WO2004043740A2 - X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van - Google Patents
X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004043740A2 WO2004043740A2 PCT/US2003/035232 US0335232W WO2004043740A2 WO 2004043740 A2 WO2004043740 A2 WO 2004043740A2 US 0335232 W US0335232 W US 0335232W WO 2004043740 A2 WO2004043740 A2 WO 2004043740A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- accordance
- inspection system
- radiation
- conveyance
- relative motion
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010010144 Completed suicide Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002547 anomalous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002146 bilateral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000981 bystander Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003533 narcotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G01V5/222—
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T3/00—Measuring neutron radiation
- G01T3/06—Measuring neutron radiation with scintillation detectors
-
- G01V5/232—
-
- G01V5/26—
Definitions
- the present invention relates to devices and methods for remote sensing and imaging of the items concealed in an enclosure or on a person by using scattered x-rays and passive sensing of gamma rays or neutrons from a mobile platform unilaterally disposed with respect to each of one or more sensed enclosures.
- X-rays are currently employed for the inspection of cargo containers, including motor vehicles, freight pallets, etc.
- Current technology typically requires that some structure associated with the inspection system be disposed on either side of the inspected object.
- a source of x-rays may be disposed distally with respect to the inspected object while a detection system disposed proximally to the inspected object characterizes the x-rays which have traversed the inspected object.
- a source of x-rays may be disposed distally with respect to the inspected object while a detection system disposed proximally to the inspected object characterizes the x-rays which have traversed the inspected object.
- a source of penetrating radiation is mounted on a moveable bed which is driven by a stationary cargo container, while a boom extends either a detector or a beam stop to the distal side of the cargo container.
- Current technology requires that the inspected objects or persons either be moved through an inspection system or interposed between a proximal examining component and a distal examining component, one including a source and the other including a detector.
- An effective means is desirable for rapidly and non-intrusively examining personnel as well as the interior of vehicles, cargo containers, or other objects.
- an inspection system for inspecting an object.
- the object of inspection may be a person, for example, but may also be cargo or a vehicle of any sort.
- the inspection system has an enclosed conveyance, such as a van or other vehicle, characterized by an enclosing body. Additionally, the system has a source of penetrating radiation contained entirely within the body of the conveyance for generating penetrating radiation, along with a spatial modulator for foiming the penetrating radiation into a beam for irradiating the object with a time- variable scanning profile.
- a detector module also contained entirely within the body of the conveyance, is provided for generating a scatter signal based on penetrating radiation scattered by contents of the object, while a relative motion sensor generates a relative motion signal based on a relative disposition of the conveyance and the inspected object.
- the system has a controller for ascertaining a specified characteristic of the scattered radiation.
- an image generator may be provided for forming the signal into an image of the contents of the object based in part on the scatter signal and the relative motion signal.
- the conveyance may include a vehicle capable of road-travel.
- the source of penetrating radiation may include an x-ray tube, more particularly, a unipolar x-ray tube and one emitting radiation at energies below approximately 350 keN.
- the source of penetrating radiation may include a rotating chopper wheel emitting radiation to one or both sides of the enclosed conveyance.
- the proximity sensor maybe chosen from the group of sensors including radar, ultrasound, optical, laser, and LIDAR sensors.
- a detector which may be separate or the same as one of the scatter detectors, may also exhibit sensitivity to decay products of radioactive or fissile material, and may be sensitive, particularly, to neutrons or gamma rays.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view, cutaway in part, of a mobile cargo inspection system deployed on a truck capable of on-road travel and scanning of an enclosure such as a vehicle or cargo container while one or both of the inspection system and enclosure are in motion, in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an image of various vehicles as imaged in backscatter radiation by the system of Fig. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an inspection vehicle, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, providing inspection capability to either side of the vehicle.
- a “cargo container” is a receptacle for the storage or transportation of goods, and includes freight pallets as well as vehicles, whether motorized or drawn, such as automobiles, the cab and trailer of a track, railroad cars or ship-borne containers.
- the term "cargo container,” as used herein, further includes the structures and components of the receptacle.
- the invention described herein serves to characterize materials which may be contained witiiin a cargo container and thus not readily susceptible to visual scrutiny, or, alternatively, may be carried on the person of a human or on another animate subject.
- the characteristics of a material which might be the object of non-invasive inspection and which lend themselves to detection using the device and method taught by the invention include, but are not limited to, electron density, atomic number, mass density, linear dimensions and shape. These characteristics are unveiled by taking advantage of the various physical processes by which penetrating radiation interacts with matter.
- Penetrating radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation of sufficient energy per photon to penetrate materials of interest to a substantial and useful degree and include x- rays and more energetic forms of radiation.
- the interaction of such radiation with matter can generally be categorized as either scattering or absorption processes. Both types of process remove x-ray photons from a collimated (i.e., directional) beam; scattering processes do so by deflecting photons into new directions (usually with loss of energy), while absorption processes simply remove photons from the beam.
- the term "source” is used in a broad sense to encompass the entirety of the apparatus used to generate a beam of penetrating radiation that is used to irradiate the object under inspection.
- the source is taken to include the generator of penetrating radiation (the "source", in the narrow sense) which may include an x-ray tube or a radio- isotope.
- source refers to the entirety of the apparatus used to generate beam 24, and may have internal components that include, without limitation, apertures, choppers, collimators, etc.
- Scatter imaging in which the x-rays scattered by a material (typically in a generally backward direction) are employed offers several unique inspection capabilities and operational features. Scatter imaging allows images to be obtained even when the imaged object is accessible from only one side.
- backscatter images effectively represent a "slice" of the Object characteristic of the side nearest to the x-ray source, thereby reducing problems of image clutter that may confound transmission images.
- the Compton effect which dominates x-ray scatter in the energy range typically employed in accordance with the present invention, dominates the interaction of x-rays with dense low-atomic-number (low-Z) materials. Narcotic drugs tend to produce the bright signatures in a backscatter image, as do organic explosives, making backscatter imaging a useful imaging modality for bomb or drug detection.
- aUgnment requirements of the x-ray beam with detectors or collimation devices are less exacting than for transmission imaging thereby enabling rapid deployment in a wide range of inspection scenarios.
- Flying-spot technology makes possible the acquisition of images using detectors specifically positioned to collect the scattered x-rays.
- a thin "pencil beam" of x-rays is rapidly and repetitively swept through a source-centered, vertically-oriented "fan" of beam paths that are arranged to intercept the object under inspection.
- the object is moved at a constant, slower speed along a path peipendicular to the fan, on a horizontally moving conveyor belt for example.
- the pencil beam is made to traverse the object in point-by-point raster fashion, and the entire object is scanned as it passes through the fan plane over a period ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes depending upon the length of the object.
- the total scan time may be seconds to minutes in duration
- the actual exposure time of any part of the scanned object is only the brief time it takes for the pencil beam to sweep across a given pixel. That exposure time is typically in the range of microseconds, depending on the design and the application, and yields an entrance exposure to the scanned object that constitutes a low dose to the object also means that there is little radiation available to scatter into the environment, so the doses to operators and other bystanders is correspondingly low.
- a mobile platform 10 or conveyance, typically capable of road travel, that traverses a large object to be inspected such as a vehicle or a cargo container 12.
- Conveyance 10 is characterized by an enclosure 14, here, the skin of a van, shown, in cutaway view, to enable depiction of other components of an inspection system.
- the conveyance can have many alternate embodiments, including but not limited to gasoline, diesel, electric, propane, battery, fuel-cell, or hydrogen-powered motor vehicles (including vans, tracks, or similai"), tracked vehicles, sleds, trailers, cranes, or other equipment that can be put into motion, preferably self-propelled, but also including vehicles tethered and pulled such as under electric power.
- gasoline diesel, electric, propane, battery, fuel-cell, or hydrogen-powered motor vehicles (including vans, tracks, or similai"), tracked vehicles, sleds, trailers, cranes, or other equipment that can be put into motion, preferably self-propelled, but also including vehicles tethered and pulled such as under electric power.
- a source 30 including x-ray tube 32 (shown in Fig. 3) and chopper 34.
- source energies are typically below 350 keN. This allows the use of a unipolar x-ray tube 32 to which voltage is applied to only a single electrode. This advantageously allows, moreover, for the chopper 34 to be smaller than employed in systems using higher-energy x-rays.
- Chopper 34 may be a rotating perforated hub, or a wheel with transmitting spokes, or any number of means, known in the ait, for generation of flying spot beams that lie, typically, in a plane approximately orthogonal to the direction of motion 20.
- the x-ray tube 32 depicted in Fig. 3, by way of example, is a panoramic-style x-ray tube that is capable of wide-angle beam generation and additionally may be rotatable to allow scanning on either side of conveyance 10.
- Rotating hoop 34, with apertures 36 and 38, emits a pencil beam 24, thereby enabling inspection of objects, possibly on either side of the conveyance, herein referred to as "bilateral" inspection.
- All sources are encompassed within the scope of the present invention when employed in the manner described in the present description.
- the x-ray source and detectors may be oriented to permit scanning from the conveyance's "driver's side", “passenger's side", or both sides simultaneously.
- X-rays 24 emerge from the currently illuminated channel as a pencil beam that is swept across object 12 undergoing inspection as wheel 34 rotates.
- the dimensions of the beam 24 typically govern the resolution of a system such as the one depicted.
- Aperture 36 may have various shapes, and may be circular or rectangular, and may be more specifically tailored.
- Other x-ray generation approaches may be used to produce a similar sweeping pencil beam, such as spinning discs with elongated slits, wheels with hollow spokes, are alternate embodiments.
- Detector modules 100 are carried by conveyance 10 and typically enclosed within enclosing body 14 and concealed from view from outside the conveyance. They may also be carried outside the conveyance for particular applications within the scope of the present invention. Detector modules contain detectors for detecting penetrating radiation from source 30 that has interacted with, and scattered from, contents of the inspected object 12.
- the source of scattering may be characterized as anomalous for the nature of the person or item being scanned.
- a person carrying explosives may be detected on the basis of locally enhanced x-ray scatter.
- a specified characteristic of the scatter such as a localization or particular disposition with respect to the inspected object, may be ascertained in order to determine threat levels of the object.
- Detector modules 100 may also be sensitive both to emission naturally emitted by threat materials, as further described, for example, in copending US Patent Application, Serial No. 10/156,989, filed May 29, 2002, entitled “Detectors for X-Rays and Neutrons,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
- a detector is employed of the type having high efficiency for detecting thermal and epi-thermal (intermediate energy, typically 1-10 4 eV) neutrons.
- the detector uses the scintillator Gd 2 0 2 S, commonly known, and referred to herein, as "gadox,” to stop both neutrons and the photons.
- X-ray-induced scintillations from the gadox in the visible portion of the spectrum are then detected, typically by photomultipliers or photodiodes.
- Alternative scintillators, such as LiF, for example, with high cross sections for detecting thermal and epithermal neutrons are also wittrin the scope of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic top view of another embodiment of the invention that may advantageously be employed for the inspection of objects disposed to either side of the inspecting conveyance.
- various inspection modalities currently in use for detection of contraband materials may additionally be used for finding fissionable material in the containers they examine.
- Some methods are passive; i.e., the emission of neutrons or gamma rays from radioactive materials may be signatures for an alert.
- Other methods are active; i.e., penetrating radiation irradiates a container thereby exciting fluorescence of the fissile material and the characteristic x-rays of uranium or plutonium produce an alert signal.
- Inspection of object 12 may be conducted by an operator disposed within conveyance 10, or, alternatively, by a remotely disposed operator.
- object 12 may be maintained in a stationary condition, with conveyance 10 traversing the object along direction 20 (forwards or backwards), alternatively, inspection may be conducted while both conveyance 10 and inspected object 12 are in motion.
- a "portal mode” the system is stationary and the object of inspection is conveyed past the system.
- the object of inspection is a person
- the person may be required to walk past the conveyance slowly, preferably in both directions, so that both sides of the person can be subjected to search.
- both the system and the object being scanned are stationary, and a vehicle-mounted x-ray scanning method, configured as a part of the system itself, is employed to create in effect both horizontal and vertical scanning to generate a backscatter x-ray image.
- a vehicle-mounted x-ray scanning method configured as a part of the system itself, is employed to create in effect both horizontal and vertical scanning to generate a backscatter x-ray image.
- Such methods may include the use of an x-y translation stage, electronically-steered x-ray sources (as described, for example, in US Patent no. 6,421,420, or other means.
- the relative motion of conveyance 10 and object 12 may be carefully controlled or may be monitored by sensor 18 which employs any of a variety of sensing methods, such as radar, ultrasound, or optical, including laser or LIDAR sensing, all provided as examples only, in order to sense the relative speed of conveyance 10 with respect to object 12.
- a signal provided by sensor 18 is employed by controller 40 in one or more of the following modalities:
- the vehicle speed may be regulated, or, alternatively, the pixel registration may be corrected to compensate for vehicle speed anomalies so as to produce aspect-ratio- correct, distortion-free,- backscatter x-ray images.
- Relevant techniques include but are not limited to:
- custom vehicle drive-train gear design which simultaneously produces low vehicle scan speed while maintaining the capability of offering roadworthy speed ranges, up to at least 55 miles per hour.
- the cruise-control system of a vehicle may be 'co-opted' to govern motion at low scanning speeds.
- Sensors 18 may additionally provide for control of x-ray beam direction such that the relative speed and track angle of the source with respect to the scanned object may be actively tracked. This capability may advantageously allow improved images to be formed at faster speeds and, additionally, allow for relative motion that is not purely unidirectional. It should be noted, additionally, that in circumstances where no horizontal spatial resolution is required, detection of relative motion is obviated.
- Fig. 2 depicts a row of five vehicles scanned by a system as described in the present application, showing concealed contents of the vehicles in the various cases.
- proximity sensors such as laser, microwave, ultrasound, or thermal sensors, for example, may be employed to determine the presence of objects to be scanned, enabling x-rays only when necessary, and/or to discern if humans are in the beam path.
- sensors typically operate all the time, with their signals processed via software and/or hardware to intelligently control x-ray generation.
- the operator may also be provided with a manual "x-ray enable/deadman" control, in addition to any other safety devices and controls.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (16)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT03768678T ATE541226T1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | SYSTEM FOR BACKSCATTERING X-RAY DETECTOR OF MOVABLE INSPECTION VANS |
JP2005507094A JP2006505805A (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
NZ539824A NZ539824A (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
KR1020107021508A KR101171598B1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
CA2504500A CA2504500C (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
CNB038011158A CN1318841C (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
SI200332106T SI1558947T1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
ES03768678T ES2379653T3 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
AU2003291288A AU2003291288B2 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-Ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
DK03768678.9T DK1558947T3 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | Mobile X-ray retraction inspection car |
EP03768678A EP1558947B1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
MXPA05004803A MXPA05004803A (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van. |
IL168371A IL168371A (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2005-05-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
NO20052685A NO20052685D0 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2005-06-03 | Mobile inspection van for scattered X-ray radiation. |
HK06101044.8A HK1080947A1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2006-01-23 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van x- |
IL213892A IL213892A (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2011-06-30 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van and method of inspection |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US42435702P | 2002-11-06 | 2002-11-06 | |
US60/424,357 | 2002-11-06 | ||
US10/330,000 US20040256565A1 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2002-12-26 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
US10/330,000 | 2002-12-26 | ||
US10/442,687 | 2003-05-21 | ||
US10/442,687 US7099434B2 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-05-21 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004043740A2 true WO2004043740A2 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
WO2004043740A3 WO2004043740A3 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
Family
ID=32314857
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2003/035232 WO2004043740A2 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2003-11-03 | X-ray backscatter mobile inspection van |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7099434B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1558947B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006505805A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20050071663A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1318841C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003291288B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2504500C (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA05004803A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20052685D0 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ539824A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004043740A2 (en) |
Cited By (28)
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WO2007095085A1 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2007-08-23 | The Boeing Company | Non-line of sight reverse engineering for modifications of structures and systems |
WO2008011052A2 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2008-01-24 | Bossdev Inc | Remote detection of explosive substances |
WO2008021807A3 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2008-04-17 | American Science & Eng Inc | X-ray inspection with contemporaneous and proximal transmission and backscatter imaging |
EP1949139A2 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2008-07-30 | American Science & Engineering, Inc. | X-ray inspection based on scatter detection |
US7593510B2 (en) | 2007-10-23 | 2009-09-22 | American Science And Engineering, Inc. | X-ray imaging with continuously variable zoom and lateral relative displacement of the source |
US8080808B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2011-12-20 | BOSS Physical Sciences, LLC | Remote detection of explosive substances |
US8194822B2 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2012-06-05 | American Science And Engineering, Inc. | X-ray inspection based on scatter detection |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7218704B1 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
JP2006505805A (en) | 2006-02-16 |
EP1558947A2 (en) | 2005-08-03 |
NO20052685L (en) | 2005-06-03 |
US7099434B2 (en) | 2006-08-29 |
CA2504500C (en) | 2012-01-10 |
CN1318841C (en) | 2007-05-30 |
EP1558947B1 (en) | 2012-01-11 |
AU2003291288B2 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
NZ539824A (en) | 2007-11-30 |
NO20052685D0 (en) | 2005-06-03 |
CN1556921A (en) | 2004-12-22 |
CA2504500A1 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
MXPA05004803A (en) | 2005-11-17 |
KR20050071663A (en) | 2005-07-07 |
WO2004043740A3 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
AU2003291288A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
US20040086078A1 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
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