WO2004061047A2 - Complex fluorene-containing compounds for use in organic light emitting devices - Google Patents

Abstract

An electroluminescent device, including a space-apart anode and cathode; and an emissive layer disposed between the space-apart anode and cathode and including an organic compound having a complex fluorene structure represented by one of the above formulas: (I); (II); or (III) wherein: X1, X2, X3 and X4 are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; R1, R2, R3 and R4 are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from to 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; of F, Cl, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R3 or R4 or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.

Description

COMPLEX FLUORENE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FOR USE IN PLED DEVICES

The present invention relates to organic compounds containing a complex fluorene and their uses in an electrical-optical device such as an electroluminescent (EL) device.

Electroluminescent devices are opto-electronic devices where light emission is produced in response to an electrical current through the device. The physical model for EL is the radiative recombination of electrons and holes. The term light emitting diode (LED) is commonly used to describe an EL device where the current-voltage behavior is non-linear, meaning that the current through the EL device is dependent on the polarity ofthe voltage applied to the EL device. Both organic and inorganic materials have been used for the fabrication of LEDs. Inorganic materials such as ZnS/Sn, Ga/Bs, Ga/As have been used in semiconductor lasers, small area displays, LED lamps, and so forth However, the drawbacks of inorganic materials include difficulties to process and to obtain large surface areas and efficient blue light.

Organic materials, which includes both small molecules and polymeric materials, offer several advantages over inorganic materials for LEDs, such as simpler manufacturing, low operating voltages, the possibility of producing large area and full-color displays. Conjugated polymers such as poly(ρhenylvinylene) (PPN) were first introduced as EL materials by Burroughes and others in 1990 (Burroughes, J. H. Nature 1990, 347, 539-41). Tremendous progress has been made since then to improve the stability, efficiency, and durability of polymeric LEDs (Bernius, M. T. and others, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1737). Organic LED (OLED) represents an alternative to the well-established display technologies based on cathode-ray tubes and liquid crystal displays (LCDs), especially for large area displays. OLED has been demonstrated to be brighter, thinner, lighter, and faster than LCDs. Moreover it requires less power to operate, offers higher contrast and wide viewing angle (>165 degree), and has great potential to be cheaper to manufacture, especially the polymer-based LEDs (PLED). Today, OLED represents a very promising technology for flat panel displays and are already appearing in consumer electronics such as car stereos and cell phones. OLEDs are threatening to challenge LCDs as dominant flat panel display in a broad range of portable electronics. According to Stanford Resources, a San Jose, California-based consulting group, the global market for OLED displays is currently valued at $84 millions and is projected to reach 1 billion by 2005, and $1,6 billion by 2007.

The OLED technology has stimulated intensive research activities across all disciplines. Currently, great efforts in materials research have been focused on novel materials for full-color flexible displays. Full-color displays require three basic colors, red, green and blue, and flexible substrates require low temperature and easy processing ofthe organic materials. PLED devices show great promise in meeting both requirements, since the emission color can be tailored by modulation ofthe chemical structures and the solution processing allows for micro-patterning ofthe fine multicolor pixels via inkjet printing technique (Yang, Y. and others, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Elecron., 2000, 11, 89). However, processable, stable, and efficient blue light emitting organic materials are still highly desirable to meet the challenge. Blue light requires wide energy band. With blue light emitting polymers as primary materials, it is possible to produce other colors by a downhill energy transfer process. For instance, a green or red EL emission can be obtained by doping a blue EL host material with a small amount of green or red luminescent material.

It is an object ofthe present invention to provide novel highly efficient luminescent materials. It is another object ofthe present invention to provide wide energy band gap luminescent materials.

It is a further object ofthe present invention to provide novel processable materials for easy processing.

These objects are achieved in an electroluminescent device comprises an anode, a cathode, and organic luminescent materials disposed between the anode and cathode. The luminescent materials comprise a complex fluorene structure represented by one ofthe following formulae (I), (II), or (III).

(I)

(II)

(III) wherein:

Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; Ri, R₂, R₃, and R-_t are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R , or R-_t or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.

The present invention provides organic luminescent materials with a number of advantages that include excellent solubility and thermal stability, good color tunability, high efficiency and low driving voltage.

FIG. 1 illustrates in cross-section a basic structure of a EL; FIG. 2 illustrates the absorption (AB) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of compound 231; FIG. 3 illustrates the EL spectrum of an EL device fabricated from compound 231;

FIG. 4 illustrates the voltage-current density and luminance characteristics of a EL device fabricated from compound 231 ; FIG. 5 illustrates the absorption (AB) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of compound 206;

FIG. 6 illustrates the EL spectrum of an EL device fabricated from compound 206; and

FIG. 7 illustrates the voltage-current density and luminance characteristics of a EL device fabricated from compound 206.

The present invention provides highly efficient organic light-emitting materials comprising a complex fluorene structure with good color tunability, excellent solubility and thermal stability, and enhanced electron and/or hole transport ability. The complex fluorene is represented by formulae (I), (II), or (III), Xi, X₂, X , and _t are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; Rj, R₂, R₃, and R_t are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R₃, or _t or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.

For example, Rj, R₂, R₃, and _t are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, ethylhexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexyadecyl. cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, hexyloxy, ethylhexyloxy, methoxyethoxyethyl, methoxyethyloxyethoxyethyl, phenyl, tolyl, nathphyl, xylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, phenylmethylenephenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, pyridyl, thiophenyl. R₃, and t are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings such as naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, phenanthrene, pyrene, tetracene, pentacene, triphenylene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Preferably, Ri, R₂, R , and R are hydrogen, t- butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, 3,7-dimethyloctyl, decyl, heptyl, phenyl, 2-ethylhexyloxy, or 4-methoxypheny; diphenylamino, (4-diphenylamino)ρhenyl; R₃ forms fused aromatic anthracene, or perylene, or pyrene, phenanthrene, or tetracene, and _t forms a naphthalene or anthracene; or R₃, or R4 or both represent one or more than one substituents. The organic materials comprising the complex fluorene structure are small molecules or polymers, and can be used in a combination of two or more thereof. Small molecules include dendrimers and polymers include hyperbranched architecture.

Small molecules comprising the complex fluorene structure are represented by formula (IN)

(Y-)y, — complex fluorene — (Y₂)y₂ (I), (II), or (πi)

(IN)

wherein Yi and Y₂ each individually represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl or other conjugated groups, and yi and y are integers from 0 to 6, and Yi and Y₂ are the same or different.

Polymers comprising the complex fluorene structure are represented by repeating units of formula (V) which comprise the complex fluorene structure as part ofthe polymer main chain and repeating units of formula (VI) which comprise the complex structure as part ofthe polymer side chain. complex fluorene— X₅— Y,— X₆- (I), (II), or (III)

; or

(N) (I), (II), or (III)

(N wherein:

X₅ and X₆ are linking groups, Y] and Y₂ are each individually represented as a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl or other conjugated groups, and x, yi and y₂ are integers from 0 to 6.

Incorporating Yi and Y₂ units into the compounds comprising the complex fluorene structure represented by formula (IN), (V), and (VI) can further improves solubility, or electron or hole transporting mobility, or finely tune the emission color.

X₅ and X₆ each individually represent a linking group and include but are not limited to the following groups: Group I:

X₅ and X₆ are carbon-carbon bond linking groups:

wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkynyl, or alkenyl group containing 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of containing 6 to 60 carbon atom s; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl containing 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano, or a nitro group;

Group II: X₅ and X₆ are ether or thioether linking groups:

-O — . or

— S —

Group III:

X₅ and X are ester linking groups:

O

II

— c-o— . _or

O II — O-C—

Group IV:

X₅ and X₆ are anhydride linking groups:

O O

II II — C-O-C-

Group V:

Xs and X₆ are carbonate linking groups:

O

II

— O-C-O —

Group VI:

X₅ and X₆ are sulfone or sulfine linking groups:

O

II

— S — • or

O

II

-S-

II

O

Group VII:

Xs and X are an amine linking groups:

R

I

— N— wherein R is defined as above.

Group VIII:

Xs and X₆ are amide linking groups:

R O

I 11

-N-C— . _or

O R il I

-C-N- Group IX:

Xs and X₆ are urea linking groups:

O

II -N-C-N — I I

R R

Group IX:

Xs and X₆ are aryl or heteroaryl linking groups:

wherein Ar is an aryl or substituted aryl group containing 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl containing 4 to 60 carbons; n is an integer of from 1 to 6.

X₅ and X₆ cari be one or the combination of more than one ofthe above groups.

Yi and Y₂ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or other conjugated groups, and can be the same or different.

Alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups contain 1 to 40 carbon atoms;

Substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups contain 6 to 60 carbon atoms which include phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, spirophenyl, perylene, or pyrene groups; Substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl groups contain 4 to 60 carbon atoms which include pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, bithiophene, furan, benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, quinoxaline, phenylquinohne, dipheyloxadizaole, or carbazole;

All the substituents mentioned above include but are not limited to alkyl or alkoxy groups containing 1 to 40 carbon atoms, aryl or substituted aryl containing 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl containing 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group.

Yi and Y₂ can be divided into the following groups. Group I:

Yi and Y₂ are alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups of formula (VII):

-W-

(VII) wherein:

W contains 1 to 28 carbon atoms, may also contains O, N, S, F, CI, or Br, or Si atoms.

The following structures constitute specific examples of formula (VII)

-(CH₂)m— wherein: m is an integer from 1 to 6;

(CH₂)qCH₃ - (CH₂)m- Si- (CH₂)m- (CH₂)qCH₃ wherein: q is an integer from 0 to 12;

wherein: X₇ is a C, O, N, or S atom;

(CH₂)qCH₃ — (CH^m-l^ (CHym— . _Qr

.

Group II:

Y₅ and Y₆ are two aryl or heteroaryl groups connected by a linking group Z of formula (VIII):

— (Ar,)-Z-(Ar₂)—

(VIII) wherein:

Aτι and Ar₂ are substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups containing 6 to 60 carbon atoms, or heteroaryl groups containing 4 to 60 carbons;

Z is a divalent linking groups containing 0 to 40 carbon atoms, can contain N, Si, O, CI, F, Br, or S atoms.

The following structures constitute specific examples of formula (VIII)

wherein: R is defined as above, and can represent more than one such substituent;

wherein: X₈ is C or Si;

10

wherein: p and r are integers from 1 to 4;

wherein: R₅, and R₆ are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or

wherein: X₉ is O or S atom, or N-R; Group III:

Yi and Y₂ are aryl or heteroaryl groups of formula (IX): — Ar—

(IX) wherein:

Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group with 6 to 60 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group with 4 to 60 carbon atoms, and at least one or more N, S, or O atoms.

The following stractures constitute specific examples of formula (IX)

10

wherein: Xio is an O atom or two cyano groups;

^R5 _R

AAA R6 JA

^■ X ^.

Yi and Y₂ can be one or the combination of more than one ofthe above groups.

The following molecular structures constitute specific examples of preferred compounds satisfying the requirement of this invention:

compound 1 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = H compound 2 Ri = R₂ = n-octyl, R₇ = H compound 3 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = n-hexyl compound 4 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = H

compound 5 Ri = R₂ = n-octyl, R = hexyl compound 6 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = H compound 7 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = H

compound 8 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = t-butyl compound 9 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = 2-ethylhexyl compound 10 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 11 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl

compound 12 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = t-butyl compound 13 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R = 2-ethylhexyl compound 14 Ri = n-hexyl, R = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 15 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 16 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = H

compound 17 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = t-butyl compound 18 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 19 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 20 R] = R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 21 R] = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = n-octyl

compound 22 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 23 Ri = R = n-hexyl compound 24 R_! = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 25 Rj = R₂ = phenyl compound 26 R] = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl

compound 27 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 28 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl compound 29 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R = n-octyl

compound 30 Rj = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 31 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 32 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₈ = H

compound 33 Rj = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 34 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 35 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₈ = H compound 36 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₈ = n-hexyl

compound 37 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ - 2-ethylhexyl, R = t-butyl compound 38 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 39 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 40 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl compound 41 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 4-(bis(4- methylphenyl)amino)phenyl

compound 42 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 2-efhylhexyl compound 43 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 44 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 4-(bis(4- methylphenyl)amino)phenyl compound 44 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy

compound 45 R] = R₃ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 46 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy, R₈ = diphenylamino compound 47 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R = Rg = 4-(bis(4- methylρhenyl)amino)phenyl compound 48 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy, R₈ = 4-(bis(4- methylphenyl) amino)phenyl

compound 49 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 50 Ri = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = R₈ = H compound 51 Rj = R₂ = R = Rg = 4-n-decylphenyl

compound 52 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 53 Ri = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = R₈ = H compound 54 Rj = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 4-n-decylphenyl compound 55 Ri = R₂ = R = R₈ = n-octyl

compound 56 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 57 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = R₈ = H compound 58 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 4-n-decylphenyl

compound 59 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = H, R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 60 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = H, Rg = n- hexyloxy compound 61 Ri = R₂ = Rg = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = CN

compound 62 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = H, R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 63 Ri = R₂ = Rg = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = H compound 64 Ri = R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R = CN, Rg = n-hexyloxy

compound 65 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₈ = t-butyl compound 66 R_\ = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = 4-t- butylphenyl, Rg = t-butyl compound 67 Ri = hexyl, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, Rg = phenyl

compound 68 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₈ = CN compound 69 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = phenyl, R₈ H compound 70 Ri = hexyl, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R = 2-ethylhexyloxy, R₈ = phenyl

compound 71 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 72 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy, Rg diphenylamino compound 73 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = Rg = 4-(bis(4- methylphenyl)amino)phenyl compound 74 Rj = H, R₂ = Rg = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy

compound 71 Rj = R₃ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R-_t = 2-ethylhexyl compound 72 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₃ = R₄ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 73 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₃ = R = 4-(t- butylphenyl) compound 74 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₃ = 2-ethylhexyloxy, R₄ = 2- ethylhexyl

compound 75 Rj = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 76 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 77 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R = R₈ = H compound 78 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-n-decylphenyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyloxy

compound 79 Ri = R = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 80 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 81 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇= R₈ = t-butyl

compound 82 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = Rg = t-butyl compound 83 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-octylphenyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 84 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = 2-ethylhexyloxy, Rg = 3,7- di ethyloctyl

compound 85 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 86 Ri = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₂ = 4-octylphenyl compound 87 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl

compound 88 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇= R₈ = n-hexyl compound 89 Rj = H, R₂ = 4-octylphenyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 90 Rj = R = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = 3,7- dimethyloctyl

compound 91 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R = n-hexyl, R₈ t-butyl compound 92 R] = H, R₂ = 4-octylphenyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 93 R) = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy, R₈ = n-hexyl

compound 94 Rj = R₂ - 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇= n-hexyl, R₈ ^: phenyl compound 95 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy, R₈ = n-hexyl compound 96 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy, R₈ = n-hexyl

compound 97 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)ρhenyl compound 98 Ri = ethyl = R₂

compound 99 Ri - R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 100 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 4-octylphenyl, Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 101 R = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R = t-butyl, R₈ = diphenylamino compound 102 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = H, R₈ phenyl

compound 103 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = dimethylamino compound 104 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 4-octylphenyl, R₇ = t-butyl compound 105 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylρhenyl)amino)phenyl, R = H

compound 106 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = Rg = phenyl compound 107 Rj = H, R₂ = R₇ = 4-octylphenyl, Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 108 R_\ = R₂ = n-octyl, R₇ = diphenylamino, Rg = t-butyl compound 109 Rj = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylρhenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = phenyl

compound 110 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 111 Ri = R = = R₈ = n-hexyl, R₇ = phenyl compound 112 R] = R = n-hexyl, R₂ = (4-diphenylamino)pheny, Rg = 2- ethylhexyl compound 113 R_\ - H, R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R₇ = n-hexyl, R₈ = 3,7- dimethyloctyl

compound 114 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = Rg = phenyl compound 115 Ri = R₇ = H, R₂ = R₈ = 4-octylphenyl compound 116 Ri = R₂ = n-octyl, R₇ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl, Rg = 2- ethylhexyl compound 117 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = n-decyl, R₈

= 3,7-dimethyloctyl

compound 118 Rj = R₂ = R = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 119 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 4-octylphenyl compound 120 Ri = R₂ = n-octyl, R₇ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl, R₈ = 2- ethylhexyl

compound 121

compound 122 R, = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 123 Ri = R₇ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl, R₂ = n-octyl, Rg = n-hexyl compound 124 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = n-decyl, R₈ = H

compound 125 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 126 Rj = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 127 Ri = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = R₈ = n- decyl

compound 128 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl, m = 10, q = 6 co pound 129 Ri = H, R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R₇ = R₈ = = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, m 2, q = 5 compound 130 Ri = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-mefhylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = R₈ = n- decyl, m = q —1

compound 131 R_\ = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = ethyl, m = 10 compound 132 Ri = R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R = H, R₈ = n-hexyl, m = 1 compound 133 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = H, m = 11 compound 134 Ri = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₃ = diphenylamino, R-_t = H, m = 17

compound 135 Rj = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl, m = 3 compound 136 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl, m = 2 compound 137 Ri = R₇ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = Rg = n- decyl, m= 3

compound 137 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 138 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ - (4- diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 139 Ri = 4-(bis(4-mefhylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 140 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 141 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ - (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 142 Ri = 4-(bis(4-mefhylphenyl)amino)ρhenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, Rg = n-hexyloxy compound 143 Rj = 4-(N-carbazole)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy,

R₈ = n-hexyl compound 144 R = 4-(n-decyl)phenyl, R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = H

compound 145 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = ethyl, m = 10 compound 146 Rj = R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R = H, R₈ = n-hexyl, m = 1 compound 147 Ri = R = R₈ = H, R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, m = 11 compound 148 R_\ = R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R = diphenylamino, R₈ = H, m = 17

compound 149 Rj = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = ethyl, X ^: compound 150 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = n-hexyl, Rg = CF₃, X = C compound 151 Ri = R₇ = 4-decylphenyl, R₂= H, Rg = n-butyl, X = Si compound 152 Rj = H, R₂ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₇ = diphenylamino, Rg = n-hexyl, X = Si

compound 153 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 154 R] = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 155 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, Rg = n-hexyloxy compound 156 Rj = 4-(N-carbazole)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyloxy,

Rg = n-hexyl

compound 157 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 158 Rj = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 159 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 160 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 161 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 162 Rj = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R = t- butyl, R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 163 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 164 Rj = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 165 R] = R = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = H compound 166 Rj = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, R₈ = n-hexyloxy compound 167 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = n-octyl compound 168 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 169 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 170 R, = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diρhenylamino)phenyl compound 171 R_\ = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = R₈

= n-hexyl

compound 172 R] = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 4-octylphenyl compound 173 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 174 Ri = R = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 175 Ri - 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R = Rg

= n-octyl

compound 176 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 177 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 178 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 179 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ ^: methyl, R₈ = n-hexyl

compound 180 Ri = R₂ = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 181 R, = R₉ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = R,₀ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 182 Rj = R₂ = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R = n-hexyloxy, Rg = H compound 183 Ri = R = 4-(bis(4-methylρhenyl)amino)ρhenyl, R₂ = = Rio = n- decyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = n-hexyloxy compound 184 Ri = R₂ = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R = n-hexyloxy, Rg = n-octyl compound 185 Ri = R₂ = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = n-hexyloxy

compound 186 R] = R₂ = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = H compound 187 Ri = R = R₉ = Rio = n-hexyl, R = Rg = (4- diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 188 R\ = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = = R₉ — Rio - n-hexyl compound 189 Ri = R₉ = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = Rio = H, R = Rg = n-hexyloxy

compound 190 Ri = R₂ = R = Rg = n-hexyl compound 191 Ri = H, R₂ = R₇ = 3 ,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 192 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = R₈

— n-hexyl

compound 193 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = n-butyl compound 194 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = R₈ = (4-diρhenylamino)phenyl compound 195 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = n-hexyl compound 196 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = H, R₇ = Rg = CF₃

compound 197 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 198 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = Rg = H compound 199 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = H compound 200 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 201 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = n-hexyloxy compound 202 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R₇ = t- butyl, Rg = n-hexyloxy

compound 203 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 204 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = H compound 205 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = Rg = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 206 Ri = R = n-hexyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = H compound 207 Ri = 4-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl, R₂ = n-decyl, R = n- butyl, R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 208 Ri = R₂ - n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 209 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = n-butyl compound 210 R] = n-hexyl, R₂ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl, R₇ = H, Rg = 3,7- dimethyloctyl compound 211 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 4-(bis(4- methylphenyl)amino)phenyl

compound 212 Ri = R = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 213 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, R₈ = H compound 214 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = (4- diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 215 Rj = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, Rg - H

compound 216 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 217 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = H compound 218 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = (4- diphenylamino)pheny, R₈ = n-hexyloxy

compound 219 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 220 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = n- hexyloxy compound 221 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, Rg = H

compound 222 R_! = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = n-butyl compound 223 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = R₈ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl compound 224 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 225 R, = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = H, R₇ = R₈ = CF₃

compound 226 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-butyl, Rg = H compound 227 R, = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = CN compound 228 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = H, R₇ = CF₃, Rg = phenyl

compound 229 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = phenyl, Rg = R₉ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 230 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = H, R = 4-t- butylphenyl compound 231 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = H, Rg = methoxy, R = 3,7- dimethyloctyloxy compound 232 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = H, R₉ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl

compound 233 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = CN, R₈ = R₉ = 4-t- butylphenyl compound 234 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = H, R₉ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 235 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = H, R ^: (4-diphenylamino)phenyl

compound 236 R, = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = CN, R₈ = R₉ = 4-t- butylphenyl compound 237 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = H, R₉ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 238 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = H, R₉ (4-diphenylamino)phenyl

compound 239 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R = t-butyl, Rg = H compound 240 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = phenyl, Rg = CN compound 241 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = methyl

compound 242 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 243 R_\ = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-decylphenyl, Rg = 2-ethylhexyloxy compound 244 R) = (4-diaminophenyl)lphenyl, R₂ = R = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = H

compound 245 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R = t-butyl, R₈ = H compound 246 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-octyloxy, Rg = CN compound 247 Rj = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₇ - 3 ,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = CN

compound 248 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R = t-butyl compound 249 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R - phenyl compound 250 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = n-octyl, R₇ = CN compound 251 Ri = 4-(diphenylamino)phenyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy

co pound 252 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 4-t-butylphenyl compound 253 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = Rg = n-octyl compound 254 R_\ = R₇ = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = Rg = 3,7-dimethyloctyl

compound 255 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = CN, Rg = R₉ = 4-t- butylphenyl compound 256 Ri = R = n-hexyl, R₇ = H, Rg = n-hexyloxy, R₉ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 257 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = H, R = (4-diphenyl amino)phenyl

compound 258 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R = n-hexyl, Rg = H compound 259 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = n-octyloxy, Rg = CN compound 260 Rι= R₇ = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₈ = CN

compound 261 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 262 Ri = R₇ = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = (4-diphenyl amino)phenyl compound 263 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = (4-diphenylamino)phenyl, R₇ = H, R₈ = 4- decylphenyl

compound 264 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = n-butyloxy compound 265 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = phenyl, Rg = H compound 266 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = R₇ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, Rg = methoxy

compound 267 Ri = R₂ = R = Rg = R₉ = Rio = 2-ethylhexyl compound 268 R] = R₇ = R = n-hexyl, R₂ = Rg = Rio = 4-t-butylphenyl

compound 269 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = 2-ethylhexyl compound 270 Ri = R₇ = H, R₂ = Rg = 4-t-butylphenyl compound 271 Ri = 4-(diphenylamino)phenyl, R₂ = R = n-hexyl, R₈ = 4-t- butylphenyl

compound 272 R] = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 273 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 274 Ri = R₂ = 2-ethylhexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl

compound 275 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = 2-ethylhexyl compound 276 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = H compound 277 Ri = n-hexyl, R₂ = R₈ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 278 Ri = phenyl, R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, Rg = H

compound 279 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = n-butyl compound 280 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = H compound 281 Ri = R₂ = R₇ = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 282 Ri = 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = phenyl, R₇ = t-butyl, R₈ = H

compound 283 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = Rg = n-butyl compound 284 Ri ^: R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = n-hexyloxy, Rg = H compound 285 Ri ^: R₂ = R = R₈ = n-hexyl compound 286 Ri ^: R₂ = n-hexyl, R = n-octyl, Rg = H compound 287 Ri ^: 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = phenyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = H

compound 288 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R = R₈ = n-butyl compound 289 Ri ^{: ■} R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = t-butyl, Rg = H compound 290 Rj ^: R₂ = R₇ = Rg = n-hexyl compound 291 Ri ^: 4-decylphenyl, R₂ = phenyl, R₇ = t-butyl, R₈ = H

compound 292 Ri = R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = R₈ = R = 2-ethylhexyl compound 293 Ri = 2-ethylhexyl, R₂ = n-hexyl, R₇ = 4-t-butylphenyl, Rg = R₉ = H compound 294 Rj = R₂ = R₉ = 3,7-dimethyloctyl, R₇ = R₈ = (4- diphenylamino)phenyl compound 295 Ri = phenyl, R₂ = 4-decylphenyl, R₇ = 2-ethylhexyl, Rg = H, R₉ = di(4-methylphenyl)amino The specific molecular structures can be the combination of any ofthe above drawn structures.

Organic compounds comprising complex fluorene structures (I), (II) or

(III) can be synthesized using known methods. For polymers, the polymerization method and the molecular weights ofthe resulting polymers used in the present invention are not necessary to be particularly restricted. The molecular weights of the polymers are at least 1000, and preferably at least 2000. The polymers may be prepared by condensation polymerizations, such as coupling reactions including Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling or Heck coupling, or Ni-mediated Yamamoto coupling, or by condensation reaction between di-(acid chlorides) with di-amines, di-alcohols or di-phenols in the presence of bases, or by other condensation methods such as Wittig reaction, or Homer-Emmons reaction, or Knoevenagel reaction, or dehalogenation of dibenzyl halides, or by free radical polymerization of vinyl compounds, or ring-opening polymerization cyclic compounds, or ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Preferably polymers are prepared by Suzuki coupling reaction.

Suzuki coupling reaction was first reported by Suzuki and others on the coupling of aromatic boronic acid derivatives with aromatic halides (Suzuki, A. and others Synthetic Comm. 1981, 11(7), 513). Since then, this reaction has been widely used to prepared polymers for various applications (Ranger, M. and others Macromolecules 1997, 30, 7686). The reaction involves the use of a palladium- based catalyst such as a soluble Pd compound either in the state of Pd (II) or Pd (0), a base such as an aqueous inorganic alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate, and a solvent for the reactants and/or product. The preferred Pd catalyst is a Pd (0) complex such as Pd(PPh₃)₄ or a Pd (II) salt such as Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ or Pd(OAc)₂ with a tertiary phosphine ligand, and used in the range of 0.01 - 10 mol% based on the functional groups ofthe reactants. Polar solvents such as THF and non-polar solvents toluene can be used however, the non-polar solvent is believed to slow down the reaction. Modified processes were reported to prepare conjugated polymers for EL devices from the Suzuki coupling of aromatic halides and aromatic boron derivatives (Inbasekaran, M. and others US-A-5,777,070 (1998); Towns, C. R. and others PCT WOOO/53656, 2000). A variation ofthe Suzuki coupling reaction replaces the aromatic halide with an aromatic trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) (Ritter, K. Synthesis, 1993, 735). Aromatic triflates are readily prepared from the corresponding phenol derivatives. The advantages of using aromatic triflates are that the phenol derivatives are easily accessible and can be protected/deprotected during complex synthesis. For example, aromatic halides normally would react under various coupling conditions to generate unwanted by-product and lead to much more complicated synthetic schemes. However, phenol derivatives can be easily protected by various protecting groups which would not interfere with functional group transformation and be deprotected to generate back the phenol group which then can be converted to triflates. The diboron derivatives can be prepared from the corresponding dihalide or ditriflate.

The present invention also provides a process for preparing a conjugated polymer which comprises in the polymerization reaction mixture (a) an aromatic monomer having at least two reactive triflate groups and an aromatic monomer having at least two reactive boron derivative groups selected from boronic acid, boronic ester, or borane groups or an aromatic monomer having one reactive triflate group and one boron derivative group selected from boronic acid, boronic ester, or borane groups, (b) a catalytic amount of a palladium catalyst, (c) an organic or inorganic base, and (d) an organic solvent. The process ofthe invention produces conjugated polymers with relatively low polydispersity, high molecular weight in a relatively short reaction time. The term "conjugated polymer" refers to either a fully conjugated polymer which is conjugated along the full length of its chain and processes a delocalized pi-electron system along the chain, or a partially conjugated polymer which contains both conjugated and non- conjugated segments.

The aromatic monomers used to form conjugated polymers ofthe present invention must have the appropriate functional groups: the triflate and boron derivative groups. The term aromatic or aryl refers to any monomer which has triflate or boron derivative groups attached directly to the aromatic or heteroaromatic rings. The present process can be used to polymerize two systems to form a linear polymer: 1) an aryl di-triflate monomer containing two reactive triflate groups and an aryl di-boron monomer containing two reactive boron derivative functional groups; and 2) an aryl monomer containing both reactive triflate and boron derivative functional groups. To prepare branched or hyperbranched polymers using the process ofthe invention, in a two monomers system, both aryl monomers must contain at least two reactive triflate or boron derivative groups; in a one monomer system, the monomer must contain at least one ofthe triflate or boron derivative groups and more than one the other group. The boron derivative functional groups are selected from a boronic acid group represented by B(OH)₂, a boronic ester group represented by B(ORι₂)(ORι₃) wherein Rι₂ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, and Rι₃ is hydrogen, or substituted and unsubstituted alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, Rj₂ and Rι₃ can be the same or different, and Rι₂ and Rι₃ can be connected to form a cyclic boronic ester, preferably a 5- or 6-membered ring; and a borane group represented by BRι R]₅, wherein Rj and R₁₅ are each substituted and unsubstituted alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbons. The boron derivative groups are preferably boronic acid or cyclic boronic ester groups. Polymers can be prepared by using a mixture of monomers to form copolymers with desired properties and architecture. To prepare linear polymers, the polymerization system preferably comprises about equal mole percent ofthe reactive triflate and boron derivative groups. The mole ratio of these two classes of reactive groups is preferably 0.98 to 1.10, more preferably less than 1.05, most preferably 1.00. If desired, a mono- functional triflate or boron derivative can be used to end-cap the chain ends.

Examples ofthe aryl groups for the monomers include but are not limited to aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracene, fluorene, benzofluorene, dibenzofluorene, phenanthrene, perylene, pyrene, rubrene, chrysene, tetracene, pentacene, triphenylene, diphenylanfhracene, dinapthylanthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene; and heteroaromatic groups such as thiophene, pyrrole, furan, pyridine, triazines, tetrazenes, oxazoles, imidazoles, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, benzimidazole, carbazole, benzothiazole, and acridine; and triarylamines such as triphenyl amine, dmaphthylphenylamine, and N,N'-diphenylbenzidine. Preferably, the aryl groups are selected from fluorene, benzofluorene, diphenylanthracene, dinaphthylanfhracene, thiophene, oxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole and carbazole. The bases suitable for use in the process ofthe invention include inorganic aqueous bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, carbonates acetates, and bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates acetates, and bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal alkoxides, and alkali metal alkoxides, and organic bases such as sources of hydroxyl ions and Lewis bases such as those which create a source of hydroxyl ions in the presence of water. The organic base should be soluble in an organic solvent and/or water. Examples of aqueous inorganic bases include the hydroxide, carbonates and bicarbonates of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, and barium. Preferably, the aqueous base is a solution of sodium, potassium, or cesium carbonate in a concentration of 1 to 2 M. Examples of organic bases include alkyl ammonium hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, fluorides, and borates, pyridines, organic amines. Preferably, the organic base used in the process ofthe invention is a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate such as tetramefhyl-, tetraethyl-, or tetrapropyl-ammonium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate. The amount of base used in the process is not particularly important as long as the number of moles of the base is equal or higher than that ofthe monomer. Preferably, 1 to 10 molar equivalents ofthe base per boron-derivative functional group are employed. More preferably, 1 to 5 molar equivalents of base are used. Most preferably, 1.5 to 4 molar equivalents, and in particular 1.8 to 2.5 molar equivalents of base are used. A single base or a mixture of different bases can be used in the process ofthe invention.

The catalyst used in the process ofthe invention is preferably a palladium catalyst in a form of Pd(0) or Pd(II) complexes with ligands or Pd(II) salts. Examples ofthe suitable ligands for the palladium complexes are phosphines such as trialkylphophines, tricycloalkylphosphines and triarylphosphines, where the three substituents on the phosphorus can be identical or different and one or more ofthe ligands can link phophorus groups of a plurality of phosphines, where part of this linkage can also be one or me metal atoms, diketones such asdibenzylideneacetone (dba), acetylacetone and octafluoroacetylacetone, and tertiary amines such as triethylamine, trimethyl amine, tripropylamines. These ligands can also be derivatized by attachment of cationic or anionic groups to render water solubility. It is also possible to use a mixture of more than one ligand. Particular examples ofthe phosphine ligands used in the process ofthe invention are trimethylphosphine, tributylphophine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tritolylphosphine, l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, triphenylphosphine, 1,3- bis(diphenylphosphino)proρane, and l,l'-(diphenylphosphineo)ferrocene (dppf). Preferably, the ligands are triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P), 1,1 '- (diphenlphosphineo)ferrocene (dppf), l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, and 1,3- (bisdiphenylphosphino)propane, and more preferably, triphenylphosphine (Ph P), and 1 , 1 '-(diphenlphosphineo)ferrocene (dppf). The most preferred Pd(0) complex is Ph(Ph₃P) . The preferred Pd(II) salts are palladium acetate, palladium (II) propionate, palladium (II) butanoate, and palladium (II) chloride, and more preferred Pd (II) salt is palladium (II) acetate. When a palladium (II) salt is used, it is advantageous to add to the reaction mixture 2 to 4 molar equivalents of other ligands such as Ph₃P or dppf per mole of Pd salt. A Pd(II) complex such as PdCl₂(PPh )₂, bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride, dichlorobis(dimethylsulfoxide) palladium (II), bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride, or PdCl₂(dppf) can be used as an alternative. The palladium catalyst can also be on a support material such as an inert organic resin. Typically, the amount ofthe palladium catalyst used in the reaction mixture is 0.001 to 1 mol% for each mole of monomer, preferably, 0.01 to 1 mol% for each mole of monomer.

The organic solvents suitable for use in the process include those capable of dissolving the monomer to a solution concentration of at least 1 percent, preferably at least 2 percent. Examples of suitable solvents for the process described are hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, benzene, chlorobenzenes, ethylbenzen,mesitylene, toluene, and xylenes, ethers such as anisole, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane, diisopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, t-butyl methyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and isobutyl methyl ketone, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanols, ethylene glycol, and butanols, and amides such as dimethylformamide, dimethylactamide and N- methylpyrrolidone, and the florinated analog thereof, and the mixtures thereof

The preferred organic solvents include one solvent in which the polymer is soluble. Examples ofthe preferred solvents are ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorobenzenes, toluene, xylenes, heptane, and cyclohexane, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and isobutyl methyl ketone, amides such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof. More preferred organic solvents are ethers for example tetrahydrofuran, dimethyoxyethane and dioxane, hydrocarbons for example toluene, chlorobenzenes, and xylenes, and amides for example, dimethylformamide, and dimethylacetamide.

Most preferred organic solvents ofthe process ofthe invention are one or more water-insoluble solvents such as toluene or xylenes or tetrahydrofuran, or mixtures thereof. The volume ofthe solvent ofthe process ofthe invention should be maintained at the level for efficient mixing and stirring at reflux as the reaction mixture becomes more viscous with the build-up of polymer molecular weight. The polymerization reaction mixture may also contain a phase transfer catalyst as disclosed in US-A-5,777,070. Suitable phase transfer catalysts used in the process ofthe invention include quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts, crown ethers and cryptands. Preferably, the phase transfer catalyst is a tetralkylammonium halide, or bisulfate. Examples ofthe most preferred phase transfer catalyst are tetrabutylammonium chloride and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (known as Aliquat® from Aldrich Chemical). The preferred range ofthe amount of phase transfer catalyst is between 0.01 to 0.5 mole per mole of monomer, more preferably 0.05 to 0.1 mole per mole of monomer. The polymerization reaction is carried at a temperature of from 0 to 200

°C, preferably from 30 to 170 °C, and more preferably 50 to 150 °C, and most preferably 60 to 120 °C. The reaction time is from 1 to 100 hours, preferably 5 to 70 hours, more preferably 5 to 50 hours, and most preferably, 5 to 48 hours.

The process ofthe present invention can also be extended to the use of monomers in which some or all ofthe reactive functional groups are not directly attached to the aromatic rings, especially to other kinds of unsaturated monomers. The synthetic schemes ofthe compounds according to the present invention are illustrated in Schemes 1-11.

The process ofthe invention provides conjugated polymers particularly useful for an optical device. The optical device may comprise a luminescent device such as an EL device in which the polymer or small molecules of the present invention is deposited between a cathode and an anode. The polymers or small molecules or the combination thereof can be deposited as thin film by vapor deposition method or from a solution by spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, roller-coating, or ink jet delivery. The thin film may be supported by substrate directly, preferably a transparent substrate, or supported by the substrate indirectly where there is one or more inter layers between the substrate and thin film. The thin film can be used as emitting layer or charge carrier transporting layer. General EL device architecture:

The present invention can be employed in most organic EL device configurations. These include very simple structures comprising a single anode and cathode to more complex devices, such as passive matrix displays comprised of orthogonal arrays of anodes and cathodes to form pixels, and active-matrix displays where each pixel is controlled independently, for example, with thin film transistors (TFTs). There are numerous configurations ofthe organic layers wherein the present invention can be successfully practiced. A typical structure is shown in FIG. 1 and is comprised of a substrate 101, an anode 103, a hole-injecting layer 105, a hole-transporting layer 107, a light-emitting layer 109, an electron- transporting layer 111, and a cathode 113. These layers are described in detail below. This figure is for illustration only and the individual layer thickness is not scaled according to the actual thickness. Note that the substrate may alternatively be located adjacent to the cathode, or the substrate may actually constitute the anode or cathode. The organic layers between the anode and cathode are conveniently referred to as the organic EL element. Also, the total combined thickness ofthe organic layers is preferably less than 500 nm. The anode and cathode ofthe OLED are connected to a voltage/current source 250 through electrical conductors 260. The OLED is operated by applying a potential between the anode and cathode such that the anode is at a more positive potential than the cathode. Holes are injected into the organic EL element from the anode and electrons are injected into the organic EL element at the anode. Enhanced device stability can sometimes be achieved when the OLED is operated in an AC mode where, for some time period in the cycle, the potential bias is reversed and no current flows. An example of an AC driven OLED is described in US-A-5,552,678. Substrate: The OLED device of this invention is typically provided over a supporting substrate 101 where either the cathode or anode can be in contact with the substrate. The electrode in contact with the substrate is conveniently referred to as the bottom electrode. Conventionally, the bottom electrode is the anode, but this invention is not limited to that configuration. The substrate can either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases. The substrate may be a complex structure comprising multiple layers of materials. This is typically the case for active matrix substrates wherein TFTs are provided below the EL layers. It is still necessary that the substrate, at least in the emissive pixilated areas, be comprised of largely transparent materials such as glass or polymers. For applications where the EL emission is viewed through the top electrode, the transmissive characteristic ofthe bottom support is immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light absorbing or light reflective. Substrates for use in this case include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor materials, silicon, ceramics, and circuit board materials. Again, the substrate may be a complex structure comprising multiple layers of materials such as found in active matrix TFT designs. Of course it is necessary to provide in these device configurations a light-transparent top electrode. Anode: When EL emission is viewed through anode 103, the anode should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest. Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides, metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, and metal selenides, such as zinc selenide, and metal sulfϊdes, such as zinc sulfide, can be used as the anode 103. Anode can be modified with plasma-deposited fluorocarbons. For applications where EL emission is viewed only through the cathode electrode, the transmissive characteristics of anode are immaterial and any conductive material can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective. Example conductors for this application include, but are not limited to, gold, iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum. Typical anode materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1 eV or greater. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or electrochemical means. Anodes can be patterned using well-known photolithographic processes. Optionally, anodes may be polished prior to application of other layers to reduce surface roughness so as to minimize shorts or enhance reflectivity. Hole-Injection Layer (HIL): While not always necessary, it is often useful that a hole-injecting layer

105 be provided between anode 103 and hole-transporting layer 107. The hole- injecting material can serve to improve the film formation property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection of holes into the hole-transporting layer. Suitable materials for use in the hole-injecting layer include, but are not limited to, porphyrinic compounds as described in US-A-4,720,432, plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in US-A-6,208,075, and some aromatic amines, for example, m-MTDATA (4,4',4"-tris[(3- methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine). Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 Al and EP 1 029 909 Al. Hole-Transporting Layer (HTL)

The hole-transporting layer 107 ofthe organic EL device in general contains at least one hole-transporting compound such as an aromatic tertiary amine, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring. In one form the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine. Exemplary monofheric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel and others US-A-3, 180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley and others US-A-3,567,450 and US-A-3,658,520.

A more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in US-A-4,720,432 and US-A-5,061,569. Such compounds include those represented by structural formula (A).

Q, Q₂

(A)

wherein Oj and Q₂ are independently selected aromatic tertiary amine moieties and G is a linking group such as an arylene, cycloalkylene, or alkylene group of a carbon to carbon bond. In one embodiment, at least one of Oj or Q₂ contains a polycyclic fused ring structure, for example, a naphthalene. When G is an aryl group, it is conveniently a phenylene, biphenylene, or naphthalene moiety. A useful class of triarylamines satisfying structural formula (A) and containing two triarylamine moieties is represented by structural formula (B): R,5

R 18^" -C-R

I 16

R_I7

(B)

wherein: R₁₅ and Rι₆ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aryl group, or an alkyl group or Ri and R together represent the atoms completing a cycloalkyl group; and

R]₇ and Rig each independently represents an aryl group, which is in turn substituted with a diaryl substituted amino group, as indicated by structural formula (C):

^R19\

N—

R 2-0

(C)

wherein Rι and R₂o are independently selected aryl groups. In one embodiment, at least one of Rj₉ or R₂o contains a polycyclic fused ring structure, for example, a naphthalene.

Another class of aromatic tertiary amines are the tetraaryldiamines.

Desirable tetraaryldiamines include two diarylamino groups, such as indicated by formula (C), linked through an arylene group. Useful tetraaryldiamines include those represented by formula (D):

(D) wherein each Ar₃ is an independently selected arylene group, such as a phenylene or anthracene moiety, t is an integer of from 1 to 4, and

Ar , R₂ι, R₂₂, and R ₃ are independently selected aryl groups. In a typical embodiment, at least one of Ar , R₂ι, R₂₂, and R ₃ is a polycyclic fused ring structure, for example, a naphthalene

The various alkyl, alkylene, aryl, and arylene moieties ofthe foregoing structural formulae (A), (B), (C), (D), can each in rum be substituted. Typical substituents include alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, and halogen such as fluoride, chloride, and bromide. The various alkyl and alkylene moieties typically contain from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl moieties can contain from 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, but typically contain five, six, or seven ring carbon atoms — for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl ring stractures. The aryl and arylene moieties are usually phenyl and phenylene moieties.

The hole-transporting layer can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds. Specifically, one may employ a triarylamine, such as a triarylamine satisfying the formula (B), in combination with a tetraaryldiamine, such as indicated by formula (D). When a triarylamine is employed in combination with a tetraaryldiamine, the latter is positioned as a layer interposed between the triarylamine and the electron injecting and transporting layer. Illustrative of useful aromatic tertiary amines are the following: 1,1 -Bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane

1 , 1 -Bis(4-di-j_>-tolylaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane 4,4'-Bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl Bis(4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-phenylmethane N,N,N-Tri(p-tolyl)amine 4-(di-p-tolyl amino)-4'-[4(di-jt tolyl amino)-styryl] stilbene

N,N,N',N'-Tetra-f-tolyl-4-4'-diaminobiphenyl N-N-N'-N'-TetraphenyM^'-diaminobiphenyl N,N,N ' ,N ' -tetra- 1 -naphthyl -4,4 ' -diaminobiphenyl N,N,N',N'-tetra-2-naphthyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl N-Phenylcarbazole

4,4'-Bis[N-( 1 -naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl 4,4'-Bis[N-(l-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]biphenyl

4,4"-Bis[N-(l-naphthyl)-N-ρhenylamino]p-te henyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(3-acenaphthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl 1 ,5-Bis[N-( 1 -naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene

4,4'-Bis[N-(9-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4"-Bis[N-(l-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]- -terphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(2-phenanthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(8-fluoranthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl 4,4'-Bis[N-(2-pyrenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(2-naphthacenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-(2-perylenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-( 1 -coronenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl

2,6-Bis(di-p-tolylamino)naphthalene 2,6-Bis[di-(l -naphthyl)amino]naphthalene

2,6-Bis[N-( 1 -naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene

N,N,N',N'-Tetra(2-naphthyl)-4,4"-diamino- -teφhenyl

4,4'-Bis {N-phenyl-N- [4-( 1 -naphthyl)-phenyl] amino } biphenyl

4,4'-Bis[N-phenyl-N-(2-pyrenyl)amino]biphenyl 2,6-Bis[N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amine]fluorene

1 ,5-Bis[N-(l -naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene

4,4^,,4"-tris[(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine

Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041. Tertiary aromatic amines with more than two amine groups may be used including oligomeric materials. In addition, polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as poly(N- vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline (Yang, Y. and others Appl. Phys. Lett. 199 , 64, 1245) and copolymers such as poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS(Groenendaal, L. B. and others Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 481 ). Light-Emitting Layer (LEL)

As more fully described in US-A-4,769,292 and US-A-5,935,721, the light-emitting layer (LEL) 109 ofthe organic EL element includes a luminescent or fluorescent material where electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair recombination in this region. The light-emitting layer can be comprised of a single material including both small molecules and polymers, but more commonly consists of a host material doped with a guest compound or compounds where light emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color. The host materials in the light-emitting layer can be an electron- transporting material, as defined below, a hole-transporting material, as defined above, or another material or combination of materials that support hole-electron recombination. The dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, for example, transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Simultaneously, the color ofthe EL devices can be tuned using dopants of different emission wavelengths. By using a mixture of dopants, EL color characteristics ofthe combined spectra ofthe individual dopant are produced. This dopant scheme has been described in considerable detail for EL devices in US-A-4,769,292 for fluorescent dyes. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10 % by weight into the host material. Polymeric materials such as polyfluorenes and poly(arylene vinylenes) (for example, poly(p-phenylenevinylene), PPV) can also be used as the host material. In this case, small molecule dopants can be molecularly dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer. An important relationship for choosing a dye as a dopant is a comparison ofthe bandgap potential which is defined as the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) ofthe molecule. For efficient energy transfer from the host to the dopant molecule, a necessary condition is that the band gap ofthe dopant is smaller than that ofthe host material. For phosphorescent emitters it is also important that the host triplet energy level ofthe host be high enough to enable energy transfer from host to dopant.

For small molecules, host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US-A-4,768,292; US-A- 5,141,671; US-A-5, 150,006; US-A-5, 151,629; US-A-5,405,709; US-A-5,484,922; US-A-5,593,788; US-A-5,645,948; US-A-5,683,823; US-A-5,755,999; US-A- 5,928,802; US-A-5,935,720; US-A-5,935,721, and US-A-6,020,078.

For example, small molecule metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and similar derivatives (Formula E) constitute one class of useful host compounds capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 500 nm, for example, green, yellow, orange, and red.

(E) wherein:

M represents a metal; t is an integer of from 1 to 4; and

T independently in each occurrence represents the atoms completing a nucleus having at least two fused aromatic rings.

From the foregoing it is apparent that the metal can be monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent metal. The metal can, for example, be an alkali metal, such as lithium, sodium, or potassium; an alkaline earth metal, such as magnesium or calcium; an earth metal, such aluminum or gallium, or a transition metal such as zinc or zirconium. Generally any monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent metal known to be a useful chelating metal can be employed.

T completes a heterocyclic nucleus containing at least two fused aromatic rings, at least one of which is an azole or azine ring. Additional rings, including both aliphatic and aromatic rings, can be fused with the two required rings, if required. To avoid adding molecular bulk without improving on function the number of ring atoms is usually maintained at 18 or less.

Illustrative of useful chelated oxinoid compounds are the following: CO-1 : Aluminum trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)] CO-2: Magnesium bisoxine [alias, bis(8-quinolinolato)magnesium(II)]

CO-3: Bis[benzo{f)-8-quinolinolato]zinc (II) CO-4: Bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)-μ-oxo-bis(2-methyl-8- quinolinolato) aluminum(IH) CO-5: Indium trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)indium] CO-6: Aluminum tris(5-methyloxine) [alias, tris(5-methyl-8-quinolinolato) aluminum(III)] CO-7: Lithium oxine [alias, (8-quinolinolato)lithium(I)] CO-8: Gallium oxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III)] CO-9: Zirconium oxine [alias, tetra(8-quinolinolato)zirconium(]N)] Derivatives of 9, 10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (Formula F) constitute one class of useful hosts capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, for example, blue, green, yellow, orange or red.

(F)

wherein: R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂ , R₂g, and R₂₉ represent one or more substituents on each ring where each substituent is individually selected from the following groups: Group 1 : hydrogen, or alkyl of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms;

Group 2: aryl or substituted aryl of from 5 to 20 carbon atoms; Group 3: carbon atoms from 4 to 24 necessary to complete a fused aromatic ring of anthracenyl; pyrenyl, or perylenyl;

Group 4: heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 5 to 24 carbon atoms as necessary to complete a fused heteroaromatic ring of furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl or other heterocyclic systems;

Group 5: alkoxylamino, alkylamino, or arylamino of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms; and

Group 6: fluorine, chlorine, bromine or cyano.

Illustrative examples include 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and 2-t-butyl- 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene. Other anthracene derivatives can be useful as a host in the LEL, including derivatives of 9,10-bis[4-(2,2- diphenyl ethenyl)phenyl] anthracene.

Benzazole derivatives (Formula G) constitute another class of useful hosts capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, for example, blue, green, yellow, orange or red.

(G) wherein: t] is an integer of 3 to 8;

Z] is O, NR₃ι or S; and

R₃o and R₃ι are individually hydrogen; alkyl of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, propyl, t-butyl, heptyl, and the like; aryl or hetero-atom substituted aryl of from 5 to 20 carbon atoms for example phenyl and naphthyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl and other heterocyclic systems; or halo such as chloro, fluoro; or atoms necessary to complete a fused aromatic ring;

Z₂ is a linkage unit consisting of alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, or substituted aryl, which conjugately or unconjugately connects the multiple benzazoles together. An example of a useful benzazole is 2, 2', 2"-(l,3,5- phenylene)tris[ 1 -phenyl- 1 H-benzimidazole] .

Distyrylarylene derivatives are also useful hosts, as described in US-A- 5,121,029. Carbazole derivatives are particularly useful hosts for phosphorescent emitters.

Polymers incorporating the above small molecule moieties as represented by formulas (E), (F), and (G) are useful host materials. Examples of 9,10-di-(2- naphthyl)anthracene-containing polymers are disclosed in US-A-6,361,887.

Useful fluorescent dopants (FD) include, but are not limited to, derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, and quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymefhine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene derivatives, indenoperylene derivatives, bis(azinyl)amine boron compounds, bis(azinyl)methane compounds, and carbostyryl compounds. Useful phosphorescent dopants (PD) include but are not limited to organometallic complexes of transition metals of iridium, platinum, palladium, or osmium. Illustrative examples of useful dopants include, but are not limited to, the following:

FD 1 R = H FD 2 R = CO₂Pr-i

FD 3 R = H, R' = t-Bu FD 4 R = R' = t-Bu

FD6

FD7

10

FD8 R = R' = H

FD9 R = Me, R' = H

FD10 R = Pr-i, R' = H

15 FDll R = Me, R' = F

FD12 R = phenyl, R' = H

FD13 R = R' = H, X = O FD14 R = H,R'=Me,X = O FD15 R = Me, R' = H, X = O FD16 R = Me,R'=Me,X = O FD17 R = H,R'=t-Bu,X=O FD18 R = t-Bu, R' = H, X - O FD19 R = R' = t-Bu,X = O FD20 R = R' = H,X=S

10 FD21 R = H, R' = Me, X = S FD22 R = Me, R' = H, X = S FD23 R = Me,R' = Me,X=S FD24 R = H,R'=t-Bu,X=S FD25 R = t-Bu,R' = H,X = S

15 FD26 R = R' = t-Bu,X = S

FD27 R = R' = H,X = O FD 28 R = H, R' = Me, X = O

20 FD 29 R = Me, R' = H, X = O FD 30 R = Me, R' = Me, X = O FD31 R = H,R'=t-Bu,X=O FD 32 R = t-Bu, R' =H, X= O FD33 R = R' = t-Bu,X = O

25 FD 34 R = R' = H, X = S FD35 R = H,R' = Me,X = S FD36 R = Me,R' = H,X = S FD37 R = Me,R' = Me,X = S FD38 R = H,R' = t-Bu,X = S FD39 R = t-Bu,R' = H,X = S FD40 R = R' = t-Bu,X = S

FD41 R = phenyl

10 FD42 R = Me FD43 R = t-Bu FD44 R-mesityl

15 FD45 R = phenyl FD46 R = Me FD47 R = t-Bu FD48 R = mesityl

FD49

FD50

FD51

FD52

FD53

PD1

PD 2

PD 3

PD 4 Electron-Transporting Layer (ETL):

Preferred thin film-forming materials for use in forming the electron- transporting layer 111 ofthe organic EL devices of this invention are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport electrons and exhibit both high levels of performance and are readily fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary of contemplated oxinoid compounds are those satisfying structural formula (E), previously described.

Other electron-transporting materials include various butadiene derivatives as disclosed in US-A-4,356,429 and various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in US-A-4,539,507. Benzazoles satisfying stmctural formula (G) are also useful electron transporting materials. Triazines are also known to be useful as electron transporting materials. Oxadiazole compounds including small molecules and polymers are useful electron transporting materials as described in US-A-6,451,457. Cathode:

When light emission is viewed solely through the anode, the cathode 113 used in this invention can be comprised of nearly any conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good stability. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work function metal (< 4.0 eN) or metal alloy. One preferred cathode material is comprised of a Mg:Ag alloy wherein the percentage of silver is in the range of 1 to 20 %, as described in US-A-4,885,221. Another suitable class of cathode materials includes bilayers comprising a thin electron-injection layer (EIL) in contact with the organic layer (for example, ETL) which is capped with a thicker layer of a conductive metal. Here, the EIL preferably includes a low work function metal or metal salt, and if so, the thicker capping layer does not need to have a low work function. One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a thicker layer of Al as described in US-A-5,677,572. Other useful cathode material sets include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US-A-5,059,861 ; US-A- 5,059,862, and US-A-6, 140,763. When light emission is viewed through the cathode, the cathode must be transparent or nearly transparent. For such applications, metals must be thin or one must use transparent conductive oxides, or a combination of these materials. Optically transparent cathodes have been described in more detail in US-A- 4,885,211; US-A-5,247,190; US-A-5,703,436; US-A-5,608,287; US-A-5,837,391; US-A-5,677,572; US-A-5 ,776,622; US-A-5,776,623; US-A-5,714,838; US-A-

5,969,474; US-A-5,739,545; US-A-5,981,306; US-A-6,137,223; US-A-6, 140,763; US-A-6,172,459; US-A-6,278,236; US-A-6,284,3936; EP 1 076 368 and JP 3,234,963. Cathode materials are typically deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in US-A-5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition. Other Useful Organic Layers and Device Architecture

In some instances, layers 109 and 111 can optionally be collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transportation. Alternatively, layers 107, 109 and 111 can optionally be collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of supporting both light emission and hole and electron transportation. This is the preferred EL device structure of this invention and is referred to as "single-layer" device. It also known in the art that emitting dopants may be added to the hole- transporting layer, which may serve as a host. Multiple dopants may be added to one or more layers in order to create a white-emitting EL device, for example, by combining blue- and yellow-emitting materials, cyan- and red-emitting materials, or red-, green-, and blue-emitting materials. White-emitting devices are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication. 20020025419, US-A-

5,683,823; US-A-5,503,910; US-A-5,405,709; US-A-5,283,182; EP 1 187 235, and EP l 182 244.

Additional layers such as electron or hole-blocking layers as taught in the art may be employed in devices of this invention. Hole-blocking layers are commonly used to improve efficiency of phosphorescent emitter devices, for example, as in U.S. Patent Publication 20020015859.

This invention may be used in so-called stacked device architecture, for example, as taught in US-A-5,703,436 and US-A-6,337,492. Deposition of organic layers The organic materials mentioned above can be deposited as high quality transparent thin films by various methods such as a vapor deposition or sublimation method, an electron-beam method, a sputtering method, a thermal transferring method, a molecular lamination method and a coating method such as solution casting, spin-coating or inkjet printing, with an optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a polymer, solvent deposition is usually preferred. The material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a sublimator "boat" often comprised of a tantalum material, for example, as described in US-A-6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate. Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single boat or donor sheet. Patterned deposition can be achieved using shadow masks, integral shadow masks (US-A-5 ,294,870), spatially-defined thermal dye transfer from a donor sheet (US-A-5,688,551; US-A-5,851,709 and US-A-6,066,357) and inkjet method (US-A-6,066,357).

Preferably, the spin-coating or inkjet printing technique is used to deposit the organic material ofthe invention, only one compound is deposited in a single layer device. Encapsulation:

Most organic EL devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, along with a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates. Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include, but are not limited to, those described in US-A-6,226,890. In addition, barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for encapsulation. Optical Optimization:

Organic EL devices of this invention can employ various well-known optical effects in order to enhance its properties if desired. This includes optimizing layer thicknesses to yield maximum light transmission, providing dielectric mirror structures, replacing reflective electrodes with light-absorbing electrodes, providing anti glare or anti-reflection coatings over the display, providing a polarizing medium over the display, or providing colored, neutral density, or color conversion filters over the display. Filters, polarizers, and antiglare or anti-reflection coatings may be specifically provided over the cover or as part ofthe cover. EXAMPLES

The invention and its advantages are further illustrated by the following specific examples:

Synthesis of Small Molecules

The monomers to be used in the present invention to construct polymers are not necessary to be particularly restricted. Any monomers can be used as long as the polymer formed is a polymer which satisfies the general formulas (V) and (Nl). Typical synthesis is illustrated in Schemes 1-11.

Scheme 1

Scheme 2

Scheme 3

48

Scheme 4

Scheme 5

Scheme 6

58 59 60

Scheme 7

Alternative route

Scheme 8

71 72 73 7₄

Scheme 9

*-0- ^*0-"-0 B-_ »-f VB,

Scheme 10 (HOJzB-Ari-BCOHfc

F₃Cθ₂SO- Ar₂— OSOJCFJ

Scheme 11

Example 1: synthesis of compound 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-heptanophenone)

1 ,4-Dimethoxybenzene (15.0 g, 0.11 mol) was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and the solution was cooled to 0 °C. To the solution was added aluminum chloride (17.37 g, 0.13 mol) in portions and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. Heptanoyl chloride (17.75 g, 0.12 mol) was added via an additional funnel. After 2 h, reaction was complete and was quenched with dilute HCl solution carefully. The organic phase was separated, washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate, and dried over magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by column on silica gel using either/heptane (10/90) as an eluent to give 20.52 gpure product as clear oil (75% yield). FD-MS: 250 (M⁺). Example 2: synthesis of compound 2 (2,5-dihydroxy-heptanophenone)

Compound 1 (10.0 g, 0.040 mol) was dissolved in 150 mL of toluene. To this solution was added aluminum chloride (11.72 g, 0.088 mol) in portions. The reaction was heated to 80 °C overnight. After cooled to room temperature, the reaction was poured into dilute HCl solution. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by recrystallization from hexane/ethyl acetate to give 6.42 g of pure product as yellow fluffy solid (72% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) 6 ppm: 0.89 (t, J =6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.28-1.39 (m, 6 H), 1.67-1.76 (m, 2 H), 2.91 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 5.37 (br, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 (dd, J, = 8.9 Hz, J₂ = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 12.06 (s, 1 H); FD-MS: 222 (M⁺). Example 3: synthesis of compound 3 (5-benyloxy2-hydroxy-heptanophenone)

Compound 2 (53.60 g, 0.24 mol) was dissolved in 500 mL of acetone. To this solution was added anhydrous potassium carbonate (36.66 g, 0.26 mol). The mixture was stirred for 10 min and benzyl bromide (45.37 g, 0.26 mol) was added dropwise. The reaction was refluxed overnight. After cooled to room temperature, the reaction was filtered and acetone was evaporated. The residue was extracted with ether and dried over magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by column on silica gel using heptane/ethyl acetate (98/2) as an eluent. The product was obtained as light yellow solid after further recrystallization from heptane, 50.12 g (0.67% yield). Η NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm:0.90 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.32-1.39 (m, 6 H), 1.64-1.71 (m, 2 H), 2.88 (t, J =7.5 Hz, 2 H), 5.03 (s, 2 H), 6.91 (d, J =9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 (dd, J, = 9.0 Hz, J₂ = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.32-7.43 (m, 5 H), 11.99 (s, 1 H); FD- MS: 222 (M⁺). Example 4: synthesis of compound 4

Compound 3 (50.0 g, 0.16 mol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To the solution was added triethyl amine (19.4 g, 0.19 mol), followed by slow addition of triflate anhydride (54.2 g, 0.19 mol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for a few hours until the completion ofthe reaction. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted with methylene chloride and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized passed through a short pad of silica gel and recrystallized from heptane to give 55.0 g pure product as fluffy white powder (77% yield). FD-MS: 444 (M⁺). Example 5: synthesis of compound 5 (2-bromo-6-benzyloxynaphthalene) 6-Bromo-2-naphthol (50.0 g, 0.22 mol) was dissolved in 150 mL of DMF, and potassium carbonate (123.92 g, 0.90 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 min and benzyl bromide (95.84 g, 0.56 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 4 h and poured into water. The crude product was collected as yellow powder and was purified by recrystallization from ethanol to give 68.05 g pure product as sparklingly white needles (97% yield). Η NMR (CDCI3) δ ppm: 5.17 (s, 2 H), 7.18 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (dd, J, = 8.9 Hz, J₂ = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.35-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H); ^,3C NMR (CDC1₃): 70.08, 107.09, 109.74, 117.15, 120.08, 127.56, 128.11, 128.42, 128.55, 128.64, 129.62, 130.09, 132.96, 136.57; FD-MS: 313 (M⁺). Example 6: synthesis of compound 6 (6-benzyloxy-2-naphalene boronic acid) Compound 5 (15.65 g, 0.050 mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of anhydrous THF and cooled to -78 °C. To the cold solution was added dropwise n-BuLi (30 mL, 2.5 M in hexane, 0.075 mol) to maintain the temperature lower than -60 °C. After one hour, trimethylborate (10.39 g, 0.10 mol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by dilute HCl, stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was recrystallized from toluene to give light gray solid that was recrystallized again in methanol to remove the insoluble by-product. The pure product was concentrated from the filtrate as white solid, 6.1 g (44% yield). FD-MS: 278(M⁺). Example 7: synthesis of compound 7

Compound 4 (24.16 g, 0.054 mol) and compound 6 (13.60 g, 0.049 mol) were dissolved in 100 mL of toluene and 2 M solution of Na₂CO₃ (36 mL, 0.072 mol) and a few drops of phase transfer reagent Aquat 336 were added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 10 min and catalyst tetrakis(tri henylphosphine) palladium (0.85 g, 1.5 mol%) was added. The reaction was heated to 105 °C for 3 h. After cooled down, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO . The crude product was recrystallized twice from heptane to give 15.13 g of pure product as white powder (58% yield). ^]H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm:0.73 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3 H), 0.92-0.97 (m, 4 H), 1.04-1.10 (m, 2 H), 1.35-1.40 (m, 2 H), 2.22 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 5.15 (s, 2 H), 5.21 (s, 2 H), 7.11-7.16 (m, 2 H), 7.26-7.52 (m, 14 H), 7.67 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 14.04, 22.36, 24.56, 28.59, 31.35, 42.92, 70.06, 70.24, 106.87, 113.39, 117.12, 119.62, 127.12, 127.31, 127.37, 127.44, 127.96, 128.01, 128.53, 128.83, 129.51, 131.51, 135.40, 136.61, 142.18, 156.89, 157.82, 208.15; FD-MS: 528 (M⁺). Example 8: synthesis of compound 8 Compound 7 (11.20 g, 0.021 mol) was dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous

THF and cooled to 0 °C. LAH (1.60 g, 0.042 mol) was added in portions under nitrogen. After addition, the reaction was stirred for 15 min, and quenched with sodium sulfate decahydrate carefully. The reaction was filtered and the precipitated solid was washed methylene chloride. The filtrate was concentrated to give pure product at quantitative yield, 11.35 g. 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.78 (t, J - 7.1 Hz, 3 H), 1.11-1.69 (m, 10 H), 4.81-4.85 (m, 1 H, OH), 5.15 (s, 2 H), 5.21 (s, 2 H), 6.96 (dd, J, = 8.5 Hz, J₂ = 2.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.20-7.52 (m, 14 H), 7.65 (s, IH), 7.73 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.73-7.77 (m, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 14.00, 22.50, 25.81, 28.95, 31.60, 38.76, 70.07, 70.48, 106.97, 109.76, 111.76, 113.77, 119.47, 126.49, 127.55, 127.98, 128.03, 128.54, 128.59, 128.63, 128.79, 129.46, 131.37, 133.26, 133.54, 136.82, 143.92, 156.84; FD-MS: 530 (M⁺). Example 9: synthesis of compound 9

Compound 8 (14.10 g, 0.028 mol) was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To the solution was added boron trifluoride etherate (5.9 g, 0.042 mol). After 20 min, the reaction was quenched carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized from heptane twice to give 8.21 g of product as off-white solid (56% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.72 (t, J - 7.1 Hz, 3 H), 0.80-0.83 (m, 2 H), 1.03-1.12 (m, 6 H); 2.02-2.14 ( , 1 H), 2.17-2.27 (m, 1 H), 4.26-4.29 (m, 1 H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 5.14 (s, 2 H), 6.96 (dd, J, =8.3 Hz, J₂ - 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.16-7.47 (m, 14 H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.65-7.73 (m, 2 H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 14.00, 22.57, 24.41, 29.52, 31.52, 33.66, 47.10, 70.03, 70.40, 108.66, 111.51, 113.19, 118.79, 119.16, 119.70, 125.36, 126.83, 127.56, 127.60, 127.94,128.01, 128.57, 128.61, 133.82, 135.35, 136.64, 136.93, 137.15, 142.34, 149.97, 155.86, 157.93; FD-MS: 512 (M⁺). Example 10: synthesis of compound 10

Compound 9 (8.20 g, 0.016 mol) was suspended in 16 mL of DMSO and the mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 10 min. To this mixture was added 3 drops of phase transfer reagent Aquat® 336 and 50% NaOH aqueous solution ( 2.56 g, 0.032 mol) under nitrogen. The reaction turned bright orange immediately. n-Hexylbromide (3.20 g, 0.019 mol) was then added dropwise and the reaction was heated to 80 °C. The orange color disappeared and reaction became light yellow and clear. After 20 min, the reaction was poured into water and extracted with ether. The combined organic phase was washed with water and dried over MgSO₄. After the removal ofthe solvent, the pure product was obtained as light brownish-yellow oil (quantitative yield). Η NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.44-0.52 (m, 4 H), 0.76 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6 H), 0.94-1.12 (m, 12 H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 2 H), 2.42-2.52 (m, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2 H), 5.24 (s, 2 H), 7.05 (dd, Jj = 8.2 Hz, J₂ = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.11 (d, J =2.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.33-7.58 (m, 14 H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.76-7.84 (m, 2 H), 8.16 (d, J = 9.2 Hz); ^,3C NMR (CDC1₃): 13.94, 22.50, 23.50, 29.54, 31.31, 40.52, 57.22, 69.97, 70.35, 108.93, 109.42, 112.98, 118.68, 118.82, 119.41, 124.78, 125.97, 127.01, 127.62, 127.91, 127.99, 128.52, 128.58, 134.22, 135.02, 136.94, 137.01, 137.09, 143.56, 153.66, 155.55, 158.24; FD-MS: 596 (M ). Example 11: synthesis of compound 11 Compound 10 (9.55 g, 0.016 mol) was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and was cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added boron tribromide (6.05g, 0.024 mol) dropwise. After 30 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic layer was washed with water and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was washed with minimum amount of methylene chloride to 4.21 g give pure product as light tan solid and the filtrate was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 1.42 g of product (total yield 84%). Η NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.34-0.47 (m, 4 H), 0.69 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6 H), 0.90-1.05 (m, 12 H), 2.05-2.13 ( , 2 H), 2.33-2.43 (m, 2 H), 4.78 (br, 1 H), 4.93 (br, 1 H), 6.82 (dd, J, = 8.1 Hz, J₂ = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.90 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 (J, = 9.0 Hz, J₂ = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.24 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.06 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 13.93, 22.50, 23.51, 29.55, 31.34, 40.53, 109.45, 109.75, 111.37, 113.78, 117.60, 118.85, 118.88, 119.61, 125.09, 126.58, 128.80, 128.80, 134.92, 143.47, 152.08, 154.80; FD-MS: 416 (M⁺). Example 12: synthesis of compound 12

Compound 11 (5.60 g, 0.013 mol) and triethylamine (3.56 g, 0.035 mol) were dissolved in 80 mL of methylene chloride, and the solution was cooled to 0 °C. Triflate anhydride (9.10 g, 0.032 mol) was added slowly. After 30 min, the reaction was quenched by water, and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was washed with water and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized from heptane to give 7.12 g of pure product as light cream needles (79% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.30-0.40 (m, 4H), 0.69 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 0.88-1.04 (m, 12 H), 2.17-2.67 (m, 2 H), 2.38-2.48 (m, 2 H), 7.31-7.34 (m, 2 H), 7.48 (dd, J, = 9.2 Hz, J₂ = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.91-7.98 (m, 2 H), 8.25 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): 13.80, 22.32, 23.40, 29.22, 31.15, 40.03, 58.08, 115.56, 120.12, 120.23, 120.27, 120.76, 120.98, 125.93, 128.91, 129.10, 133.98, 138.58, 140.81, 145.08, 146.56, 149.20, 154.48; FD-MS: 680 (M⁺). Example 13: synthesis of compound 13

Compound 12 (1.81 g, 0.003 mol), bis(neopentyl glycola)diboron (1.31 g, 0.006 mol) and potassium acetate (1.55 g, 0.016 mol) were mixed in 15 mL of dioxane. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 5 min and catalyst bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium chloride (Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂) (70 mg, 0.03 mol%) and ligand dppf (40 mg, 0.03 mol%) were added. The reaction was heated at 80 °C under nitrogen overnight. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and water, and the crude product was passed through a short column of silica gel to give 1.31 g of pure product as light yellow foam (82% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃): 0.26-0.40 (m, 4 H), 0.66 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6 H), 0.83-0.98 (m, 12 H), 1.07 (s, 12 H), 2.21-2.31 (m, 2 H), 2.42-2.52 (m, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 4 H), 3.84 (s, 4 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.85-7.92 ( , 4 H), 8.18 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.44 (s, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): 13.91, 21.95, 22.04, 22.49, 23.48, 29.54, 31.31, 31.92, 31.97, 40.09, 57.31, 72.35, 72.44, 109.77, 118.47, 122.62, 127.10, 129.00, 130.06, 131.75, 132.61, 133.18, 136.64, 139.72, 144.00, 144.78, 151.40; FD-MS: 608 (M^"1"). Example 14: synthesis of compound 14 (2,6-dihexyIoxynaphthalene)

2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene (30.0 g, 0.19 mol) reacted with n-hexylbromide (68.06 g, 0.41 mol) in the presence of potassium carbonate (129.6 g, 0.94 mol) in 400 mL of DMF at 95 °C for 3h. The reaction was poured into 700 mL of water and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and methanol, and dried. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol to give 54.5 g (88% yield) of pure product white crystals. 1H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.91 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 6 H), 1.32- 1.40 (m, 8H), 1.44-1.54 (m, 4H), 1.77-2.86 (m, 4H), 4.02 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 4H), 7.06- 7.12 (m, 4H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H); M.p. 78-79 °C; FD-MS: 328 (Ivf). Example 15: synthesis of compound 15 Compound 14 (25.5 g, 0.078 mol) was dissolved in 250 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added aluminum chloride (12.7 g, 0.085 mol) in portions and heptanoyl chloride (12.4 g, 0.093 mol) was added via an additional funnel. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was quenched carefully with 2N HCl solution. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO . The crude product was recrystallized from heptane to give 25.4 g (74% yield) as light yellow powder. Η NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.77-0.85 (m, 9 H), 1.21-1.39 (m, 18 H), 1.61-1.76 (m, 6 H), 2.84 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 3.91-4.00 (m, 4 H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.04 (dd, J, = 9.1 Hz, J₂ = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.61 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H); FD-MS: 440 (M⁺). Example 16: synthesis of compound 16

Compound 15 (20.0 g, 0.045 mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0°C. To the solution was slowly added boron tribromide (34.45 g (13.0 mL), 0.14 mol). The reaction was stirred for 1 h and quenched carefully with saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized from heptane to give 10.2 g (83% yield) of pure product as yellow solid. 1H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.85 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 1.29- 1.35 (m, 6 H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 2 H), 3.13 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 5.04 (br, 1 H), 7.10- 7.19 (m, 3 H), 7.72 (d, J =9.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.94 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 12.75 (s, 1 H); FD-ES: 273 (M + 1)⁺. Example 17: synthesis of compound 17

Compound 16 (30.02 g, 0.11 mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of acetone. To the solution was added potassium carbonate (38.05 g, 0.28 mol) and catalytic amount of 18-crown-6. The mixture was stirred for 5 min. and benzyl bromide (47.2 g, 0.28 mol) was added. The reaction was heated to reflux for 2 h and then solvent was removed. The residue was extracted with methylene chloride/water. Pure product was obtained by recrystallization using heptane (40.1 g, 80% yield). 1H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.72 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H), 1.12-1.19 (m, 6 H), 1.52-1.61 (m, 2 H), 2.78 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 5.01 (s, 2 H), 5.04 (s, 2 H), 7.03 (d J = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.10 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.18-7.34 (m, 10 H), 7.46 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H); FD-ES: 453 (M + 1)⁺. Example 18: synthesis of compound 18

Compound 17 (16.0 g, 0.035 mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of toluene. To the solution was added anhydrous magnesium bromide/ether complex (9.12 g, 0.035 mol). The reaction was refluxed overnight. The reaction was cooled and water was added. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄. The pure product was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel using heptane/ether as an eluent (11.5 g, 90% yield). ^!H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.85 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 1.29-1.35 (m, 6 H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 2 H), 3.08 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 5.11 (s, 2 H), 7.93-7.46 (m, 8 H), 7.68 (d, J =9.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 12.74 (s, 1 H); FD-MS: 362 (Ivf). Example 19: synthesis of compound 19 Compound 18 (3.02 g, 0.0083 mol) was dissolved in 30 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added triethylamine (1.01 g, 0.0099 mol) and trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride (2.85 g, 0.01 mol) was added dropwise. After 20 min, the reaction was quenched by water and extracted with methylene chloride. The pure product was obtained by passing through a short silica gel column (4.0 g, quantitative yield). FD-MS: 494 (M⁺). Example 20: synthesis of compound 20

Compound 6 (9.27 g, 0.033 mol) and compound 19 (15.0 g, 0.030 mol) were dissolved in 150 mL of toluene. To this solution was added 2 M Na₂CO₃ (30 mL, 0.060 mol) and a drop of phase transfer reagent Aliquat 336. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 10 min and catalyst Pd(PPh₃) (0.52 g, 1.5mol%) was added. The reaction was heated to 105 °C for 3 h and cooled down. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized from heptane to give 10.34 g (60% yield) pure product as light yellow solid. FD-MS: 578 (M⁺). Example 21: synthesis of compound 21

Compound 20 (1.0 g, 1.7 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous THF and cooled to 0 °C. To this cold solution was added LiAlH₄ (0.10 g, 2.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 20 min and quenched with sodium sulfate decahydrate and then filtered. The precipitate was washed thoroughly with methylene chloride. The filtrate was evaporated to give 0.81 g (81% yield) of pure product as yellow solid. FD-MS: 580 (M⁺). Example 22: synthesis of compound 22

Compound 21 (8.85 g, 0.015 mol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °c. To this solution was added dropwise trifluoroacetic acid (2.47 g, 0.022 mol). After 20 min, reaction was quenched with water and extracted with methylene chloride. The pure product was obtained from recrystallization ofthe crude product from heptane to give white pulp-like solid (6.36 g, 75% yield). 1H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.32-0.37 (m, 2 H), 0.61 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 0.83-0.92 (m, 4 H), 1.26-1.38 (m, 2 H), 2.53-2.55 (m, 2 H), 4.86 (br, 1 H), 5.21 (s, 4 H), 7.25- 7.53 (m, 17 H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 13.87, 22.42, 29.38, 31.29, 33.79, 46.36, 70.06, 108.61, 118.85, 119.26, 125.45, 125.81, 126.73, 127.62, 128.03, 128.63, 133.96, 136.94, 137.77, 143.45, 155.95; FD-MS: 562 (M⁺). Example 23: synthesis of compound 23

Compound 22 (1.0 g, 1.78 mmol) was suspended in 2 mL of DMSO. The suspension was degassed by bubbling nitrogen for 5 min. and 50% NaOH aqueous solution (0.28 g, 3.56 mmol) and a drop of phase transfer reagent Aliquat® 336, followed by slow addition of n-hexylbromide (0.35 g, 2.13 mmol). The reaction turned into bright orange upon addition of NaOH, and changed into light yellow when n-hexylbromide was added. The reaction was heated to 80 °C for 20 min. during which the reaction became clear light yellow solution. The reaction was poured into water, extracted with ether and dried to give quantitative pure product as off-white solid. 1H NMR CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.21-0.25 (m, 4 H), 0.59 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 0.74-0.92 (m, 8 H), 1.26-1.34 (m, 4 H), 2.65-2.70 (m, 4 H), 5.19 (s, 4 H), 7.30-7.44 (m, 10 H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4 H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 H); ^,3C NMR (CDC1₃): 13.83, 22.36, 23.54, 29.39, 31.15, 40.12, 59.95, 69.99, 109.15, 118.58, 118.77, 124.67, 125.38, 127.11, 127.64, 128.01, 128.60, 134.65, 136.92, 137.48, 145.14, 155.54; FD-MS: 646 (M⁺). Example 24: synthesis of compound 24 Compound 23 (1.0 g, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added boron tribromide (0.85 g, 3.4 mmol) dropwise. After 30 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic layer was washed with water and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was washed with minimum amount of methylene chloride to 0.41 g give pure product as light tan solid and the filtrate was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using ether/heptane as an eluent to give 0.19 g of product (total yield 74%). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.18-0.28 (m, 4 H), 0.60 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6 H), 0.74-0.98 (m, 8 H), 1.12-1.31 (m, 4 H), 2.63-2.68 (m, 4 H), 5.08 (br, 2 H), 7.20 (dd, Jj = 9.1 Hz, J₂ = 2.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.30 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H); FD-MS: 466 (M⁺). Example 25: synthesis of compound 25

Compound 24 (1.0 g, 2.14 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To the solution was added triethylamine (0.54 g, 5.36 mmol) followed by slow addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1.51 g, 5.36 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and quenched with water. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and the organic phase was dried with MgSO₄. The crude product was recrystallized from heptane to give 1.1 g pure product as light yellow crystals (70% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.13-0.23 (m, 4 H), 0.59 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6 H), 0.74-0.89 (m, 12 H), 2.66- 2.72 (m, 4 H), 7.50 (dd, Jj = 9.3 Hz, J₂ = 2.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.90 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2 H); 13.74, 22.24, 23.39, 29.13, 31.04, 40.06, 60.53, 119.88, 120.07, 121.18, 125.61, 128.59, 128.81, 133.98, 139.87, 145.87, 146.25, FD-MS: 730 (M*). Example 26: synthesis of compound 26 Compound 22 (7.0 g, 12.46 mmol) was suspended in 15 mL of DMSO.

The suspension was degassed by bubbling nitrogen for 5 min. and 50% NaOH aqueous solution (1.96 g, 24.92 mmol) and 3 drop of phase transfer reagent Aliquat® 336, followed by slow addition of 2-ethylhexylbromide (2.89 g, 14.94 mmol). The reaction turned into bright orange upon addition of NaOH, and changed into light yellow when 2-ethylhexylbromide was added. The reaction was heated to 80 °C for 20 min. during which the reaction became clear light yellow solution. The reaction was poured into water, extracted with ether and dried to give quantitative 6.8 g of pure product as light yellow viscous oil (92% yield). FD-MS: 674 (M ). Example 27: synthesis of compound 27

Compound 26 (8.0 g, 11.87 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To the solution was added boron tribromide (7.47 g, 29.68 mmol) dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 20 min. and quenched with saturated Na₂CO₃ solution, and extracted with methylene chloride. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using 1/1 methylene chloride/heptane as an eluent to 3.5 g give pure product as light brown solid (60% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.16-0.87 (m, 26 H), 2.62-2.67 (m, 4 H), 7.20 (dd, Jj = 9.1 Hz, J₂ = 1.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.28 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.88 (dd, J, = 8.3 Hz, J₂ = 1.2 Hz, 2 H), 8.28 (dd, Ji = 9.1 Hz, J₂ = 2.6 Hz, 2 H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): 10.34, 13.86, 13.96, 22.46, 22.55, 23.25, 26.51, 27.70, 29.42, 31.22, 32.79, 35.64, 41.18, 43.51, 59.70, 111.47, 111.50, 131.31, 117.33, 117.36, 118.76, 125.35, 125.47, 125.54, .61, 126.68, 126.73, 134.53, 134.62, 137.25, 137.32, 145.34, 145.46, 151.85; FD-MS: 494 (M j. Example 28: synthesis of compound 28

Compound 27 (3.50 g, 7.1 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added triethylamine (1.43 g, 14.1 mmol) followed by slow addition of triflic anhydride (4.41 g, 15.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. and quenched with water. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride and the organic phase was dried over MgSO . The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using methylene chloride/heptane (5/95) as an eluent to give 2.35 g of pure product as light cream solid (44% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ ppm: 0.11-1.26 (m, 26 H), 2.67-2.71 (m, 4 H), 7.50 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.45 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.47 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 10.12, 13.50, 13.66, 22.23, 22.36, 22.72, 23.09, 26.56, 27.54, 29.09, 31.03, 32.79, 35.76, 40.96, 43.36, 60.27, 119.74, 120.09, 121.05, 121.13, 126.09, 128.87, 128.97, 133.94, 133.99, 139.91, 139.93, 146.22, 146.33, 146.37, 146.38; FD-MS: 758 (M⁺). Example 29: synthesis of compound 29

To a 500 mL round-bottomed flask was added 200 mL of methylene chloride and phenyldecane (37.6 g, 0.17 mol). The solution was cooled to 0 °C, and aluminum chloride (18.4 g, 0.14 mol) was added in portions, followed by slow addition of o-bromobenzoyl chloride (25.2 g, 0.11 mol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature until completion and cooled to 0 °C and quenched carefully with 2 N HCl solution. The reaction was extracted with methylene chloride, and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was purified by column on silica gel to give 41.6 g of product as clear oil (90% yield). FD-MS: m/z 401 (M⁺).

Example 30: synthesis of compound 30 (4-(2-ethylhexyIoxy)-bromobenzene)

To a 1-L round-bottomed flask were added 4-bromophenol (60.0 g, 0.35 mol), potassium carbonate (52.7 g, 0.38 mol), 2-ethylhexyl bromide (73.7 g, 0.38 mol) and DMF 200 mL. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C under nitrogen overnight. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with ether three times and the combined organic phase was washed with water three times and dried over MgSO₄. After solvent was removed, the crude product was obtained as light brown liquid. Pure product was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel using ether/hexane (10/90) as an eluent as a light yellow liquid, 71.2 g (72% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.88-0.93 (m, 6H, CH₃), 1.27-1.46 (m, 8H), 1.65-1.74 (m, IH), 3.78 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 6.76 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): 11.08, 14.08, 23.03, 23.80, 29.05, 30.46, 39.29, 70.72, 112.42, 116.29, 132.11, 158.47; FD-MS: m/z 285 (M ). Example 31: synthesis of compound 31 (2,6-bis(t- butyldimethylsifyloxy)anthraquinone)

To a 2-L round-bottomed flask were added 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (80.0 g, 0.33 mol), imidazole (108.8 g, 1.6 mol), t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (115.5 g, 0.77 mol), and DMF 600 mL. The dark red mixture was heated to 90 °C for 3 h. TLC indicated the completion ofthe reaction. The reaction was cooled down and poured into 2 L of cool water. The dark green needle like precipitate was filtered off and washed with water and methanol. The dark green crystals were dissolved in ether and the black insoluble part was filtered off. The bright yellow filtrate was concentrated and the crude product was suspended in boiling methanol and filtered to give pure 85.1 g product as yellow silky crystals (54% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.28 (s, 12H), 1.00 (s, 18H), 7.14 (dd, Jj = 8.5 Hz, J₂ = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 8.17 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDC1₃): -4.36, 25.53, 117.35, 125.34, 127.57, 129.73, 135.73, 161.26, 182.17; M.p. 131-133 °C; FD-MS: m/z 468 (M*).

Example 32: synthesis of compound 32 (2,6-dihydroxy-9,10-di(4-(2- ethylhexyloxy)phenyl)anthracene) Compound 30 (18.3 g, 0.064 mol) was dissolved in 60 mL of anhydrous

THF and cooled to -78 °C. To this solution was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 25.6 mL, 0.064 mol) slowly to maintain the temperature below -60 °C. After addition, the orange-yellow solution was stirred at -78 °C for an hour. Compound 31 (10.0 g, 0.021 mol) was dissolved in 30 mL of anhydrous THF and added dropwise to the above cooled solution. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction after 3 h. The reaction was warmed up slightly and HI solution (47% in water, 39 mL, 0.21 mol) was added slowly to quench the reaction and to de- protect the TBDMS group. The deep brown reaction was heated to reflux for 10 min. and most ofthe solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was then extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organic phase was washed with saturated sodium metabisulfate solution, water, and brine, and dried over MgSO . The crude product was obtained as brown viscous oil and was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 15/85 ether/hexane as an eluent. The pure product was obtained as light green-yellow solid 5.5 g (42% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.92-1.01 (m, 12H, CH₃), 1.26-1.46 (m, 16H), 1.77-1.86 (m, 2H), 3.96 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 4H, OCH₂), 4.93 (s, br, 2H, OH), 6.91 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (dd, = 9.5 Hz, J₂ = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.60 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): 11.17, 14.13, 23.09, 23.91, 29.13, 30.58, 39.46, 70.62, 106.88, 114.49, 118.59, 127.33, 129.00, 129.93, 131.02, 132.21, 151.75, 158.72; M.p. 195-197 °C; FD-MS: m/z 618 (M⁴). Example 33: synthesis of compound 33 (2,6-di(triflate)-9,10-di(4-(2- ethylhexyloxy)phenyl)anthracene)

Compound 32 (4.5 g, 0.007 mol) was dissolved in 50 mL of dry pyridine and cooled to 0 °C. To this brown red solution was added slowly triflate anhydride (6.2 g, 0.022 mol). The dark green reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. TLC indicated the completion ofthe reaction. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with ether (3x200 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with 2N HCl (2x200 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/hexane (10/90) to give 5.9 g of blue fluorescent yellow crystalline product (92% yield). Η NMR (CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.94-1.04 (m, 12H, CH₃), 1.38- 1.60 (m, 16H), 1.81-1.88 (m, 2H), 4.01 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 4H, OCH₂), 7.16 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.25 (dd, J, = 9.5 Hz, J₂ = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.66 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 2H); M.p. 103-104 °C; FD- MS: m/z 882 (M⁺).

Example 34: synthesis of compound 34 (2,6-di(2,2-dimethyltrimethylene diboronate)-9,10-di(4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)phenyl)anthracene)

Compound 33 (4.1 g, 0.005 mol), bis(neopentyl glycolato)diboron (2.3 g, O.Ol mol), l, -bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)dichloropalladium (Ii dichloromethane complex (0.23 g, 6 mol% to compound 33), 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.15 g, 6 mol% to 33), and potassium acetate (2.7 g, 0.028 mol) were mixed with 50 mL of dioxane. The mixture was degassed with nitrogen for 10 min. and then heated to 80 °C overnight. The reaction was cooled and ice water 50 mL was added. Brown precipitate formed and was filtered, washed with water, and hexane. The brownish yellow solid was dissolved in ether, washed with water (5x100 mL) to remove the by-product neopentyl glycol to give 3.3 g of product as light brownish yellow solid (88% yield). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ (ppm): 0.94-1.04 (m, 24H, CH₃), 1.21-1.43 (m, 16H), 1.80-1.88 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 8H), 4.02 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 4H, OCH₂), 7.14 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H, phenyl), 7.62-7.70 (m, 4H), 8.28 (s, 2H); ^,3C NMR (CDC1₃): 11.24, 14.16, 21.95, 23.12, 23.95, 29.20, 30.64, 31.83, 39.57, 70.71, 72.24, 114.38, 126.02, 128.25, 130.20, 130.98, 131.26, 132.38, 132.49, 134.41, 134.52, 137.47, 158.59; M.p. 191-193 °C; FD-MS: m/z 810 (M⁺). Synthesis of Polymers

Example 35: general procedure for synthesis of polymers via the Suzuki coupling reaction

Equal molar of aromatic di-bromide or di-triflate and aromatic di-boron compound, and phase transfer reagent Aliquat® 336 (0.10 equivalent to monomer) were dissolved in of toluene (the ratio of toluene to water (v/v) is about 3/1). To this solution was added 2 M Na₂CO₃ aqueous solution (3.3 equivalent to monomer). The reaction mixture was bubbled with dry nitrogen for 15 min and catalyst tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.03 equivalent to monomer) was added. The reaction was heated under vigorous reflux for 12-24 h, and small amount of phenylboronic acid was added for end-capping of bromo group. The reaction was heated for 5 h and bromobenzene was added to end-cap boronate group. The reaction was heated for another 4 h and then poured into 200 mL of methanol. The precipitated polymer was washed with methanol, diluted HCl solution, and dried. The polymer was treated with diethyl dithiocarbamate twice: polymer was dissolved in toluene, and sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate in water (1 g in 10 mL of water) was added, and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 60 °C overnight. The toluene layer was separated and concentrated and the polymer was precipitated into methanol twice. Polymer can then be extracted with acetone with a Sohxlet setup overnight to remove oligomers. Polymer was dried under vacuum at 45 °C.

EL Device Fabrication and Performance Example 36

An EL device satisfying the requirements ofthe invention was constructed in the following manner. The organic EL medium has a single layer ofthe organic compound described in this invention. a) An indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate was sequentially ultra-sonicated in a commercial detergent, rinsed with deionized water, degreased in toluene vapor and exposed to ultraviolet light and ozone for a few minutes. b) An aqueous solution of PEDOT (1.3% in water, Baytron P Trial

Product Al 4083 from H. C. Stark) was spin-coated onto ITO under a controlled spinning speed to obtain thickness of 500 Angstroms. The coating was baked in an oven at 110 °C for 10 min. c) A toluene solution of a compound (300 mg in 30 mL of solvent) was filtered through a 0.2 μm Teflon filter. The solution was then spin- coated onto PEDOT under a controlled spinning speed. The thickness ofthe film was between 500-700 Angstroms. d) On the top ofthe organic thin film was deposited a cathode layer consisting of 15 angstroms of a CsF salt, followed by a 2000 angstroms of a 10: 1 atomic ratio of Mg and Ag.

The above sequence completed the deposition ofthe EL device. The device was then hermetically packaged in a dry glove box for protection against ambient environment.

Table 1 summarizes the characterization ofthe polymers prepared in the present invention. Absorption (AB) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were obtained from dilute solutions and solid thin films ofthe polymers and EL spectra were obtained from ITO/PEDOT/organic compound/CsF/Mg:Ag EL devices. The fabrication of EL devices was illustrated in example 36. FIGS. 2 and 5 show the AB and PL spectra of compounds 231 and 206 respectively. FIGS. 3 and 6 show the EL spectra of compounds 231 and 206 respectively. And the voltage-current characteristics ofthe EL device of compounds 231 and 206 are shown in FIG. 4 and 7 respectively. Table 1. Characterization of polymers according to Examples.

^a weight average molecular weight, determined by size exclusion chromatography in THF using polystyrene standard. ^h as solid state thin film ^c as solid state thin film, the number in the parenthesis is the excitation wavelength ^d not available ^e in toluene solution. Λiot observed.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. An electroluminescent device, comprising a) a space-apart anode and cathode; and b) an emissive layer disposed between the space-apart anode and cathode and including an organic compound having a complex fluorene structure represented by one ofthe following formulas:

(I)

(II)

wherein:

Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; Ri, R₂, R₃, and Rj are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; br a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R₃, or R₄ or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.

2. The electroluminescent device of claim 1 wherein the organic compound having the complex fluorene structure is a small molecule or a polymer or mixture thereof.

3. The electroluminescent device of claim 1 wherein the organic compound having the complex fluorene structure is a small molecule represented by formula:

(Y^y, — complex fluorene — (Y₂)y₂ (I), (II), or (III)

(IV) wherein Yi and Y₂ each individually represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl or other conjugated groups, and yi and y₂ are integers from 0 to 6, and wherein Yj and Y₂ are the same or different.

4. The organic compound in claim 1 wherein the organic compound having the complex fluorene structure is a polymer represented by repeating units of formula (V) or formula (VI)

•complex fluorene— χ₅- ^•X« (I), (II), or (III) or

(N)

(Ni) wherein:

X₅ and X₆ are linking groups, Yi and Y₂ are each individually represented as a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl or other conjugated groups, and yi and y₂ are integers from 0 to 6, and x is an integer from 0 to 6.

5. A method of making an electroluminescent device, comprising the steps of: a) providing a space-apart anode and cathode; and . b) depositing an emissive layer between the space-apart anode and cathode and including an organic compound having a complex small molecule or fluorene structure represented by one ofthe following formulas

(I)

(II)

(III)

wherein:

Xj, X₂, X₃, and are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; Rj, R₂, R₃, and R.- are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R₃, or R₄ or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings; or R₃, or R4 or both represent one or more than one substituents.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the organic compound having the complex fluorene structure is a polymer produced according to the following reaction: contacting (a) aromatic monomers having at least two reactive trifluorosulfonate groups and aromatic monomers having at least two reactive boron derivative groups selected from boronic acid, boronic ester, or borane groups or (b) aromatic monomers having one reactive trifluorosulfonaate group and one boron derivative group selected from boronic acid, boronic ester, or borane groups, with each other; in a reaction mixture which comprises: (i) a catalytic amount of a catalyst, (ii) an organic or inorganic base, and (iii) an organic solvent, under reaction conditions sufficient to form conjugated polymer.

7. An electroluminescent device which comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic compound disposed between the space-apart anode and cathode, the organic compound being doped with one or more fluorescent dyes, phosphorescent dopants, or other light emitting materials, the organic compound including complex fluorene structure is represented by one ofthe following formulas

(I)

(II)

(III)

wherein:

Xi, X₂, X₃, and are individually the same or different and include a moiety containing CH or N; Ri, R₂, R₃, and i are substituents each being individually hydrogen, or alkyl, or alkenyl, or alkynyl, or alkoxy of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; aryl or substituted aryl of from 6 to 60 carbon atoms; or heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl of from 4 to 60 carbons; or F, CI, or Br; or a cyano group; or a nitro group; or R₃, or j or both are groups that form fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings; or R₃, or R-_t or both represent one or more than one substituents.