easily affected by the velocity profile chosen.
  • a third desired velocity may be chosen.
  • the velocity may be chosen to minimize nerve stimulation while maintaining cutting efficiency.
  • One embodiment would involve reducing velocity from the second velocity to minimize pain, and may increase it just before the blood vessels to be cut.
  • the number of velocity measurement steps possible for the position sensor described above in the dermis is approximately 58.
  • the user would determine the best velocity/cutting profile by usage.
  • the profile with the least amount of pain on lancing, yielding a successful blood sample would be programmable into the device.
  • Embodiments of the device and methods discussed herein provide a variety of velocity profiles ( Figure 4), which can be optimized by the user for controlled lancing, and may include: controlling the cutting speed of a lancet with the lancet within the skin; adjusting the velocity profile of the lancet while the lancet is in the skin based upon the composition of the skin layers; lancing according to precise regional velocity profiles based on variation in cell type from the surface of the skin down through the epidermis and dermis; lancing at a desired velocity through any tissue layer and varying the velocity for each layer. This may include maximum velocity through the stratum corneum, mediation of velocity through epidermis to minimize shock waves to pain sensors in dermis, and mediation of velocity through dermis for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain receptors.
  • a processor 120 is used to control the lancet driver 122.
  • a suitable lancet driver may be found in commonly assigned, copending U.S. Patent application titled “Tissue Penetration Device", U.S. Ser. No.: 10/127,395 (Attorney docket number 38187-2551) filed on April 19, 2002.
  • the lancet or penetrating member driver may be adapted for use with a cartridge 124 holding a plurality of lancets or penetrating members 126 which may be actuated to extend outward as indicated by arrow 128.
  • a suitable cartridge may be found in commonly assigned, copending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.
  • the system may also include memory 130 for storing at least one of the following to determine a skin profile: energy consumed per lancing event; stratum corneum hydration; time of day of stratum corneum hydration measurement.
  • the amount of power used to penetrate into the tissue may increase with increased hydration of the stratum corneum.
  • the present invention provides methods for compensating for variation in stratum corneum hydration. Hydration has its strongest effect in the outer layer of the stratum corneum. Studies have shown that coenocytes can swell up to 80% larger on hydration. It is useful to determine what proportion of electrical power consumption is related the change in thickness of stratum corneum from measuring electrical property differences between normal and hydrated stratum corneum. The present invention determines the amount of energy used to achieve a certain penetration depth at various states of stratum corneum hydration.
  • the amount of extra energy used during lancing may be attributed to the change in thickness of the stratum corneum brought about by increased or decreased hydration.
  • the user will adjust penetration depth, lancing velocity, lancing velocity for certain tissue layers, time of day, or to account for in stratum corneum variations due to hydration level.
  • the pain and efficiency of blood yield of a capillary blood sample from the skin may very well depend on the efficiency of the cutting device within skin layers.
  • the ability to control the lancet trajectory in terms of the velocity profile within the skin layers will determine how painless, and how efficient the cutting is.
  • Using an electronically driven lancet, where position and velocity are accurately controlled the user can fine- tune the cutting process depending on the cell population and distribution in the different zones for efficient, painless and reproducible lancing.
  • the location of the penetrating member drive device may be varied, relative to the penetrating members or the cartridge.
  • Some other advantages of the disclosed embodiments and features of additional embodiments include: a high number of penetrating members such as 25, 50, 75, 100, 500, or more penetrating members may be put on a disk or cartridge; molded body about a lancet may be used but is not a necessity; manufacturing of multiple penetrating member devices is simplified through the use of cartridges; handling is possible of bare rods metal wires, without any additional structural features, to actuate them into tissue; maintaining extreme (better than 50 micron -lateral- and better than 20 micron vertical) precision in guiding; and storage system for new and used penetrating members, with individual cavities/slots is provided. Any of the dependent claims which follow may be combined with any independent claim which follows.

Abstract

A method of penetrating tissue is provided. The method comprises using a lancet (12) driver to advance a lancet (10) into the tissue; advancing the lancet (10) at a first desired velocity in a second layer of tissue; and advancing the lancet (10) at a third desired velocity in a third layer of tissue. The method may including using a processor having logic for controlling velocity of the lancet (10) in each layer of tissue. The first velocity is at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum. It should understand that the lancet driver (12) may be electromechanical.

Description

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR VARIABLE SPEED LANCET
BACKGROUND Lancing devices are known in the medical health-care products industry for piercing the skin to produce blood for analysis. Typically, a drop of blood for analysis is obtained by launching or driving a lancet into tissue to create a small incision, which generates a small blood droplet on the tissue surface.
Current mechanical lancet launchers are configured to actuate ballistically. The lancet is driven out from the opening in the launcher and when a predetermined penetration depth is reached, a return spring propels the lancet back into the housing with roughly the same velocity as for the inbound. There is no mechanism to control the lancet in flight (inbound or outbound) other than a hard stop for maximum penetration. It is therefore impossible to control lancet velocity for skin properties, let alone skin anatomy differences, in these devices other than a crude depth setting. Known launchers may use stepped offsets in a range of 0.9 mm to 2.3 mm or switchable end caps to attempt to control lancet depth. The thicker the offset, the shallower the resulting penetration. These depth settings are, in actuality, a measurement of the protrusion of the lancet tip from the housing, and do not reflect the actual penetration depth of the lancet because of tenting or bending of skin before or during cutting. Unfortunately, without reliable lancet control during actuation, the pain and other drawbacks associated with using known mechanical lancet launchers discourage patients from following a structured glucose monitoring regime.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides solutions for at least some of the drawbacks discussed above. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide improved control of lancet or penetrating member velocity. At least some of these and other objectives described herein will be met by embodiments of the present invention.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method of penetrating tissue is provided. The method comprises using a lancet driver to advance a lancet into the tissue; advancing the lancet at a first desired velocity in a first layer of tissue; advancing the lancet at a second desired velocity in a second layer of tissue; and advancing the lancet at a third desired velocity in a third layer of tissue. In one embodiment, the method may including using a processor having logic for controlling velocity of the lancet in each layer of tissue. In another embodiment, the first velocity is at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum. It should also be understood that the lancet driver may be electromechanical. The velocity may be determined based on cell population and distribution in the different zones of tissue. The processor may also determine what proportion of electrical power consumption is related to the stratum corneum by measuring differences between normal and hydrated stratum corneum.
In another embodiment according to the present invention, a method is provided for penetrating tissue. The method comprises using a drive force generator to advance a penetrating member along a penetration path into the tissue wherein the penetrating member having a penetrating member velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue. Penetrating member velocity is determined at a plurality of locations along the penetration path. The method also includes adjusting penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along the penetration path prior to the penetrating member coming to a stop in the tissue. In another embodiment, the method may further include advancing the penetrating member at a maximum velocity through the stratum corneum, at a velocity in the epidermis sufficient to reduce shock waves to pain sensor in dermis, and at a velocity in the dermis is sufficient for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain sensors.
In another aspect of the present invention, a lancing system is provided fto drive a lancet during a lancing cycle and for use on a tissue site. The system comprises a lancet driver; a processor coupled to said lancet driver, the processor configured to adjust lancet velocity to achieve a desired velocity based on the layer of tissue through which the lancet is cutting. The system may include a user interface allowing a user to adjust penetration depth based on stratum corneum hydration. The user interface may also allow a user to adjust lancet velocity based on user pain. The system may also include memory for storing at least one of the following to determine a skin profile: energy consumed per lancing event; time of day. In a still further aspect of the present invention, a further method of driving a lancet into a tissue site is provided. The method comprises calculating stratum corneum thickness based on energy consumed and depth of lancet penetration on a previous lancing cycle; driving the lancet into the tissue site, wherein the lancet does not penetrate more than a desired distance beyond the stratum corneum thickness, the stratum corneum thickness determined by an inflection point of energy consumption when the lancet exits that layer. In one embodiment, the processor controls penetrating member velocity and there are at least a number different decision points to change penetrating member velocity during penetration, said number selected from: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and drawings.
Brief description of the drawings
Figure 1 is a diagram shows a lancet penetrating layers of the skin in a histological section.
Figure 2 is a skin anatomy drawing showing the various skin layers with distinct cell types.
Figure 3 shows lancet trajectories plotted in terms of velocity and position. Line (a) indicates the lancet position, line (b) indicates the skin position as it interacts with the lancet. Line (c) indicates the actual penetration depth of the lancet within the skin.
Figure 4 is a diagram showing variation of lancet velocity through different phases of the inbound trajectory.
Figure 5 shows one embodiment of an invention according to the present invention for use with a multiple lancet cartridge.
Figure 6 is a graph showing a difference in power depending on the level of stratum corneum hydration. DESCRIPTION
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. It should be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a material" may include mixtures of materials, reference to "a chamber" may include multiple chambers, and the like. References cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, except to the extent that they conflict with teachings explicitly set forth in this specification.
In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, if a device optionally contains a feature for analyzing a blood sample, this means that the analysis feature may or may not be present, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a device possesses the analysis feature and structures wherein the analysis feature is not present.
The pain and sufficiency of blood yield of a capillary blood sample from the skin may vary based in part on the efficiency of the cutting device within skin layers. Specifically, the ability to control the lancet trajectory in terms of the velocity profile within the spatial constraints of the skin layers will determine, at least in part, how painless, and how efficient the cutting is.
There is a regional variation in cell type from the surface of the skin down through the epidermis and dermis. As a non-limiting example, cutting the blood vessels yields blood volumes of about 1 - 3 μL using lancets of diameters 300 to 400 μm at depths of about 0.1- 1.5 mm. It is desirable, in one embodiment, to only penetrate deep enough to reach and cut the required amount of blood vessels for a blood sample. Penetrating too deep causes more pain than necessary, penetrating too shallow does not yield enough blood or no blood. In one embodiment, cutting the capillaries in the superficial reticular layer of the dermis with a 300 μm diameter lancet is sufficient to yield enough blood to fill current state of the art glucose test strips using 0.3 - 0.5 μL of blood.
In one ideal situation, a painless incision by the lancet would cut enough blood vessels to yield a spontaneous blood sample, which would reach the surface of the tissue for analyte testing for such metabolites as glucose without cutting many nerves or disturbing the elastin fiber net, collagen fibers. Efficient cutting would be defined as controlled lancing for minimal pain to yield a required blood volume for testing at a shallow depth which equates to cutting the capillary mesh in the superficial reticular layer.
Using an electronically driven lancet, (where position and velocity are accurately controlled) the user can fine-tune the cutting process depending on the cell population and distribution in the different layers, for example, based on whether nerves are present or not, or based on the elastin or collagen fiber content orientation or distribution.
Accurate depth control relates to generating a spontaneous blood sample with minimum pain. It is desirable, in one embodiment, to vary the velocity of the cutting lancet based on the cell population. The surface of the skin is comprised of dead or dying cells (the stratum corneum). It is a horny layer, which may vary from 100 μm to 600 μm in thickness, and represents the top layer of the epidermis. The deeper layers of the epidermis can be grouped into 5 different layers, the last of which separates it from the dermis. The epidermis has little innervation compared to the dermis. The distance from the bottom of the stratum corneum to the capillary loops of the dermal papillae is about 300 μm. In one embodiment, using an electric lancet actuator coupled with a position transducer, it is possible to resolve position of the lancet within the skin to an accuracy of ± 17 μm. This translates in to over 40 steps through which the velocity can be fed back and controlled. It should be understood, of course, that sensors of other accuracies, as known in the art, may also be used. Embodiments of the invention include devices and methods to control the velocity of the lancet within the different anatomical layers of the skin to achieve the most efficient cutting. Advantages are achieved by use of a miniaturized electronic lancing system for efficiently cutting through the layers of skin by optimizing the velocity profile and using position control feedback mechanism is described.
Referring now to Figure 1 , layers of the skin are shown in this histological section. Skin is composed of various distinct anatomical regions (Figure 1). The main function of the epidermis E is to protect the body from harmful influences from the environment and against fluid loss. The dermis D is the thick layer of connective tissue to which the epidermis D is attached.
The epidermis E is compsed of an outermost layer is the stratum corneum, which mainly consists of dead keratinized cells. Variations in the thickness of the epidermis (-0.1 mm. in thin skin, 1 mm or more in thick skin) are mainly the result of variations in the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC). The epidermis E composed of stratum lucidum (consisting of several layers of flattened dead cells), stratum granulosum (consisting of a few layers of flattened cells) stratum spinosum (cells are irregularly polygonal and often separated by narrow, translucent clefts), and stratum basale. Stratum basale is the deepest layer or zone of the epidermis and separates the epidermis from the dermis. It consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells, which rest on the basement membrane. Basal cells are the stem cells of the epidermis.
The dermis D is where capillaries and blood vessels are located and nerves supported by connective tissue including collagen fibers and elastin are found. The collagen fibers give the dermis its strength, the elastin and microfibrils give skin its elasticity. Its deepest part continues into the subcutaneous tissue without a sharply defined boundary making thickness difficult to determine. It is about 1-2 mm for "average" skin.
For a blood sample to reach the surface of the tissue or skin following lancing, several factors come in to play. The lancet may cut through each layer, it may reach the required depth to cut a sufficient number of blood vessels for the desired blood volume, and then the blood may be able to flow up the wound tract created by the lancet and arrive at the surface of the skin. If blood arrives at the surface of the finger without "milking" of the finger, this is called a 'spontaneous' blood sample. Generating a spontaneous blood sample is crucial when interfacing a measurement unit (e.g. test strip) to the lancing event. The lancet penetration may be deep enough that adequate vessels are cut to release the blood, and not too deep that unnecessary pain is generated. Thus accurate depth control is the primary factor controlling a spontaneous blood sample.
Maintaining wound patency is also a factor for achieving a "successful" bleeding event. Many times blood is prevented from flowing upstream the wound channel due to closure of the channel by retraction forces of surrounding elastic fibers, which cause the wound channel to close before the blood can surface. Keeping the wound open and allowing spontaneous blood flow can be achieved by slowly retracting the lancet up the wound channel.
As seen in Figure 1 , the thickness of the stratum corneum SC, epidermis E and dermis D are given for comparison. In one embodiment, the lancet or penetrating member 10 driven along a penetration path by an electronic driver 12, may reach the blood vessels located in the dermis D, and cut enough of them to produce a sample of blood for testing. In one embodiment, the cutting process may be as painless as possible. This may be achieved by a rapid cutting speed and accurate control of depth of penetration.
The ability to control the lancet or penetrating member trajectory in terms of the velocity profile of the lancet or penetrating member 10 within the spatial constraints of the skin layers may result in less painful, more efficient cutting of the skin. In one embodiment, the user can fine tune the cutting process depending on the skin layer and cell population of the different zones using an electronically driven lancet 10, where position and velocity are accurately controlled i.e. whether nerves are present or not as seen in Figure 2. Specifically, Figure 2 shows skin anatomy relevant to capillary blood sampling. The skin layers are comprised of distinct cell types. Variation of lancet velocity based on cell populations in the different layers allows for very precise cutting.
For an electronic or electromechanical lancet driver 12, such as the controllable electronic drivers described in copending U.S. Patent Application titled "Tissue Penetration Device" (Attorney Docket No. 38187-2551), operating at a lancing velocity in the range of about 4 - 10 m/s is possible. This is two to four times faster than the commonly available mechanically actuated devices, (which operate in the range of 1 - 2 m/s). Ballistic mechanical launcher devices are also not equipped with position feedback mechanisms. Depth control in these devices is usually by an end cap with stepped offsets. The lancet barrel hitting the back of the cap controls the lancet depth. The thicker the offset, the shallower the resulting penetration. Users select the depth they prefer by dialing in the number represented on the device. In one embodiment, penetration settings vary from about 0.5 - 2.0 mm with steps of about 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. The accuracy of the depth variation is of the order of + 0.1 mm with the selected puncture depth.
As a nonlimiting example, using an electric lancet driver 12 coupled to an optical position sensor 14, velocity of the lancet 10 may be controlled at any stage during the actuation and retraction. In one embodiment, the accuracy of the device in terms of position may be different for the inbound and outbound phase of the movement. Two different types of sensor readings may be applied for the inbound and the outbound. The current embodiment achieves 70 μm accuracy on the inbound phase using a so called "single (falling) edge detection" and 17 μm for the outbound, using a so called "four (rising and falling) edge detection". In this nonlimiting example, the accuracy of the velocity control is within 1% at a speed of 5 m/s.
Referring now to Figure 3 for another nonlimiting example, lancet position and velocity during an actuation and retraction event is shown. Lancet trajectories in Figure 3 are plotted in terms of velocity and position. Line (a) indicates the lancet position, line (b) indicates the skin position as it interacts with the lancet. Line (c) indicates the actual penetration depth of the lancet within the skin. The difference between the elastic tenting or bending of the skin and the lancet position is the actual depth of penetration. Skin tenting can account for up to I00 μm. Inelastic tenting (the fact that the skin does not return to it original position post lancet removal) is on average about 100 μm. The invention focuses on controlling the lancet velocity while on the inbound trajectory in the finger skin.
As seen in Figure 3, the lancet 10 in one embodiment undergoes an acceleration phase 50 to a specified velocity from where it coasts until it contacts the skin. This velocity may be preset. At this point any type of velocity profile can be defined until it reaches the target depth. There is a braking period 52 included which allows the lancet 10 to come to a complete stop at the selected penetration depth for this embodiment. The lancet 10 is then retracted from the tissue or finger, and returns to the housing.
Referring now to Figure 4, the area of interest is the velocity profile 100 while the lancet is cutting through the skin layers in the finger until it reaches a predetermined depth. More specifically, variation of lancet velocity through different phases of the inbound trajectory is shown in Figure 4. In this embodiment, Phase I corresponds to the stratum corneum, phase II to the epidermis and phase III to the dermis. At each phase (and during the phase), the options are to maintain current velocity, increase current velocity or decrease current velocity. Based on the thickness of the stratum corneum, velocity could be monitored and changed in this embodiment at 9 points in the stratum corneum, 6 points in the epidermis, and 29 points in the dermis using the four edge detection algorithm and the 360 strips per inch encoder strip. It should be noted that although the embodiment of the driver discussed herein produces the previously discussed number of monitoring points for a given displacement, other driver and position sensor embodiments may be used that would give higher or lower resolution.
For the purposes of the present discussion for this nonlimiting example, the skin is viewed as having three distinct regions or tissue layers: the stratum corneum SC (Phase I), the epidermis E (Phase II) and the dermis D (Phase III). In one embodiment, the lancet 10 is accelerated to a first desired velocity. This velocity may be predetermined or it may be calculated by the processor during actuation. The processor is also used to control the lancet velocity in tissue. At this velocity, the lancet 10 will impact the skin and initiate cutting through the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is hard, hence in this embodiment, maximum velocity of the lancet 10 may be employed to efficiently cut through this layer, and this velocity may be maintained constant until the lancet passes through the layer. Power will likely need to be applied to the lancet drive 12 while the lancet is cutting through the stratum corneum in order to maintain the first velocity. Average stratum corneum thickness is about 225 μm. Using a four-edge detection algorithm for the position sensor 14 of this embodiment, the opportunity to verify and feed back velocity information can be carried out at 225/17 or roughly 13 points. In another embodiment accelerating through the stratum corneum following impact may improve cutting efficiency. Acceleration may be possible if the lancet has not reached its target or desired velocity before impact. Figure 4 shows the result of increasing ((a) arrows, maintaining ((b) arrows) or reducing ((c) arrows) velocity on the lancet trajectory for each of the tissue layers.
On reaching the epidermis E (Phase II), an embodiment of a method may decrease the velocity ((c) arrows) from the first velocity so that tissue compression is reduced in this second tissue layer. Thus the lancet 10, in this nonlimiting example, may have a second desired velocity that is less than the first velocity. The reduced speed in the second tissue layer may reduce the pain experienced by the mechano receptor nerve cells in the dermal layer (third tissue layer). In the absence of tissue compression effects on the dermal layer, however, lancet velocity may be kept constant for efficient cutting (i.e. second velocity may be maintained the same as the first velocity). In another embodiment, velocity may be increased in the second tissue layer from the first velocity.
In Phase III, the lancet or penetrating member 10 may reach the blood vessels and cut them to yield blood. The innervation of this third tissue layer and hence pain perception during lancing could be easily affected by the velocity profile chosen. In one embodiment, a third desired velocity may be chosen. The velocity may be chosen to minimize nerve stimulation while maintaining cutting efficiency. One embodiment would involve reducing velocity from the second velocity to minimize pain, and may increase it just before the blood vessels to be cut. The number of velocity measurement steps possible for the position sensor described above in the dermis is approximately 58. The user would determine the best velocity/cutting profile by usage. The profile with the least amount of pain on lancing, yielding a successful blood sample would be programmable into the device.
Currently users optimize depth settings on mechanical launchers by testing various settings and through usage, settle on a desired setting based on lancing comfort. Embodiments of the device and methods discussed herein provide a variety of velocity profiles (Figure 4), which can be optimized by the user for controlled lancing, and may include: controlling the cutting speed of a lancet with the lancet within the skin; adjusting the velocity profile of the lancet while the lancet is in the skin based upon the composition of the skin layers; lancing according to precise regional velocity profiles based on variation in cell type from the surface of the skin down through the epidermis and dermis; lancing at a desired velocity through any tissue layer and varying the velocity for each layer. This may include maximum velocity through the stratum corneum, mediation of velocity through epidermis to minimize shock waves to pain sensors in dermis, and mediation of velocity through dermis for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain receptors.
Referring now to Figure 5, a processor 120 according to the present invention is used to control the lancet driver 122. As previously discussed, a suitable lancet driver may be found in commonly assigned, copending U.S. Patent application titled "Tissue Penetration Device", U.S. Ser. No.: 10/127,395 (Attorney docket number 38187-2551) filed on April 19, 2002. The lancet or penetrating member driver may be adapted for use with a cartridge 124 holding a plurality of lancets or penetrating members 126 which may be actuated to extend outward as indicated by arrow 128. A suitable cartridge may be found in commonly assigned, copending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 10/324,053 (Attorney docket number 38187-2609) filed on December 18, 2002. The system may also include memory 130 for storing at least one of the following to determine a skin profile: energy consumed per lancing event; stratum corneum hydration; time of day of stratum corneum hydration measurement.
Referring now to Figure 6, the amount of power used to penetrate into the tissue may increase with increased hydration of the stratum corneum. The present invention provides methods for compensating for variation in stratum corneum hydration. Hydration has its strongest effect in the outer layer of the stratum corneum. Studies have shown that coenocytes can swell up to 80% larger on hydration. It is useful to determine what proportion of electrical power consumption is related the change in thickness of stratum corneum from measuring electrical property differences between normal and hydrated stratum corneum. The present invention determines the amount of energy used to achieve a certain penetration depth at various states of stratum corneum hydration. By recording a history of penetration energy and the hydration level, the amount of extra energy used during lancing may be attributed to the change in thickness of the stratum corneum brought about by increased or decreased hydration. In one embodiment, the user will adjust penetration depth, lancing velocity, lancing velocity for certain tissue layers, time of day, or to account for in stratum corneum variations due to hydration level.
The pain and efficiency of blood yield of a capillary blood sample from the skin may very well depend on the efficiency of the cutting device within skin layers. The ability to control the lancet trajectory in terms of the velocity profile within the skin layers will determine how painless, and how efficient the cutting is. Using an electronically driven lancet, where position and velocity are accurately controlled the user can fine- tune the cutting process depending on the cell population and distribution in the different zones for efficient, painless and reproducible lancing.
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, with any of the above embodiments, the location of the penetrating member drive device may be varied, relative to the penetrating members or the cartridge. Some other advantages of the disclosed embodiments and features of additional embodiments include: a high number of penetrating members such as 25, 50, 75, 100, 500, or more penetrating members may be put on a disk or cartridge; molded body about a lancet may be used but is not a necessity; manufacturing of multiple penetrating member devices is simplified through the use of cartridges; handling is possible of bare rods metal wires, without any additional structural features, to actuate them into tissue; maintaining extreme (better than 50 micron -lateral- and better than 20 micron vertical) precision in guiding; and storage system for new and used penetrating members, with individual cavities/slots is provided. Any of the dependent claims which follow may be combined with any independent claim which follows.
Expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be defined by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A system configured to drive a penetrating member, the system comprising: a penetrating member driver; a processor controlling said driver and configured to adjust penetrating member velocity.
2. A method of penetrating tissue comprising: using a lancet driver to advance a lancet into said tissue; advancing said lancet at a first desired velocity in a first layer of tissue; advancing said lancet at a second desired velocity in a second layer of tissue; and advancing said lancet at a third desired velocity in a third layer of tissue.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising using a processor having logic for controlling velocity of the lancet in each layer of tissue.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein said lancet achieves a lancet velocity between about 4 to 10 m/s while in at least one of the layers of tissue.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein said lancet achieves a penetration depth, as measured from a surface of the tissue, of between about 0.5 to about 2.0 mm.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein said second desired velocity is sufficient to minimize nerve stimulation while maintaining cutting efficiency.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein said second velocity is the same as the first velocity.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein said first velocity is at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein said second velocity is at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum.
10. The method of claim 2 further comprising determining hydration of the stratum corneum.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein said lancet driver is electromechanical.
12. The method of claim 2 wherein said lancet driver is coupled to position sensor for determining lancet position during lancet actuation.
13. The method of claim 2 further comprising adjusting lancet penetration depth based on stratum corneum hydration.
14. The method of claim 2 wherein a four edge algorithm is used to control lancet velocity.
15. The method of claim 2 wherein there are at least 30 different decision points to change lancet velocity during penetration.
16. The method of claim 2 wherein there are at least 30 different decision points to change lancet velocity prior to the lancet reaching a stopped position in the tissue.
17. The method of claim 2 further comprising a position sensor to resolve position of the lancet within the skin to an accuracy of about ±17 microns.
18. The method of claim 2 further comprising a position sensor having a 360 strip per inch encoder strip.
19. The method of claim 2 further comprising using a first detection algorithm on a lancet inbound phase and a second detection algorithm on a lancet outbound phase.
20. The method of claim 2 controlling lancet velocity to within 1 % at a speed of 5 m/s.
21. The method of claim 2 lancing according to regional velocity profiles based on variation of cell type.
22. The method of claim 2 lancing according to regional velocity, said velocity base on changes of regional cell types and the resistance they provide.
23. The method of claim 2 lancing according to regional velocity profiles based on location to pain sensors.
24. The method of claim 2 wherein position and velocity are determined based on cell population and distribution in the different zones of tissue.
25. The method of claim 2 wherein the processor measures differences between normal and hydrated stratum corneum and determines what proportion of electrical power consumption is related to the increase in stratum corneum thickness.
26. The method of claim 2 wherein said lancet has a maximum velocity through a stratum corneum, has a velocity in the epidermis sufficient to reduce shock waves to pain sensor in dermis, and a velocity through in the dermis sufficient for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain sensors.
27. A method of penetrating tissue having a plurality of layers, the method comprising: using a drive force generator to advance a penetrating member along a penetration path into said tissue, said penetrating member having a penetrating member velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue; determining penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along said penetration path; and adjusting penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along said penetration path prior to the penetrating member coming to a stop in said tissue.
28. A method of penetrating tissue having a plurality of layers, the method comprising: using a lancet driver to advance a lancet into said tissue, said lancet having a lancet velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue; adjusting lancet velocity to achieve a desired velocity based on the layer of tissue through which the lancet is cutting.
29. The method of claim 28 further comprising: adjusting the lancet velocity to achieve a second velocity in a second tissue layer, said adjusting based upon characteristics of the second tissue layer and said adjusting selected from one of the following: increasing velocity from said first velocity, decreasing velocity from said first velocity, or maintaining a velocity equal to said first velocity; adjusting the lancet velocity to achieve a third velocity in a third tissue layer, said adjusting based upon characteristics of the third tissue layer and said adjusting selected from one of the following: increasing velocity from said second velocity, decreasing velocity from said second velocity, or maintaining a velocity equal to said second velocity.
30. A method of penetrating tissue comprising: using a lancet driver to advance a lancet into said tissue; adjusting the lancet velocity based on stratum corneum hydration.
31. The method of claim 30 further comprising characterizing tissue using an OCT device.
32. The method of claim 30 further comprising adjusting velocity to account for up to 150 micron thickness change in stratum corneum when hydrated.
33. A lancing system configured to drive a penetrating member during a lancing cycle and used on a tissue site, the system comprising: a penetrating member driver; a processor coupled to said driver, said processor configured to adjust lancet velocity to achieve a desired velocity based on the layer of tissue through which the lancet is cutting.
34. The system of claim 33 further comprising a user interface on said driver allowing a user to adjust penetration depth based on stratum corneum hydration.
35. The system of claim 33 further comprising a user interface on said driver allowing a user to adjust lancet velocity based on user pain.
36. The system of claim 33 further comprising memory for storing at least one of the following to determine a skin profile: energy consumed per lancing event; time of day.
37. The system of claim 33 wherein: said processor has logic for using said driver to advance a lancet into said tissue, said penetrating member having a penetrating member velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue; said processor has logic for adjusting penetrating member velocity in the skin to achieve a desired velocity based on the layer of tissue through which the penetrating member is cutting.
38. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver accelerates said penetrating member to achieve a penetrating member velocity between about 4 to 10 m/s while in at least one of the layers of tissue.
39. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver advances said penetrating member to achieve a penetration depth, as measured from a surface of the tissue, of between about 0.1 to about 2.0 mm.
40. The system of claim 33 wherein velocity of said penetrating member is sufficient to minimize nerve stimulation while maintaining cutting efficiency.
41. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver accelerates said penetrating member so that velocity in through a second layer of tissue is the same as velocity through a first layer.
42. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver advances said penetrating member at a first velocity at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum.
43. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver advances said penetrating member at a second velocity at least partially determined based on hydration of the stratum corneum.
44. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor determines hydration of the stratum corneum based in part on energy consumed during a lancing event.
45. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor determines hydration of the stratum corneum based in part on energy consumed during a previous lancing event.
46. The system of claim 33 wherein said penetrating member driver is electromechanical.
47. The system of claim 33 wherein said penetrating member driver includes a position sensor for determining penetrating member position during penetrating member actuation.
48. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor adjusts penetrating member penetration depth based electrical parameters to compensate for stratum corneum hydration.
49. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor uses a four edge algorithm is used to control penetrating member velocity.
50. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls penetrating member velocity and there are at least a number different decision points to change penetrating member velocity during penetration, said number selected from: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50.
51. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls penetrating member velocity and there are at least a number different decision points to change penetrating member velocity during penetration prior to reaching a maximum penetration depth, said number selected from: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50.
52. The system of claim 33 further comprising a position sensor to resolve position of the penetrating member within the skin to an accuracy selected from: about ± 20 microns, about ± 17 microns, about ± 15 microns, about ± 12 microns, about ± 10 microns or less.
53. The system of claim. 33 further comprising a position sensor having a 360 strip per inch encoder strip.
54. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor uses a first detection algorithm on a penetrating member inbound phase and a second detection algorithm on a penetrating member outbound phase.
55. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls penetrating member velocity to within 1 % at a speed of 5 m/s.
56. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls lancing according to regional velocity profiles based on variation of cell type.
57. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls lancing according to regional velocity, said velocity based on changes of regional cell types and the resistance they provide.
58. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls lancing according to regional velocity profiles based on location of pain sensors.
59. The system of claim 33 wherein said processor controls position and velocity based at least in part on cell population and distribution in the different zones of tissue.
60. The system of claim 33 wherein the processor adjusts penetrating member penetration depth based electrical parameters to compensate for stratum corneum hydration.
61. The system of claim 33 wherein said driver advances said penetrating member has a maximum velocity through a stratum corneum, has a velocity in the epidermis sufficient to reduce shock waves to pain sensor in dermis, and a velocity through in the dermis sufficient for efficient cutting of blood vessels without stimulating pain sensors.
62. A lancing system configured to drive a lancet during a lancing cycle and used on a tissue site, the system comprising: a drive force generator coupled to an energy sensor sufficient for measuring energy used to drive said lancet into the tissue site; a processor on said lancet driver, said processor calculating lancet velocity and sending signals to said drive force generator to adjust lancet velocity based at least in part on characteristics of tissue being cut by the lancet
63. The system of claim 62 further comprising memory for storing advancing said lancet at a first desired velocity in a first layer of tissue; advancing said lancet at a second desired velocity in a second layer of tissue; and advancing said lancet at a third desired velocity in a third layer of tissue.
64. A lancing system configured to drive a lancet during a lancing cycle and used on a tissue site, the system comprising: a drive force generator; a controller with logic for controlling the drive force generator to advance a penetrating member along a penetration path into said tissue, said penetrating member having a penetrating member velocity equal to a first velocity in a first layer of tissue; wherein said controller has logic for determining penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along said penetration path; and wherein said controller has logic for adjusting penetrating member velocity at a plurality of locations along said penetration path prior to the penetrating member coming to a stop in said tissue.
65. A method of driving a lancet into a tissue site, said method comprising: calculating stratum corneum thickness based on energy consumed and depth of lancet penetration on a previous lancing cycle; driving the lancet into the tissue site, wherein the lancet does not penetrate more than a desired beyond the stratum corneum thickness, said stratum corneum thickness determined by an inflection point of energy consumption when the lancet exits that layer.
66. The method of claim 65 further comprising: stopping said lancet at a desired depth without multiple oscillations against tissue in the tissue site, wherein said desired depth is less than a sum of the stratum corneum thickness and a predetermined depth from the stratum corneum.
PCT/US2003/012546 2002-04-19 2003-04-21 Device and method for variable speed lancet WO2003088824A2 (en)

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EP03747051A EP1501402A4 (en) 2002-04-19 2003-04-21 Device and method for variable speed lancet
AU2003231749A AU2003231749A1 (en) 2002-04-19 2003-04-21 Device and method for variable speed lancet

Applications Claiming Priority (48)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US37430402P 2002-04-19 2002-04-19
US10/127,395 US7025774B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2002-04-19 Tissue penetration device
US10/127,201 US7041068B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2002-04-19 Sampling module device and method
US60/374,304 2002-04-19
US10/127,395 2002-04-19
US10/127,201 2002-04-19
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US10/324,053 2002-12-18
US10/335,252 2002-12-31
US10/335,217 US7232451B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,212 US7547287B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,073 US7524293B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,259 US7481776B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,052 2002-12-31
US10/335,241 US7582099B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,240 US7717863B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,183 US7371247B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,252 US7648468B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,241 2002-12-31
US10/335,217 2002-12-31
US10/335,257 US7485128B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,183 2002-12-31
US10/335,182 US7410468B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,082 2002-12-31
US10/335,211 US7229458B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,099 US7244265B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,219 US7291117B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,258 US7674232B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,240 2002-12-31
US10/335,215 2002-12-31
US10/335,211 2002-12-31
US10/335,142 US7374544B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,218 2002-12-31
US10/335,257 2002-12-31
US10/335,218 US7331931B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,215 US7563232B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,182 2002-12-31
US10/335,073 2002-12-31
US10/335,220 2002-12-31
US10/335,142 2002-12-31
US10/335,082 US7901362B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,212 2002-12-31
US10/335,259 2002-12-31
US10/335,099 2002-12-31
US10/335,219 2002-12-31
US10/335,258 2002-12-31
US10/335,220 US7297122B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US10/335,052 US7491178B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2002-12-31 Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue

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AU2003231749A8 (en) 2003-11-03
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WO2003088824A3 (en) 2004-02-26
US20040010279A1 (en) 2004-01-15
EP1501402A4 (en) 2008-07-02
US7258693B2 (en) 2007-08-21

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