WO2005031262A1 - Procede d'estimation de distance pour un mobile soumis a des contraintes dynamiques de parcours - Google Patents
Procede d'estimation de distance pour un mobile soumis a des contraintes dynamiques de parcours Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005031262A1 WO2005031262A1 PCT/EP2004/052078 EP2004052078W WO2005031262A1 WO 2005031262 A1 WO2005031262 A1 WO 2005031262A1 EP 2004052078 W EP2004052078 W EP 2004052078W WO 2005031262 A1 WO2005031262 A1 WO 2005031262A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
- G08G5/0004—Transmission of traffic-related information to or from an aircraft
- G08G5/0013—Transmission of traffic-related information to or from an aircraft with a ground station
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C21/00—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00
- G01C21/005—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00 with correlation of navigation data from several sources, e.g. map or contour matching
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
- G08G5/04—Anti-collision systems
- G08G5/045—Navigation or guidance aids, e.g. determination of anti-collision manoeuvers
Definitions
- the invention relates to terrain navigation for a mobile subject to course constraints varying over time, such as an aircraft limited in rate of climb, the limit being able to be negative, and operating above a zone of terrain with threatening terrain or obstacles close to or greater than its flight altitude.
- Various systems have been developed to warn the crew of an aircraft of a risk of collision with the ground.
- TAWS systems (acronym of the English expression: "Terrain Awareness and Warning System”), make a short-term trajectory forecast for the aircraft from flight information (position, course, orientation and amplitude of the speed vector) provided by the on-board equipment, place it in situation with respect to a map of the overflown region extracted from a terrain elevation database accessible from the edge and issue alarms intended for the aircraft crew whenever the foreseeable short-term trajectory collides with the ground.
- TAWS systems enhance their alarms with rudimentary recommendations such as "Terrain Ahead, Pull up”.
- Some of them also give information on the level of risk of collision posed by the reliefs and obstacles surrounding the aircraft in the form of a map presenting the reliefs or obstacles of the terrain overflown in strata of different colors.
- this collision risk map with the environment only takes into account the altitudes of the relief relative to the position of the mobile and does not take into account the existence or not of a realistic trajectory allowing to reach the displayed areas.
- the risk map for collision with the environment must display only the zones for which it exists a possible path from the current position of the mobile. Achieving such a display involves associating a metric with a relief map taken from a terrain elevation database.
- a known method for associating a metric with a relief map taken from a terrain elevation database with regular mesh of the earth's surface or part of it consists in considering the map presenting the relief from altitude values appearing, with the geographical coordinates: latitude and longitude of the measurement points, in the elements of the base terrain elevation data such as an image whose pixels are the elevation values of the terrain elevation database points illustrated in the map with, for abscissa and ordinate coordinates within the image, the geographic coordinates latitude and longitude of these points appearing in the elements of the terrain elevation database and using a distance transform operating by propagation to estimate distances within this image.
- the distance transforms operating by propagation also known by the name "chamfer distance transform” or “chamfer euclidean distance transform” in English) deduce the distance of a pixel called pixel goal with respect to another pixel called source pixel, distances previously estimated for the pixels in its vicinity, by scanning the pixels of the image.
- the scanning makes it possible to estimate the distance of a new target pixel from the source pixel by searching for the path of minimum length going from the new target pixel to the source pixel passing through an intermediate pixel in its vicinity whose distance has already been estimated. , the distance from the new target pixel to an intermediate pixel in its vicinity, the distance of which has already been estimated, being given by application of a neighborhood mask commonly called a chamfer mask.
- a distance transform of this kind was proposed in 1986 by Gunilla Borgefors to estimate distances between objects in a digital image, in an article entitled: "Distance Transformation in Digital Images.” and published in the journal “Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing", Vol. 34 pp. 344-378.
- One of the advantages of these distance transforms by propagation is to reduce the complexity of the calculations of a distance estimate by authorizing the use of whole numbers.
- a distance transform by propagation must test all the possible paths. This obligation results in a regularity constraint imposed on the order of scanning of the pixels of an image.
- Borgefors proposes, to satisfy this constraint of regularity, to scan the pixels of an image twice consecutively, in two opposite orders from each other, which are either the lexicographic order, the image being analyzed from left to right line by line and from top to bottom, and the reverse lexicographic order, that is to say the transposed lexicographic order, the image having undergone a rotation of 90 °, and the reverse transposed lexicographic order. It also proposes to adopt a chamfer mask of dimensions 3x3 with two values (3, 4) of neighborhood distances or of dimensions 5x5 with three values (5, 7, 11) of neighborhood distances. Distance transforms operating by propagation are already used in the field of robot field navigation. In this context, it is known to use the distance transform of G.
- the object of the present invention is a method for estimating the distances of the points of a map extracted from a terrain elevation database with respect to a reference point using a distance transform operating by propagation, with a constraint evolutionary dynamics over time suitable for terrain navigation for an aircraft having a trajectory with an imposed vertical profile.
- the elevation database of terrain contains a set of points identified by an altitude, a latitude and a longitude meshing the terrain of evolution of the mobile.
- the method implements a distance transform operating by propagation on the image constituted by the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map, arranged in rows and columns in orders of longitude and latitude values.
- This distance transform estimates the distances of the different points of the image with respect to a source point placed near the mobile by applying, by scanning, a chamfer mask to the different points of the image.
- the estimation of the distance from a point, by applying the chamfer mask to this point called the goal point is carried out by listing the different paths going from the goal point to the source point and passing through points in the vicinity of the goal point which are covered by the chamfer mask and the distances to the source point of which were previously estimated during the same scan, by determining the lengths of the different paths listed by summing the distance allocated to the neighborhood crossing point and its distance to the extracted goal point of the chamfer mask, by searching for the shortest path among the paths listed and adopting its length as an estimate of the distance from the goal point.
- a distance value greater than the greatest measurable distance on the image is assigned to all the points of the image except for the source point, origin of the distance measurements, to which is assigned a value of zero distance.
- the method is remarkable in that the lengths of the paths listed, when applying the chamfer mask to a target point, with a view to finding the shortest path, are translated into travel time for the mobile and in this that the journeys listed whose journey times for the mobile are such that the goal point would belong to a prohibited area when the mobile reaches it, are excluded from the search for the shortest route.
- the mobile when the mobile is an aircraft having a vertical flight profile to be observed determining the evolution of its instantaneous altitude, the predicted values of the instantaneous altitudes that the aircraft would have when reaching the point are associated with the lengths of the paths listed. goal by these paths while respecting the vertical flight profile imposed, and we eliminate finding the shortest route, the routes listed associated with predictable altitude values less than or equal to that of the goal point given by the terrain elevation database and increased by a protection margin.
- the distance estimate operated by propagation on the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map is doubled by estimation of the foreseeable altitude for the aircraft at the various points of the image, assuming that it follows the shortest path selected for the distance estimation and that it respects the vertical flight profile imposed.
- the altitudes of the various points on the map are subtracted from the estimates of altitudes. predictable for the aircraft at these points to obtain deviations from the ground.
- the altitudes of the various points on the map are subtracted from the estimates of altitudes. predictable for the aircraft at these points to obtain deviations from the ground displayed on the map in color strata.
- the distance transform by propagation scans the pixels of the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map, in several successive passes according to different orders.
- the distance transform by propagation scans the pixels of the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database belonging to the map, in several passes. successively in different orders and repeatedly until the distance estimates obtained stabilize.
- the distance transform by propagation scans the pixels of the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map, in several successive passes according to different orders including the lexicographic order, the order reverse lexicographic, transposed lexicographic order and reverse transposed lexicographic order.
- the distance transform by propagation scans the pixels of the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map, in a series of four passes repeated until the estimates of distances are stabilized: first pass made line by line from top to bottom of the image, each line being traversed from left to right, - a second pass made line by line from bottom to top of the image, each line being traversed from right to left, - a third pass made column by column from left to right of the image, each column being traversed from top to bottom, and - a fourth pass carried out column by column from right to left of the image, each column being traversed from bottom up.
- the distance transform by propagation scans the pixels of the image made up of the elements of the terrain elevation database corresponding to the map, in a series of eight passes repeated until the estimates of distances are stabilized. : - a first pass made line by line from top to bottom of the image, each line being traversed from left to right, - a second pass performed line by line from bottom to top of the image, each line being traversed from right to the left, - a third pass made column by column from left to right of the image, each column being traversed from top to bottom, - a fourth pass carried out column by column from right to left of the image, each column being traversed from bottom to top, - a fifth pass made line by line from top to bottom of the image, each line being traversed from right to left, - a sixth pass performed line by line from bottom to top of the image, each line being traversed by left to right, - a seventh pass made column by column from right to left of the image, each column being traversed from top to
- FIG. 1 represents an example of a chamfer mask
- - figures 2a and 2b show the cells of the chamfer mask illustrated in figure 1, which are used in a scanning pass in lexicographic order and in a scanning pass in reverse lexicographic order
- - Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating the main steps of a method, according to the invention, for estimating the distance from a point by taking account of a dynamic stress during the application of a chamfer mask
- - a figure 4 is a diagram illustrating a variant of the method of estimation of the distance from a point shown in figure 3
- FIG. 5 is a diagram of the main steps of a method, in accordance with the invention, of estimation, by propagation, of the distances of all the points of a map holding account for a dynamic constraint and implementing a method for estimating the distance from a point such as those shown in Figures 3 and 4.
- the distance between two points on a surface is the minimum length of all possible routes on the surface starting from one of the points and ending at the other.
- a distance transform by propagation estimates the distance of a pixel called "goal" pixel with respect to a pixel called “source” pixel by building gradually, starting from the source pixel, the shortest possible path following the mesh of the pixels and ending at the goal pixel and using the distances found for the pixels of the image already analyzed and a table called the chamfer mask listing the values distances between a pixel and its close neighbors.
- a chamfer mask is in the form of a table with an arrangement of boxes reproducing the pattern of a pixel surrounded by its close neighbors.
- a box assigned the value 0 identifies the pixel taken as the origin of the distances listed in the table.
- Around this central box are agglomerated peripheral boxes filled with non-zero distance values and repeating the arrangement of the pixels in the vicinity of a pixel supposed to occupy the central box.
- the distance value appearing in a peripheral box is that of the distance separating a pixel occupying the position of the peripheral box concerned, from a pixel occupying the position of the central box. Note that the distance values are distributed in concentric circles.
- a first circle of four boxes corresponding to the four pixels closest to the pixel of the central box placed either on the line or on the pixel column of the central box are assigned a distance value D1.
- a second circle of four boxes corresponding to the four pixels closest to the pixel of the central box placed outside the row and of the column of the pixel of the central box are assigned a distance value D2.
- a third circle of eight boxes corresponding to the eight pixels closest to the pixel of the central box placed outside the row, column and diagonals of the pixel in the central box are assigned a value D3.
- the chamfer mask can cover a more or less extended neighborhood of the pixel of the central box by listing the values of the distances of a more or less large number of concentric circles of pixels of the neighborhood.
- the pixels of the image are assigned an infinite distance value, in fact a number large enough to exceed all the values of the measurable distances in the image, except for the source pixel which is assigned a value of zero distance.
- the initial distance values assigned to the goal points are updated during the scanning of the image by the chamfer mask, an update consisting in replacing a distance value assigned to a goal point, by a new lower value. resulting from an estimation of distance made on the occasion of a new application of the chamfer mask at the target point considered.
- a distance estimate by applying the chamfer mask to a target pixel consists in listing all the paths going from this target pixel to the source pixel and passing through a pixel in the vicinity of the target pixel, the distance of which has already been estimated during the same scan. , to search among the routes listed, the shortest route (s) and to adopt the length of the shortest route (s) as an estimate of distance.
- the scanning order of the pixels in the image influences the reliability of the distance estimates and their updates because the paths taken into account depend on it.
- Lexicographic orders (scanning pixels of the image line by line from top to bottom and, within a line, from left to right), reverse lexicographic (scanning pixels of the image line by line from bottom to top and, within a line, from right to left), the transposed lexicographic (scanning of the pixels of the image column by column from left to right and, within a column, from top to bottom), the reverse transposed lexicographic (pixel scanning by columns from right to left and within a column from bottom to top) satisfy this regularity condition and more generally all the scans in which the rows and columns, or the diagonals are scanned from right to left or from left to right.
- Borgefors recommends double scanning the pixels of the image, once in lexicographic order and once in reverse lexicographic order.
- FIG. 2a shows, in the case of a scanning pass in lexicographic order going from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of the image, the boxes of the chamfer mask of FIG. 1 used to list the paths going from d '' a goal pixel placed in the central box (box indexed by 0) to the source pixel via a pixel in the neighborhood whose distance has already been estimated during the same scan.
- FIG. 2b shows, in the case of a scanning pass in reverse lexicographic order going from the lower right corner to the upper left corner of the image, the boxes of the chamfer mask of FIG.
- the distance transform by propagation is applied to an image whose pixels are the elements of the terrain elevation database belonging to the map, that is to say, associated altitude values. to the latitude and longitude geographic coordinates of the nodes of the mesh where they were measured, classified, as on the map, by increasing or decreasing latitude and longitude according to a two-dimensional table of latitude and longitude coordinates.
- the distance-by-propagation transform is used to estimate the distances of the points on the map of an evolutionary terrain extracted from a terrain elevation database with respect to the position of the mobile or a close position.
- a prohibited area marker is associated with the elements of the terrain elevation database shown on the map. When it is activated, it signals an impassable or prohibited area and inhibits any update, other than initialization, of the distance estimate made by the distance transform by propagation for the pixel element considered.
- the impassable zones evolve as a function of the vertical profile imposed on its trajectory so that an estimate of distance under static constraints by means of a distance transform by propagation is not satisfactory. It is proposed to take into account, in the definition of the prohibited passage zones, the foreseeable altitude of the aircraft at each goal point whose distance is being estimated. This foreseeable altitude, which obviously depends on the route taken, is that of the aircraft after following the route adopted for the distance measurement. The estimation of this foreseeable altitude of the aircraft at a target point is made by propagation during the scanning of the image by the chamfer mask in a manner analogous to the estimation of distance.
- the foreseeable altitude of the aircraft is deduced from the length of the path and from the vertical profile imposed on the path of the aircraft.
- This predictable altitude, estimated for each journey listed going from a target point whose distance is being estimated to a source point located near the position of the aircraft, is used as a criterion for selecting the journeys taken. counts in the distance estimate. If it is less than or equal to the altitude of the goal point appearing in the terrain elevation database plus a safety margin, the listed route with which it is associated is discarded and does not participate in the selection of the most short ride.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the main stages of the processing carried out during the application of the chamfer mask to a target point P, tJ to estimate its distance for an aircraft having a vertical profile of imposed trajectory.
- the goal point considered P, tJ is placed in the central box of the chamfer mask.
- the processing consists in: - reading the estimated distance Dv from the neighboring point Pv (step 30), - read the altitude A, j of the goal point P u in the terrain elevation database (step 31), - read the coefficient C XY of the chamfer mask corresponding to the box occupied by the neighboring point P v (step 32), - calculate the propagated distance D P corresponding to the sum of the estimated distance D from the neighboring point P and the coefficient C x ⁇ assigned to the chamfer mask box occupied by the neighboring point P
- step 33 - calculate the foreseeable altitude A P of the aircraft after crossing the distance D P directly from the distance D P if the vertical profile imposed on the trajectory of the aircraft is defined as a function of the distance traveled PV (D P ) and implicitly takes into account the travel time or indirectly via the travel time if the vertical profile imposed on the trajectory of the aircraft is defined by an altitude change speed (step 34), - compare the foreseeable altitude A obtained with that A, j of the goal point P, j taken from the terrain elevation database increased by a safety margin ⁇ (step 35), - eliminate the distance propagated D if the foreseeable altitude A P is less than or equal to that A u of the goal point P PJ taken from the terrain elevation database and increased by the safety margin ⁇ (step 36), - if the foreseeable altitude A P is higher than that A of the goal point P , j increased by the safety margin ⁇ , read the distance D, j already assigned to the goal point considered Pjj (step 37) and compare it to the propagated distance D
- FIG. 4 illustrates the main steps of a variant of the processing carried out during the application of the chamfer mask to a target point Pj j to estimate its distance for an aircraft having a vertical profile of imposed trajectory.
- This variant differs in the manner of developing the foreseeable altitude A of the aircraft. It assumes that the foreseeable altitude for the aircraft at each point in the terrain elevation database calculated as a function of the vertical profile imposed on its trajectory and from the length of the path selected for the distance measurement n ' is not considered as a transient variable, which allows the processing described relative to FIG. 3, but is memorized, in the same way as the distance estimate.
- the steps 30, 31 of reading the estimated distance D v from the neighboring point P and the altitude Aj j from the goal point Pj j in the terrain elevation database are completed by a step 40 of reading of the foreseeable altitude A PV for the aircraft at the neighboring point P, and the calculation of the foreseeable altitude A P is done (step 34 ′) by summation of the foreseeable altitude A PV at the neighboring point P and of the variation in altitude over the distance separating the neighboring point Pv from the target point Pjj due to the vertical profile imposed on the trajectory of the aircraft.
- the memorization of the foreseeable altitudes for the aircraft when it reaches the different points on the map which are accessible to it makes it possible to establish, by subtracting from them the altitudes of the points of the map drawn from the terrain elevation database, a map of the maximum possibilities of aircraft overflight heights representing the foreseeable deviations from the terrain in colored strata.
- a map makes it easier for the crew of the aircraft to choose a realistic trajectory with the best ground clearance.
- the estimation of the distances of the different points of the map is done by applying a chamfer mask treatment such as those which have just been described relative to FIGS.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the main steps of an example of a global process allowing the estimation of the distances of all the points of a relief map for a mobile subject to dynamic constraints.
- the first step 50 of the process is an initialization of the distances allocated to the different points of the map considered as the pixels of an image. This initialization of the distances consists, as indicated above, in assigning an infinite distance value, at least greater than the greatest measurable distance on the map, for all the points on the map considered as goal points, except considered as the source of all distances to which a zero distance value is assigned.
- This source point is chosen near the instantaneous position of the mobile on the map.
- the following steps 51 to 54 are regular scanning passes during which the chamfer mask is applied successively and repeatedly to all the points of the map considered as the pixels of an image, the application of the mask chamfer at a point on the map giving an estimate of the distance from this point to the source point, by performing one of the treatments described in relation to Figure 3 or Figure 4.
- the first scan pass (step 51) is done in lexicographic order, the pixels of the image being analyzed line by line from the top to the bottom of the image and from left to right within the same line.
- the second scanning pass (step 52) is done in reverse lexicographic order, the pixels of the image being always analyzed line by line but from the bottom to the top of the image and from right to left within a line.
- the third scanning pass (step 53) is carried out in the transposed lexicographic order, the pixels of the image being analyzed column by column of the left to right of the image and from top to bottom within the same column.
- the fourth scanning pass (step 54) is done in reverse transposed lexicographic order, the pixels of the image being analyzed column by column but from the right to the left of the image and from bottom to top within the same column.
- the content of the distance image obtained is memorized (step 56) after each series of four passes (steps 51 to 54) and compared with the content of the distance image obtained from the previous series (step 55 ), the loop being broken only when the comparison shows that the content of the distance image no longer varies.
- two scanning passes in lexicographic order and reverse lexicographic order may suffice.
- the presence of concave zones of passage of concave shape can cause, in the phenomenon of propagation of distances, blind spots containing pixels for which the application of the chamfer mask does not give a distance estimate.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/573,410 US7739035B2 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2004-09-08 | Distance-estimation method for a travelling object subjected to dynamic path constraints |
EP04766733A EP1664677A1 (fr) | 2003-09-26 | 2004-09-08 | Procede d'estimation de distance pour un mobile soumis a des contraintes dynamiques de parcours |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0311320A FR2860292B1 (fr) | 2003-09-26 | 2003-09-26 | Procede d'estimation de distance pour un mobile soumis a des contraintes dynamiques de parcours |
FR03/11320 | 2003-09-26 |
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WO2005031262A1 true WO2005031262A1 (fr) | 2005-04-07 |
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US (1) | US7739035B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1664677A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2860292B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005031262A1 (fr) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1664677A1 (fr) | 2006-06-07 |
US7739035B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 |
FR2860292A1 (fr) | 2005-04-01 |
FR2860292B1 (fr) | 2005-12-02 |
US20070031007A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
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