WO2004093504A2 - Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna - Google Patents
Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004093504A2 WO2004093504A2 PCT/US2004/011393 US2004011393W WO2004093504A2 WO 2004093504 A2 WO2004093504 A2 WO 2004093504A2 US 2004011393 W US2004011393 W US 2004011393W WO 2004093504 A2 WO2004093504 A2 WO 2004093504A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
- A61B5/14556—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases by fluorescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
- A61B5/0031—Implanted circuitry
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/1459—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters invasive, e.g. introduced into the body by a catheter
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6802—Sensor mounted on worn items
- A61B5/681—Wristwatch-type devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/16—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor
- H05K1/165—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor incorporating printed inductors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/12—Circuits of general importance; Signal processing
- G01N2201/124—Sensitivity
- G01N2201/1244—Ambient light detector, e.g. for invalidating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
- H05K1/0306—Inorganic insulating substrates, e.g. ceramic, glass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/08—Magnetic details
- H05K2201/083—Magnetic materials
- H05K2201/086—Magnetic materials for inductive purposes, e.g. printed inductor with ferrite core
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09818—Shape or layout details not covered by a single group of H05K2201/09009 - H05K2201/09809
- H05K2201/09972—Partitioned, e.g. portions of a PCB dedicated to different functions; Boundary lines therefore; Portions of a PCB being processed separately or differently
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
- H05K2201/10007—Types of components
- H05K2201/10106—Light emitting diode [LED]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/40—Forming printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
- H05K3/403—Edge contacts; Windows or holes in the substrate having plural connections on the walls thereof
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to electronic devices and methods for wireless data transmission and inductive powering of wireless data transmission devices. More particularly, the invention relates to implantable devices and methods for detecting and measuring certain characteristic parameters of a medium, such as, for example, the human body.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,517,313 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a fluorescence sensing device comprising a layered array of a fluorescent indicator molecule-containing matrix (hereafter "fluorescent matrix”), a high-pass filter and a photodetector.
- a light source preferably a light-emitting diode (“LED”)
- LED light-emitting diode
- the high-pass filter allows emitted light to reach the photodetector, while filtering out scattered incident light from the light source.
- An analyte is allowed to permeate the fluorescent matrix, changing the fluorescent properties of the indicator material in proportion to the amount of analyte present.
- the fluorescent emission is then detected and measured by the photodetector, thus providing a measure of the amount or concentration of analyte present within the environment of interest.
- One advantageous application of a sensor device of the type disclosed in the '313 patent is to implant the device in the body, either subcutaneously or intravenously or otherwise, to allow instantaneous measurements of analytes to be taken at any desired time. For example, it is desirable to measure the concentration of oxygen in the blood of patients under anesthesia, or of glucose in the blood of diabetic patients.
- the '974 patent teaches a processing circuit that powers the sensor through inductively coupled RF energy emitted by the processing circuit.
- the processing circuit receives data transmissions from the implanted sensor as variations in the load on the processing circuit.
- the RF energy coupling and data transfer are accomplished by providing two coils: a small coil within the implanted sensor device, and a larger coil connected to the external processing circuit.
- a small coil within the implanted sensor device, and a larger coil connected to the external processing circuit.
- One possible implementation of the small coil would be to use a wire- wound coil having a discrete ferrite core attached to a printed circuit board (PCB). While such an implementation works acceptably, improvements can be made.
- PCB printed circuit board
- the attachment of the discrete wire- wound ferrite core to the PCB may be difficult and give rise to reliability issues, resulting in low manufacturing yields.
- the physical structure of the wire- wound coil creates a significant amount of void space within the volumetric displacement of the sensor device, which may result in bubble formation within the required polymeric encasement of the electronic circuit, resulting in a failed device.
- a further issue is the requirement for axial alignment of the wire- wound coil ferrite core with the PCB. Alignment of the bent wire tether leads provided on the coil to be attached to the PCB may result in a radial size of the sensor package that is larger than necessary or desired for implantation applications.
- the dimensions of a discrete wire- wound coil represent a limitation on the overall dimensions of the sensor device package; further size reduction of the device for implantation applications always being desirable.
- a printed circuit device includes a substrate formed substantially of ferrite material, the substrate having main top and bottom surfaces, first and second side surfaces between the top and bottom surfaces along a major dimension thereof, and first and second end surfaces between the top and bottom surfaces along a minor dimension thereof, at least one component (either an integrated circuit (IC) chip, a discrete analog component, or an ASIC chip) mounted to a main surface of the substrate, and a conductor formed on the substrate and extending over at least one surface of the substrate in a coil pattern.
- IC integrated circuit
- a fluorescence sensor device includes a light source for introducing light into a fluorescent indicator that interacts with a medium, a photodetector for detecting light emitted by the fluorescent indicator in response to the introduced light, and for outputting a signal proportional to the detected light, the response of the fluorescent indicator varying in accordance with the presence and quantity of an analyte in the medium, a coil for receiving electrical power from an external power supply, and for communicating the signal to an external processing device; and a substrate formed substantially of ferrite material, the light source and the photodetector being mounted to a first section of the substrate, and the coil being formed on a second section of the substrate such that the coil extends around opposing surfaces of the substrate.
- FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a sensor device circuit board according to one preferred embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side view of the sensor device circuit board of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of the sensor device circuit board of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is a partial side view of a sensor device circuit board according to a further embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a sensor device incorporating a sensor device circuit board according to a further embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic, section view of an implantable fluorescence-based sensor according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the fluorescence-based sensor shown in FIG. 6 illustrating the wave guide properties of the sensor
- FIG. 8 is a detailed view of the circled portion of FIG. 6 demonstrating internal reflection within the body of the sensor and a preferred construction of the sensor/tissue interface layer;
- FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a ferrite bead used as a low-pass filter as another aspect of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of one preferred embodiment of a sensor device circuit board according to the present invention.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively show a side view and a bottom view of the sensor device circuit board.
- the sensor device circuit board 100 includes a substrate 101 made substantially of ferrite material.
- the substrate has main top and bottom surfaces 101a and 101b, end surfaces lOle and 101 f extending along a minor dimension of the top and bottom surfaces, and side surfaces 101c and lOld extending along a major dimension of the top and bottom surfaces.
- the substrate preferably is organized into a coil section 110 and an integrated circuit (IC) section 112.
- the IC section 112 includes various circuit components 103, which maybe IC chips, analog components, etc., and light- emitting diode (LED) chips 104 (different LEDs may be used for different measurements), interconnected by printed conductor wiring patterns 105 (an arbitrary pattern is shown in Fig. 1 for purposes of illustration).
- LED light- emitting diode
- the ferrite circuit device may comprise at least one substantially flat surface on which the electronic components preferably are attached and curve-shaped side surfaces surrounding the top and bottom surfaces.
- the ferrite circuit device may have a substantially flat surface that is substantially oval or round shaped.
- the ferrite circuit device may have a substantially flat top surface and curved bottom surfaces similar to, for example, one-half or 2/3 of a football.
- the ferrite core may be rod-shaped.
- the ferrite core is shaped such that it has no substantially flat surfaces.
- the invention is not limited to this configuration.
- the circuit components may be mounted on top of the coil, resulting in thicker but shorter sensor.
- the sensor illustrated in FIG. 6 could have a full length coil.
- the surfaces of the ferrite substrate to be metallized or otherwise applied with circuit components other than the side surfaces are pre-coated with a commercially available glazing compound which is fired at high temperature, to form an inert surface area for such metallization and/or component attachment.
- the surfaces of the substrate where the coil is to be applied all may be pre-coated with the glazing compound, or some may be pre-coated while others are not, or none of such surfaces may be pre-coated.
- One example of a preferred ferrite material formulation is Countis C-48; however, specialized ferrite formulations can be developed by those skilled in the art that are optimized for particular applications.
- the term "substantially of ferrite material" encompasses any and all such fo ⁇ nulations.
- the thickness of the ferrite substrate for the implantable sensor application maybe approximately 10 mils to approximately 250 mils, preferably approximately 20 mils to 100 mils and most preferably approximately 30 mils (.030 inches) for miniaturization and power transmission considerations. If the ferrite core is substantially rod-shaped, or other curved surface, the diameter of the rod-shaped or curved surface may be approximately 10 mils to 250 mils, preferably 20 mils to 100 mils, most preferably approximately 30 mils. Again, other thicknesses may be used by those skilled in the art to optimize characteristics for other applications, and considerations such as size, frequencies and power levels. [0032]
- the coil section 110 includes an elongated coil 106 which is preferably edge- wrapped around the ferrite substrate.
- the coil 106 is made of any suitable electrically conductive material, such as, for example, copper, gold, silver, or alloys. It is also possible for the coil 106 to be made of the same type of material as the printed wiring pattern 105. As shown in Fig. 3, the ends of the coil 106 maybe directly connected to metallization contacts 107 formed on the ferrite substrate, which contacts connect to the printed circuit wiring patterns 105.
- the conductive coil material preferably is formed on the ferrite substrate 101 using edge- wrapping techniques. However, other formation techniques as l ⁇ iown in the art also may be used. Also, while the coil is illustrated in Fig.
- the same effect may be obtained by having the coil pattern extending over only one of the main surfaces, or only around the side surfaces.
- a single homogeneous substrate is provided, thus allowing the sensor device manufacturing process to be performed using standardized printed circuit manufacturing techniques.
- a thin layer of dielectric may be applied to the ferrite as a coating.
- All manufacturing techniques available using a standard ceramic substrate also can be used with a ferrite substrate, including thick- and thin- film printed resistors and capacitors, wire bonding, surface mount technology (SMT), flip-chipping, and chip-on-board.
- the wire attach operation utilized in the ferrite core wire-wound coil may be eliminated.
- the wrapped coil conductor 106 may be connected to the remainder of the circuit using standard metallization continuous surface routing techniques. The ability of such techniques to be automated provides a high degree of reproducibility and homogeneity in physical characteristics, as well as reliability, which is important for implant applications, and increases cost-effectiveness in manufacturing.
- the length of ferrite may be increased substantially over the discrete ferrite core wound coil.
- the length of the ferrite may be increased five-fold over the discrete ferrite core wound coil. This permits a significant increase in power transfer efficiency of electrical power from the external processing unit (not shown, see '974 patent) as compared with the discrete ferrite core wire-wound coil.
- An additional advantage provided by use of the ferrite substrate is noise suppression. Routing conductors through holes or vias formed in the ferrite substrate will act to damp high-frequency energy in the same manner as shown in Fig. 9, wherein a ferrite bead 901 is used as a low-pass filter around a circuit wire 902. Passing the circuit wire through the ferrite bead causes dampening of high-frequency components of current passing tlirough the wire 902. Conversely, where such dampening is undesired, it is important that the coil be kept external to the ferrite substrate.
- a ferrite material substrate to mitigate the effect of noise on other circuit components is illustrated by referring to an embodiment of a sensor 10 which operates based on the fluorescence of fluorescent indicator molecules, as shown in Fig. 6.
- the sensor 10 is composed of a sensor body 12; a matrix layer 14 coated over the exterior surface of the sensor body 12, with fluorescent indicator molecules 16 distributed throughout the matrix layer; a radiation source 18, ejg. an LED, that emits radiation, including radiation over a wavelength or range of wavelengths which interact with the indicator molecules, e., in the case of a fluorescence-based sensor, a wavelength or range of wavelengths which cause the indicator molecules 16 to fluoresce; and a photosensitive element 20, e_g.
- the senor 10 further includes a module or housing 66 containing electronic circuitry, and a temperature sensor 64 for providing a temperature reading.
- the effect of ambient light incident on the detecting surface of detector 20 should be minimized.
- One method of accomplishing this is to drive the LED with a high frequency excitation signal, such that the effects of ambient light on detector 20 may be cancelled out.
- the high-frequency signal used to drive the LED may add undesirable on-board noise, which when present must be taken into consideration in designing the remainder of the circuit.
- Undesirable on-board electrical noise can come from other sources as well.
- the sensor 10, having a coil 106 which is excited by a strong high-frequency magnetic field may be surrounded and permeated by the high-frequency magnetic field. This high-frequency signal may add undesirable on-board electrical noise in various parts of the circuit, such as for example, in the LED 18 of sensor 10, which may adversely affect the operation of the overall device.
- the deleterious effect of the high-frequency noise on other circuit components maybe substantially mitigated by, for example, routing a drive lead wire through the ferrite substrate as a "via.”
- a via 401 is formed tlirough the ferrite substrate 101.
- LED 104 is mounted on one side of the substrate 101, and drive circuitry 405 can be mounted on an opposite side of the substrate 101.
- a drive signal conductor 403 from the drive circuitry 405 is routed to the LED 104 through the via 401, thus decreasing the effect of high-frequency noise into the LED drive.
- the ferrite substrate may be constructed having more than one via as needed to filter the noise.
- the lead wire from a circuit component may be routed through one or more vias as needed to filter noise.
- the lead wires from more than one circuit component may be routed through the same via or vias, or different vias.
- the undesirable effects of ambient light impinging on the photodetector are reduced, and the field of view of the photodetectors is increased, by moving the photodetector to the bottom surface of the ferrite substrate, opposite the surface on which the LED is mounted.
- This is shown in Fig. 5.
- radiation e.g., light
- the radiation source 18 is emitted by the radiation source 18 and at least some of this radiation is reflected internally at the surface of the sensor body 12, _____ _,, as at location 22, thereby "bouncing" back-and-forth throughout the interior of the sensor body 12.
- an optical filter 34 preferably is provided on the light-sensitive surface of the photodetector 20, which is manufactured of a photosensitive material.
- Filter 34 prevents or substantially reduces the amount of radiation generated by the source 18 from impinging on the photosensitive surface of the photosensitive element 20.
- the filter allows fluorescent light emitted by fluorescent indicator molecules to pass through it to strike the photosensitive region of the detector. This significantly reduces noise in the photodetector signal that is attributable to incident radiation from the source 18.
- a sensor device 501 contains a ferrite PCB 101 and associated circuit components encased within sensor body 503.
- An optional ASIC controller 505 and associated other components 507, such as ICs, are mounted on the ferrite substrate along with an LED 104 and photodiodes 511a and 511b.
- photodiode 511 a is used to measure the emitted fluorescence signal
- photodiode 511b is used to measure a reference signal.
- the photodiode 51 lb is used to measure a separate indicator signal at a different wavelength or with different indicators physically placed, for example, to measure 2 different analytes in the same sensor.
- First and second optical epoxy filters 509a and 509b are formed in the ferrite substrate by boring holes in the substrate and filling them with the epoxy filter material. Alternately, precision- fabricated glass filters may be glued into the holes.
- the photodiodes 511a and 51 lb By mounting the photodiodes 511a and 51 lb to the lower surface of the ferrite substrate directly under the optical filters 509a and 509b, the photodiodes are less susceptible to scattered LED and ambient light from sources other than the fluorescing indicator matrix; concomitantly, the upper surface of the ferrite substrate does not reflect any significant amount of light incident thereon, as contrasted with the conventional white ceramic circuit board substrate. Additionally, by relocating the photodetectors from the upper to the lower surface of the PCB substrate, larger angles of light from the indicator matrix are capable of impinging on the photodetector surfaces. Thus, more signal light is capable of being used to develop the photodetector signals, thereby further increasing the accuracy of the quantitative measurements.
- the sensor body 503 advantageously is formed from a suitable, optically transmissive polymer material (organic or inorganic) which will act as an optical wave guide.
- suitable, optically transmissive polymer material are acrylic polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylate and the like, and polycarbonates such as those sold under the trademark Lexan®.
- the material allows radiation generated by the radiation source 104 (e.g., light at an appropriate wavelength in embodiments in which the radiation source is an LED) and, in the case of a fluorescence-based embodiment, fluorescent light emitted by the indicator molecules, to travel through it.
- the sensor 10 may also include reflective coatings 32 formed on the ends of the sensor body 12, between the exterior surface of the sensor body and the matrix layer 14, to maximize or enhance the internal reflection of the radiation and/or light emitted by fluorescent indicator molecules.
- the reflective coatings may be formed, for example, from paint or from a metallized material.
- the application for which the sensor 10 according to one aspect of the invention was developed in particular -- although by no means the only application for which it is suitable — is measuring various biological analytes in the human body, e_g., glucose, oxygen, toxins, pharmaceuticals or other drugs, biomolecules, hormones, and other metabolic analytes.
- the specific composition of the matrix layer 14 and the indicator molecules 16 may vary depending on the particular analyte the sensor is to be used to detect and/or where the sensor is to be used to detect the analyte (i.e., in the blood or in subcutaneous tissues). Two preferred characteristics, however, are that the matrix layer 14 facilitate exposure of the indicator molecules to the analyte and that the optical characteristics of the indicator molecules (e.g., the level of fluorescence of fluorescent indicator molecules) are a function of the concentration of the specific analyte to which the indicator molecules are exposed. [0052] To facilitate use in-situ in the human body, the sensor 10 is formed, preferably, in a smooth, oblong or rounded shape.
- a bean or a pharmaceutical gelatin capsule has the approximate size and shape of a bean or a pharmaceutical gelatin capsule, e., it is on the order of approximately 300-500 microns to approximately 0.5 inch in length L and on the order of approximately 300 microns to approximately 0.3 inch in depth D, with generally smooth, rounded surfaces throughout.
- the device of course could be larger or smaller depending on the materials used and upon the intended uses of the device.
- This configuration permits the sensor 10 to be implanted into the human body, i.e., dermally or into underlying tissues (including into organs or blood vessels) without the sensor interfering with essential bodily functions or causing excessive pain or discomfort.
- any implant placed within the human (or any other animal's) body even an implant that is comprised of "biocompatible” materials ⁇ will cause, to some extent, a "foreign body response" within the organism into which the implant is inserted, simply by virtue of the fact that the implant presents a stimulus.
- the "foreign body response” is most often fibrotic encapsulation, e ⁇ , the formation of scar tissue.
- Glucose ⁇ a primary analyte which sensors according to the invention are expected to be used to detect ⁇ may have its rate of diffusion or transport hindered by such fibrotic encapsulation.
- molecular oxygen (O2) which is very small, may have its rate of diffusion or transport hindered by such fibrotic encapsulation as well. This is simply because the cells forming the fibrotic encapsulation (scar tissue) can be quite dense in nature or have metabolic characteristics different from that of normal tissue.
- a sensor/tissue interface layer ⁇ overlying the surface of the sensor body 12 and/or the indicator molecules themselves when the indicator molecules are immobilized directly on the surface of the sensor body, or overlying the surface of the matrix layer 14 when the indicator molecules are contained therein ⁇ is prepared from a material which causes little or acceptable levels of fibrotic encapsulation to form.
- Two examples of such materials described in the literature as having this characteristic are PrecludeTM Periocardial Membrane, available from W.L. Gore, and polyisobutylene covalently combined with hydrophiles as described in Kennedy, "Tailoring Polymers for Biological Uses," Chemtech, February 1994, pp. 24-31.
- a sensor/tissue interface layer that is composed of several layers of specialized biocompatible materials can be provided over the sensor.
- the sensor/tissue interface layer 36 may include three sublayers 36a, 36b, and 36c.
- the sublayer 36a a layer which promotes tissue ingrowth, preferably is made from a biocompatible material that permits the penetration of capillaries 37 into it, even as fibrotic cells 39 (scar tissue) accumulate on it.
- the sublayer 36b preferably is a biocompatible layer with a pore size (less than 5 micrometers) that is significantly smaller than the pore size of the tissue ingrowth sublayer 36a so as to prevent tissue ingrowth.
- a presently preferred material from which the sublayer 36b is to be made is the Preclude Periocardial Membrane (formerly called GORE-TEX Surgical Membrane), available from W.L. Gore, Inc., which consists of expanded polytetra-fluoroethylene (ePTFE).
- the third sublayer 36c acts as a molecular sieve, Le., it provides a molecular weight cut-off function, excluding molecules such as immunoglobulins, proteins, and glycoproteins while allowing the analyte or analytes of interest to pass through it to the indicator molecules (either coated directly on the sensor body 12 or immobilized within a matrix layer 14).
- the senor as shown in Fig. 6 is wholly self-contained such that no electrical leads extend into or out of the sensor body, either to supply power to the sensor (e.g., for driving the source 18) or to transmit signals from the sensor. All of the electronics illustrated in Fig. 2 may be housed in a module 66 as shown in Fig. 6. [0059] As also will be recognized, the fluorescence-based sensor embodiments described in Figs. 6-8 are just examples to which the disclosed invention may be applied.
- the present invention may also be applied in a number of other applications such as, for example, an absorbance-based sensor or a refractive-index-based sensor as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/383,148, filed August 28, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
- an absorbance-based sensor or a refractive-index-based sensor as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/383,148, filed August 28, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP04759498.1A EP1618768B1 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
CA2522694A CA2522694C (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
KR1020117031082A KR101287928B1 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
MXPA05011061A MXPA05011061A (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna. |
AU2004229617A AU2004229617B2 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
CN2004800167184A CN1806475B (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
DK04759498.1T DK1618768T3 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | IMPLANT SENSOR WORKING SYSTEM WITH INTEGRATED PRINT CARD ANTENNA |
JP2006509990A JP2007525858A (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | Printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing device with printed integrated circuit board antenna |
BRPI0409435-2A BRPI0409435A (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-04-14 | printed circuit device with integrated antenna and implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
HK06101933.2A HK1082364A1 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2006-02-15 | Implantable sensor processing system with integrated printed circuit board antenna |
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WO2006085087A2 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2006-08-17 | The University Court Of The University Of Glasgow | Sensing device, apparatus and system, and method for operating the same |
WO2006085087A3 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2006-12-07 | Univ Glasgow | Sensing device, apparatus and system, and method for operating the same |
US9041582B2 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2015-05-26 | Olympus Corporation | Organism state quantity measuring apparatus |
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