WO2004016575A1 - オリゴアリーレン誘導体及びそれを利用した有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 - Google Patents
オリゴアリーレン誘導体及びそれを利用した有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an oligoarylene derivative and an organic electroluminescent device using the same, and more particularly, to an oligoarylene derivative capable of emitting blue light with high luminous efficiency and an organic electroluminescent device using the same. Things. Rice field
- An organic electroluminescent device (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as EL for abbreviated as EL) emits fluorescent light by applying an electric field to recombination energy of holes injected from an anode and electrons injected from a cathode. It is a self-luminous element using the principle of light emission from a substance. Eastman's Kodak CW Tang et al. Report on low-voltage driven organic EL devices using stacked devices (CW Tang, SA Vansly ke, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 51, pp. 91, 1987), organic EL devices using organic materials as constituent materials have been actively researched. Tang et al.
- the element structure of the organic EL element includes a hole transport (injection) layer, a two-layer electron transport / emission layer, or a hole transport (injection) layer, an emission layer, and an electron transport (injection) layer
- the three-layer type is well known.
- the injected holes are In order to increase the recombination efficiency of electrons and electrons, the device structure and formation method have been devised.
- chelate complexes such as tris (8-quinolinolato) aluminum complex, coumarin derivatives, tetraphenylbutadiene derivatives, bisstyraryylene derivatives, oxaziazole derivatives and the like are known. It has been reported that they can emit light in the visible region from blue to red, and the realization of a color display device is expected (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8-239655, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 7-138585, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 2000-289, etc.).
- blue light emitting materials few blue light emitting materials provide highly reliable and stable devices.
- blue light-emitting materials have high crystallinity.
- the crystallinity is high, and even if a device is fabricated using this compound as a light-emitting material, a device with high luminous efficiency and high reliability can be provided.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an oligomeric arylene derivative capable of emitting blue light with high luminous efficiency and an organic EL device using the same.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies in order to achieve the above object, and as a result, have found that a specific structure of an oligomeric arylene derivative represented by any of the following general formulas (1) to (4) is used for light emission of an organic EL device.
- the present inventors have found that by using the material as the hole transport material, blue light emission with high luminous efficiency is possible, and the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention provides an oligoylene derivative represented by any of the following general formulas (1) to (4).
- Ch is a group having at least one substituted or unsubstituted fused aromatic ring having a core carbon number of 14 to 20.
- Ar ′ and Ar 2 are each a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 5 to 30 nuclear atoms, which may be the same or different. )
- Ch 1 and Ch 2 are each a group having at least one substituted or unsubstituted condensed aromatic ring having 14 to 20 ring carbon atoms. May be.
- Ch 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 14 to 20 nuclear carbon atoms.
- L 1 and L 2 are each a linking group, and may be the same or different.
- a and b are each an integer of 0 to 1.
- a r 3 and A r 4 are respectively a substituted or unsubstituted atoms 5-30 in ⁇ Li Lumpur groups may be the same or different.
- Ch 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrene residue
- Ar 3 and / or Ar 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted iS-naphthyl derivative.
- L 3 is a linking group.
- Ch 4 and Ch 5 are each a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 14 to 20 nuclear atoms, which may be the same or different.
- a r 5 and A r 6 is ⁇ Li nuclear atoms 5-30 each substituted or unsubstituted - a group, may be the same or different.
- a r 7 and A r 8 are respectively a substituted or unsubstituted atoms 5-30 in ⁇ Li one alkylene group may be the same or different.
- n and m are each 0 to 1 Is an integer.
- the present invention provides an organic EL device in which one or more organic thin-film layers including at least a light-emitting layer are sandwiched between a cathode and an anode, wherein at least one of the organic thin-film layers is represented by the general formula:
- An object of the present invention is to provide an organic EL device containing the oligoarylene derivative represented by any one of 1) to (4) alone or as a component of a mixture.
- the oligoarylene derivative of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (1) or (2).
- Ch is a group having at least one substituted or unsubstituted fused aromatic ring having 14 to 20 ring carbon atoms.
- Examples of the condensed aromatic ring represented by Ch include phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, triphenylene or perylene, and pyrene or chrysene is preferable.
- a r 1 and A r 2 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted atoms 5-3 0 ⁇ Li Lumpur groups may be the same or different.
- Ariru group A r 1 and A r 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted ring atoms 5 shows 3 0, phenyl group, 1 one naphthyl group, 2 _ naphthyl group, 1 one anthryl group, 2-anthryl Group, 9-anthryl group, 1-phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phananthryl group, 1-naphthenyl senyl group, 2-naphthyl senyl group, 9-Naphthacenyl group, 1-pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4-pyrenyl group, 2-biphenylyl group, 3-biphenylyl group, 4-biphenylyl group, p-yuphenylphenyl-4-yl group , P—even 1-two-ruil group, p—even-one 2-ru-yl group, m—
- L is a linking group.
- the linking group include those having a structure such as a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylene group, a dimethylmethylene group, a diphenylmethylene group, a lactone ring, and a peptide group. preferable. These groups may be substituted.
- Examples of the condensed aromatic ring of Ch 1 and Ch 2 include those similar to the condensed aromatic ring represented by Ch.
- the general formula (1) is preferably represented by the general formula (3).
- Ch 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 14 to 20 nuclear carbon atoms.
- the arylene group include divalent residues such as phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, triphenylene or berylene, and a divalent residue of pyrene or chrysene is preferable.
- L 1 and L 2 are each a linking group, and may be the same or different.
- Examples of the linking group include those similar to the linking group represented by L. These groups may be substituted.
- a and b are each an integer of 0 to 1.
- a r 3 and A r 4 are respectively a substituted or unsubstituted atoms 5-30 in ⁇ Li Lumpur groups may be the same or different.
- this aryl group include those similar to the aryl groups represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 described above.
- Ch 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrene residue
- Ar 3 and / or Ar 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted mononaphthyl derivative.
- the general formula (2) is preferably represented by the general formula (4).
- L 3 is a linking group. Examples of the linking group include those similar to the linking group represented by L. This group may be substituted.
- C h 4 and C h 5 are respectively a substituted or unsubstituted atoms 14-20 of ⁇ Li
- one alkylene group may be the same or different.
- the arylene group include a phenylanthylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a perylene group, and the like, and a pyrenylene group or a chrysylene group is preferable.
- a r 5 and A r 6 is ⁇ Li nuclear atoms 5-30 each substituted or unsubstituted - a group, may be the same or different.
- this aryl group include those similar to the aryl groups represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 described above.
- a r 7 and A r 8 is ⁇ re ring atoms 5-30, respectively substituted or unsubstituted - an alkylene group, it may be the same or different.
- Examples of the arylene group include those in which the aryl group represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 is a divalent group.
- ⁇ and m are each an integer of 0 to 1.
- substituents in the groups represented by Ch, Ch ′ to Ch 5 and Ar 1 to Ar 8 halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, alkyl groups, aryl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and aromatic groups
- substituents in the groups represented by Ch, Ch ′ to Ch 5 and Ar 1 to Ar 8 halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, alkyl groups, aryl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and aromatic groups
- Examples include a heterocyclic group, an aralkyl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, and a carboxyl group.
- examples of the substituent of the groups represented by L and L 1 to L 3 also include these groups.
- oligoarylene derivatives represented by the general formulas (1) to (4) of the present invention are shown below, but are not limited to these exemplified compounds.
- the derivative of the present invention is used as a light emitting material for an organic EL device and a hole transport material.
- the organic EL device of the present invention is an organic EL device in which one or more organic thin film layers including at least a light-emitting layer are sandwiched between a cathode and an anode, wherein at least one of the organic thin film layers is formed by the general method described above.
- the oligoarylene derivative represented by any of the formulas (1) to (4) is contained alone or as a component of a mixture.
- the light emitting layer contains an oligomeric arylene derivative represented by any of the general formulas (1) to (4), and it is particularly preferable that the light emitting layer contains as a main component the organic EL device of the present invention. It is preferable that the light emitting layer further contains an arylamine compound and / or a styrylamine compound.
- styrylamine compound a compound represented by the following general formula (A) is preferable.
- a r 9 is a group selected Fuweniru group, Bifuweniru group, evening one Fuweniru group, a stilbene group, a distyryl Rua aryl group
- a r 1 11 and A r 1 1 are each a hydrogen atom or It is an aromatic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms
- Ar 9 , A r ' Q and A r' 1 may be substituted, and c is an integer of 1 to 4. More preferably, A r 6 Or at least one of Ar 7 is substituted with a styryl group.
- examples of the aromatic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthranyl group, a phenanthryl group, and a terphenyl group.
- arylamine compound a compound represented by the following general formula (B) is preferable.
- a r 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ 1 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group having a carbon number of 5 to 4 0.
- D is an integer of 1-4.
- the aryl group having a nuclear carbon number of 5 to 40 includes, for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthranyl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a coronyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, Furanyl group, thiophenyl group, benzothiazole group, oxadiazolyl group, diphenylantranyl group, indril group, carbazolyl group, pyridyl group, benzoquinolyl group, fluoranthuryl group, acenaphthofluoranthyl group And a stilbene group.
- Preferred substituents for the aryl group include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (ethyl group, methyl group, i-propyl group, n-propyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group).
- the organic thin film layer has a hole transport layer, and the hole transport layer contains the oligoarylene derivative represented by any of the general formulas (1) to (4) alone or as a component of a mixture. And it is particularly preferable to contain it as a main component.
- Examples of the structure include an anode / insulating layer / hole injection layer / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron injection layer / cathode.
- the configuration (8) is usually preferably used, but is not limited to these.
- This organic EL device is usually manufactured on a light-transmitting substrate.
- the light-transmitting substrate is a substrate that supports the organic EL element.
- the light-transmitting substrate preferably has a light transmittance of 50% or more in the visible region of 400 to 70 Onm, and a more smooth substrate. Preferably, it is used.
- a translucent substrate for example, a glass plate, a synthetic resin plate or the like is suitably used.
- the glass plate include a plate formed of soda-lime glass, norm-strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminogate glass, borate glass, barium borate glass, and quartz.
- the synthetic resin plate include plates such as polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyether sulfide resin, and polysulfone resin. It is.
- anode those using a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound or a mixture thereof having a large work function (4 eV or more) as an electrode material are preferably used.
- an electrode material metals such as A u, C u I, IT 0. ( I Nji ⁇ mucin O sulfoxide), S n 0 2, Z n O, I n- Z n- 0 like Conductive material.
- a thin film can be formed from these electrode substances by a method such as a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
- the anode desirably has such a characteristic that when the light emitted from the light emitting layer is taken out from the anode, the transmittance of the anode to the emitted light is greater than 10%.
- the sheet resistance of the anode is preferably several hundreds ⁇ / port or less. Further, the thickness of the anode depends on the material, but is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 1 m, preferably in the range of 10 to 200 nm.
- a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof having a low work function (4 eV or less) as an electrode material are used as the cathode.
- an electrode material sodium, monosodium force potassium alloy, Maguneshiu arm, lithium, magnesium-silver alloy, aluminum / aluminum oxide, A 1 / and i 2 ⁇ , A 1 / L i ⁇ 2 , A1 / S / iF, aluminum-lithium alloys, aluminum alloys, rare earth metals, etc.
- This cathode can be manufactured by forming a thin film from these electrode substances by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the transmittance of the cathode with respect to the emitted light be greater than 10%.
- the sheet resistance as the cathode is preferably several hundreds ⁇ / b or less, and the film thickness is usually 1 Onm to Im, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- a chalcogenide layer, a metal halide layer or a metal oxide layer (hereinafter, referred to as a surface layer) is formed on at least one surface of the pair of electrodes thus manufactured. It is preferable to arrange. Concrete In this method, a metal chalcogenide (including oxide) layer such as gay or aluminum is disposed on the anode surface on the light emitting layer side, and a metal halide layer or metal oxide layer is disposed on the cathode surface on the light emitting layer side. Is good. Thereby, the driving can be stabilized.
- the chalcogenide include SiO x (1 ⁇ X ⁇ 2), A10x (1 ⁇ 1.5), SiON, SiA1ON, and the like.
- the genus for example, L i F, M g F 2 , C a F 2, etc. fluorides of rare earth metals.
- the metal oxide for example, C s 2 ⁇ , L i 2 0, M g 0 , S r ⁇ , B a0, C a0 and the like.
- a mixed region of an electron transfer compound and a reducing dopant or a mixed region of a hole transfer compound and an oxidizable dopant is provided on at least one surface of the pair of electrodes thus manufactured.
- the electron transfer compound is reduced and becomes an anion, so that the mixed region can more easily inject and transfer electrons to the light emitting layer.
- the hole transfer compound is oxidized and becomes a cusin, and the mixed region more easily injects and transfers holes to the light emitting layer.
- Preferred oxidizing compounds include various Lewis acid receptor compounds.
- Preferred reducing dopants include Al-metals, Al-metal compounds, Al-earth metals, rare earth metals and their compounds.
- the light emitting layer comprises:
- 1Injection function Function to inject holes from anode or hole injection layer when applying electric field, and to inject electrons from cathode or electron injection layer.
- Light-emitting function Provides a field for recombination of electrons and holes, and has the function of connecting this to light emission.
- the light emitting layer is particularly preferably a molecular deposition film.
- the molecular deposition film is formed by deposition from a material compound in a gaseous state. This is a film formed by solidification of a thin film deposited or a material compound in a solution state or a liquid phase state.
- this molecular deposition film has an aggregated structure with the thin film (molecular accumulation film) formed by the LB method. It can be classified according to differences in higher-order structure and functional differences resulting from the differences.
- a binder such as a resin and a material compound are dissolved in a solvent to form a solution, which is then subjected to a spin coating method or the like.
- the light emitting layer can also be formed by making the film thinner.
- the light-emitting layer may contain a known light-emitting material other than the light-emitting material comprising the oligoarylene derivative of the present invention;
- a light-emitting layer containing another known light-emitting material may be laminated on the light-emitting layer containing the light-emitting material comprising the oligoarylene derivative of the present invention.
- the hole injection / transport layer is a layer that assists hole injection into the light-emitting layer and transports it to the light-emitting region. It has a high hole mobility and usually has an ionization energy of 5.5 eV or less. small. Electric field application of such materials are preferred which can transport holes to the emitting layer at a lower electric field intensity as the hole injecting and transporting layer, further hole mobility of, for example, 1 0 4 ⁇ 1 0 6 V / cm sometimes, those at least 1 0- 6 cm 2 / V ⁇ sec is preferred.
- the oligoarylene derivative of the present invention is useful, and in addition, a material conventionally used as a charge transporting material for holes in photoconductive materials, and an organic EL device Any of the known materials used for the hole injection layer can be selected and used.
- the hole injecting / transporting material may be formed into a thin film by a known method such as a vacuum evaporation method, a spin coating method, a casting method, and an LB method.
- the thickness of the hole injection / transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 5 nm to 5.
- the electron-injection layer 'transport layer is a layer that assists the injection of electrons into the light-emitting layer and transports it to the light-emitting region, has high electron mobility, and the adhesion-improving layer is Among them, the layer is made of a material having a good adhesion to the cathode.
- a material used for the electron injection layer a metal complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline or a derivative thereof is preferable.
- the metal complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline or a derivative thereof include a metal chelate oxoxide compound containing a chelate of cysteine (generally, 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline), for example, tris (8 —Quinolinol) Aluminum can be used as an electron injection material.
- a metal chelate oxoxide compound containing a chelate of cysteine generally, 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline
- tris (8 —Quinolinol) Aluminum can be used as an electron injection material.
- an organic EL element is likely to have pixel defects due to a leak short because an electric field is applied to an ultra-thin film.
- an insulating thin film layer may be inserted between the pair of electrodes.
- Examples of the material used for the insulating layer include aluminum oxide, lithium fluoride, lithium oxide, cesium fluoride, cesium oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium fluoride, calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, and acid.
- Examples include silicon oxide, germanium oxide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxide, and vanadium oxide. These mixtures and laminates may be used.
- an anode, a light emitting layer, a hole injection layer as needed, and an electron injection layer as needed are formed by the above materials and methods.
- a cathode may be formed.
- an organic EL device can be manufactured in the reverse order from the cathode to the anode.
- an organic EL device having a configuration in which an anode, a hole injection layer, a light emitting layer, an electron injection layer, and a cathode are sequentially provided on a light-transmitting substrate will be described.
- a thin film made of an anode material is formed on a suitable translucent substrate by a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method so as to have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably in the range of 10 to 200 nm. , And the anode.
- a hole injection layer is provided on the anode.
- the hole injection layer can be formed by a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, or the like. It is preferably formed by a vacuum evaporation method from the viewpoint that a metal is hardly generated.
- the deposition conditions vary depending on the compound used (the material of the hole injection layer), the crystal structure and the recombination structure of the target hole injection layer, and the like.
- deposition source temperature 50 ⁇ 4 5 0 ° (:, vacuum 1 0- 7 ⁇ 1 0- 3 torr , vapor deposition rate 0. 0 1 ⁇ 5 O nm / sec, substrate temperature one 5 0 to 3 0 0 ° C, It is preferable to appropriately select the thickness in the range of 5 nm to 5 m.
- a light emitting layer is provided on the hole injection layer.
- This light-emitting layer can be formed by thinning the light-emitting material using the light-emitting material according to the present invention by a method such as a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, a spin coating method, or a casting method. It is preferable to form the film by a vacuum deposition method from the viewpoints of easily obtaining and hardly generating force and pinholes.
- the deposition conditions vary depending on the compound used, but can be generally selected from the same condition range as the formation of the hole injection layer.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 10 to 40 nm.
- an electron injection layer is provided on the light emitting layer.
- a vacuum evaporation method because it is necessary to obtain a uniform film.
- the deposition conditions can be selected from the same condition ranges as for the hole injection layer and the light emitting layer.
- the cathode is laminated to obtain an organic EL device.
- the cathode is made of a metal, and an evaporation method or sputtering can be used. However, in order to protect the underlying organic layer from damage during film formation, a vacuum deposition method is preferable. In the production of the organic EL element described above, it is preferable to produce the anode to the cathode consistently by a single evacuation.
- the anode When a DC voltage is applied to this organic EL device, the anode can be made to have a polarity and the cathode can be made to have one polarity, and a voltage of 3 to 40 V can be applied to emit light. Even if a voltage is applied in the opposite polarity, no current flows and no light emission occurs. Further, when an AC voltage is applied, uniform light emission is observed only when the anode has ten polarities and the cathode has one polarity. In this case, the waveform of the applied AC may be arbitrary.
- reaction mixture was filtered and washed with water, methanol and acetone to obtain 2.9 g of a pale yellow solid.
- reaction mixture was filtered and washed with water, methanol and acetone to obtain 3.2 g of a pale yellow solid.
- reaction mixture was filtered and washed with water, methanol and acetone to obtain 4. 4. pale yellow solid.
- Example 5 (manufacture of organic EL device)
- a 1 mm thick glass substrate with an IT0 transparent electrode (manufactured by Dioma Tech) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, followed by UV ozone cleaning for 30 minutes. Attach the glass substrate with the transparent electrode line after cleaning to the substrate holder of the vacuum evaporation apparatus.First, cover the transparent electrode on the side where the transparent electrode line is formed.
- This film functions as a light emitting layer.
- an Alq film having a film thickness of 10 nm was formed. This functions as an electron injection layer.
- Li Li source: manufactured by SAES Getter Co., Ltd.
- Al q which are reducing dopants, are binary-deposited, and an A 1 q: Li film (film thickness) is used as an electron injection layer (cathode). 10 nm).
- An organic EL device was formed by depositing metal A1 on the A1Q: Li film to form a metal cathode.
- An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the following aromatic amine D2 was used instead of the amine compound D1 having a styryl group as a dopant, and the luminous efficiency was measured similarly. The results are shown in Table 1.
- An organic EL device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the host material and the dopant shown in Table 1 were used, and the luminous efficiency was measured in the same manner. Table 1 shows the results.
- An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the following compound an1 was used instead of C H1 as the host material, and the luminous efficiency was measured in the same manner. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 an organic EL device was manufactured in the same manner except that an aromatic amine D2 was used instead of the amine compound D1 having a styryl group as a dopant, and the luminous efficiency was measured similarly. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the organic EL device using the oligomeric derivative of the present invention can emit blue light with high luminous efficiency. Therefore, it is useful as an organic EL element for full color.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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US10/522,546 US7429425B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2003-08-07 | Oligoarylene derivatives and organic electroluminescent devices made by using the same |
EP03788055A EP1533290A4 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2003-08-07 | OLIGOARYLEN DERIVATIVES AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENTIZING DEVICES MADE USING THEREOF |
US12/208,237 US20090009073A1 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2008-09-10 | Oligoarylene Derivatives and Organic Electroluminescent Devices Made By Using The Same |
US12/208,253 US20090009074A1 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2008-09-10 | Oligoarylene Derivatives and Organic Electroluminescent Devices Made By Using The Same |
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JP2002234833A JP2004075567A (ja) | 2002-08-12 | 2002-08-12 | オリゴアリーレン誘導体及びそれを利用した有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
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US12/208,237 Continuation US20090009073A1 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2008-09-10 | Oligoarylene Derivatives and Organic Electroluminescent Devices Made By Using The Same |
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EP1533290A1 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
TW200407047A (en) | 2004-05-01 |
JP2004075567A (ja) | 2004-03-11 |
US20090009073A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
US20090009074A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
US7429425B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 |
EP1533290A4 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
KR20050038617A (ko) | 2005-04-27 |
TWI287408B (en) | 2007-09-21 |
US20060134456A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
CN1675149A (zh) | 2005-09-28 |
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