WO2005041108A2 - A method circuit and system for read error detection in a non-volatile memory array - Google Patents

A method circuit and system for read error detection in a non-volatile memory array Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005041108A2
WO2005041108A2 PCT/IL2004/000983 IL2004000983W WO2005041108A2 WO 2005041108 A2 WO2005041108 A2 WO 2005041108A2 IL 2004000983 W IL2004000983 W IL 2004000983W WO 2005041108 A2 WO2005041108 A2 WO 2005041108A2
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Prior art keywords
cells
read
state
nvm
programmed
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PCT/IL2004/000983
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French (fr)
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WO2005041108A3 (en
Inventor
Guy Cohen
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Saifun Semiconductors Ltd.
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Priority to EP04791845A priority Critical patent/EP1683160A4/en
Priority to JP2006537554A priority patent/JP2007510253A/en
Publication of WO2005041108A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005041108A2/en
Publication of WO2005041108A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005041108A3/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C11/56—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
    • G11C11/5621—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency using charge storage in a floating gate
    • G11C11/5642—Sensing or reading circuits; Data output circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
    • G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
    • G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
    • G11C16/26—Sensing or reading circuits; Data output circuits
    • G11C16/28—Sensing or reading circuits; Data output circuits using differential sensing or reference cells, e.g. dummy cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
    • G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
    • G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
    • G11C16/34—Determination of programming status, e.g. threshold voltage, overprogramming or underprogramming, retention
    • G11C16/3436—Arrangements for verifying correct programming or erasure
    • G11C16/3454—Arrangements for verifying correct programming or for detecting overprogrammed cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
    • G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
    • G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
    • G11C16/34—Determination of programming status, e.g. threshold voltage, overprogramming or underprogramming, retention
    • G11C16/3436—Arrangements for verifying correct programming or erasure
    • G11C16/3454—Arrangements for verifying correct programming or for detecting overprogrammed cells
    • G11C16/3459—Circuits or methods to verify correct programming of nonvolatile memory cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/02—Detection or location of defective auxiliary circuits, e.g. defective refresh counters
    • G11C29/026—Detection or location of defective auxiliary circuits, e.g. defective refresh counters in sense amplifiers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/02—Detection or location of defective auxiliary circuits, e.g. defective refresh counters
    • G11C29/028—Detection or location of defective auxiliary circuits, e.g. defective refresh counters with adaption or trimming of parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
    • G11C29/08—Functional testing, e.g. testing during refresh, power-on self testing [POST] or distributed testing
    • G11C29/12—Built-in arrangements for testing, e.g. built-in self testing [BIST] or interconnection details
    • G11C29/18—Address generation devices; Devices for accessing memories, e.g. details of addressing circuits
    • G11C29/24—Accessing extra cells, e.g. dummy cells or redundant cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
    • G11C29/08—Functional testing, e.g. testing during refresh, power-on self testing [POST] or distributed testing
    • G11C29/12—Built-in arrangements for testing, e.g. built-in self testing [BIST] or interconnection details
    • G11C29/38—Response verification devices
    • G11C29/42—Response verification devices using error correcting codes [ECC] or parity check
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/52—Protection of memory contents; Detection of errors in memory contents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
    • G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
    • G11C16/04—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable using variable threshold transistors, e.g. FAMOS
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
    • G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
    • G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
    • G11C16/34—Determination of programming status, e.g. threshold voltage, overprogramming or underprogramming, retention
    • G11C16/3436—Arrangements for verifying correct programming or erasure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
    • G11C2029/0409—Online test
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
    • G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
    • G11C29/08—Functional testing, e.g. testing during refresh, power-on self testing [POST] or distributed testing
    • G11C29/12—Built-in arrangements for testing, e.g. built-in self testing [BIST] or interconnection details
    • G11C2029/4402—Internal storage of test result, quality data, chip identification, repair information
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to digital stores characterized by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C2211/56—Indexing scheme relating to G11C11/56 and sub-groups for features not covered by these groups
    • G11C2211/563—Multilevel memory reading aspects
    • G11C2211/5634—Reference cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to digital stores characterized by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C2211/56—Indexing scheme relating to G11C11/56 and sub-groups for features not covered by these groups
    • G11C2211/564—Miscellaneous aspects
    • G11C2211/5644—Multilevel memory comprising counting devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to the field of non-volatile memory (“NVM”) cells. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and a system for selecting a reference voltage of one or more reference cells in order to read one or more memory cells within a memory cell array.
  • NVM non-volatile memory
  • NVM cells are generally operated (e.g. programmed, read, and erased) using one or more reference structures or cells. Each of the one or more reference structures or cells may be compared against a memory cell being operated in order to determine a condition or state of the memory cell being operated.
  • an NVM cell's state may be defined and determined by its threshold voltage, the voltage at which the cell begins to conduct current.
  • a NVM cell's threshold voltage level is usually correlated to the amount of charge stored in a charge storage region of the cell. Different threshold voltage ranges are associated with different states of an NVM cell.
  • FIG. 1A shows a graph depicting the boundaries between the two states, erased and programmed, of a binary NVM cell, and the buffer region in between the two states.
  • the cell's threshold level is compared to that of a reference structure or cell whose threshold level is set, or otherwise known to be, at a voltage level associated with the specific state being tested for. Comparing the threshold voltage of a NVM cell to that of a reference cell is often accomplished using a sense amplifier or similar circuit.
  • Various techniques for comparing an NVM's threshold voltage against those of one or more reference cells or structures, in order to determine the NVM's cells state are well known and applicable to the present invention. Any method or circuit presently known or to be devised in the future for comparing threshold voltage levels of reference cells or structures against NVM cells are applicable to the present invention.
  • an NVM cell's threshold value may be compared against a reference cell having a reference threshold value set at a voltage level defined as the "program verify" level.
  • the reference cell with a threshold voltage set at a voltage level defined as a "program verify” level for the given state may be compared to the threshold voltage of the cell being programmed (i.e. charged) in order to determine whether a charge storage area or region of the cell being programmed has been sufficiently charged so as to have placed the cell in a condition which may be considered "programmed" at the desired state.
  • the cell's threshold voltage may be compared against that of a reference cell having a reference threshold voltage defined as a "read" level for the specific state.
  • a "read” level is usually set lower than a "program verify” level and higher than the erase verify level in order to compensate for voltage drifts which may occur during operation.
  • a logical state of the cell is defined as '0' if the cell's Vt is higher than that of the read reference and if it is lower.
  • two or more programming levels may co-exist on the same cell, as is drawn in FIG. 1 B.
  • at least two read reference cells must be used.
  • the MLC cell's threshold is in one of three or more regions bounded by the two or more threshold voltages defined by read reference cells.
  • the voltage threshold boundaries which define a given state in an MLC are usually considerably smaller than those for a binary NVM cell.
  • FIG. 1 B illustrates four different threshold voltage regions of an MLC, where each region is associated with either one of the programmed states of the MLC or with the erased state of the MLC.
  • a rather fixed range of potential threshold voltages e.g. 3 Volts to 9 Volts
  • the size of each sub-range or region in an MLC is usually smaller than a region of a binary NVM cell, which binary cell only requires two voltage threshold regions, as seen in FIG. 1A.
  • FIG. 2 shows a graph depicting threshold voltages (V t ) changes associated with two program states of an exemplary MLC due to drift, as a function of time, for 10 cycles and for 1000 cycles. As seen in the graph, voltage drift may occur across numerous cells, and may occur in a correlated pattern across these cells.
  • V t deviations in cells'
  • Variation of the threshold voltage of memory cells may lead to false reads of the state and may further result in the corruption of the data in the memory array. Voltage drift is especially problematic in MLC cells where the V t regions or sub-ranges associated with each programmed state are relatively smaller than those for a typical binary cell.
  • threshold voltage drift of cells in the NVM array should be compensated for.
  • There is a well understood need for an efficient and reliable method of determining a set of reference voltage levels which may accommodate variations in the threshold voltages of cells of an NVM array, and of established reference cells with the determined reference voltages.
  • the present invention is a method, circuit and system for determining a reference voltage.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a system, method and circuit for establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) cells in a NVM block or array.
  • at least a subset of cells of the NVM block or array may be read using each of two or more sets of test reference cells, where each set of test reference cells may generate or otherwise provide reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells.
  • a read error rate may be calculated or otherwise determined.
  • a set of test reference cells associated with a relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) other cells, outside the subset of cells, in the NVM block or array.
  • the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
  • the number of cells to be programmed to each of one or more logical or program states associated with the set of cells may be counted, and may be stored, for example in a check sum table.
  • the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or below each logical or program state may be counted and/or stored in a table with is either on the same array as the set of NVM cells or in memory on the same chip as the NVM array.
  • the number of cells found to be at a given logical or program state may be compared against either corresponding values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed to a given state) or against a value derived from the values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed at or above the given state, minus the number of cells programmed to or above an adjacent higher logical state). If there is a discrepancy between the number of cells read at a given state and an expected number based on the values determined/counted/stored during programming, a Read Verify reference threshold value associated with the given program state may be adjusted upward or downward to compensate for the detected error. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the read verify level of an adjacent logical state may also be moved upward or downward in order to compensate for detected read errors at a given state.
  • the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g
  • Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table.
  • the check sum table may reside on the same chip as the set of NVM cells, and according to a further embodiment of the present invention, a controller may be adapted to perform the above mentioned error detection and Read Verify reference value adjustments.
  • the check sum table may either be stored in the same NVM array as the set of NVM cells, or on some other memory cells residing on the same chip as the NVM array, for example in a register or buffer used by the controller during programming and/or reading.
  • specialized error coding and detection circuits may be included with a controller on the same chip and the NVM array to be operated.
  • FIG. 1A is a graphical illustration of the different threshold voltages associated with the different states of a binary NVM cell, where both the Program Verify and Read Verify Threshold Levels are visible, and;
  • FIG. 1 B is a graphical illustration of different threshold voltages, each being associated with the boundary of a different program state of a Multi-Level Cell (MLC);
  • MLC Multi-Level Cell
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating measured changes in the threshold voltages (V t ) associated with each program state of an exemplary Multi Level Cell (MLC) due to V t drift, as a function of time, for 10 cycles and for 1000 cycles;
  • V t threshold voltages
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustration of a method of selecting a set of reference cells to be used in operating an NVM block or array, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array supporting one implementation of the method of FIG. 3, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for establishing and using a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of a selected test set.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for performing a checks sum based error detection algorithm and for selecting a set of reference cells based on the results of the check sum algorithm, according to some embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 7A shows a flow chart listing basic steps of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7B shows a flow chart listing steps by which the check sum algorithm may be used to adjust a reference voltage (e.g. Read Verify) associated with the reading of cells at a given program state, according to some embodiments of the present invention
  • FIGS. 8A & 8B show two examples of sets of check sum values which may be stored and used as part of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the present invention is a method, circuit and system for determining a reference voltage.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a system, method and circuit for establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) cells in a NVM block or array.
  • at least a subset of cells of the NVM block or array may be read using each of two or more sets of test reference cells, where each set of test reference cells may generate or otherwise provide reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells.
  • a read error rate may be calculated or otherwise determined.
  • a set of test reference cells associated with a relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) other cells, outside the subset of cells, in the NVM block or array.
  • the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish (e.g. program) an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustration of the steps of a method of selecting a set of reference cells to be used in operating an NVM block or array, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a set counter 'n' may initially be set to 1 (block 310).
  • the n th set of test reference cells initially the 1 st set, may be used to read at least a subset of the NVM block (block 320).
  • the data read at block 320 may be used to determine a read error rate associated with the n th set of test reference cells (block 330).
  • the at least a subset of the NVM block may be a predefined portion or segment of the NVM block where source data is stored on the NVM cells along with extra error detection data/codes derived during programming.
  • the read error rate may be determined using a variety of error rate sampling and/or error detection techniques, for example, parity bit, checksum, CRC and various other techniques. Any error detection coding and/or evaluation technique, presently known or to be devised in the future, may be applicable to present invention.
  • the error rate associated with the n th set of test reference cells may be recorded (block 340).
  • the counter 'n' may then be incremented by 1 (block 350), and the counter may be checked to see whether the new 'n' is equal to N+1 , a value greater than the total number of test reference cell sets (block 360). In case that the new 'n' is smaller (not equal) than N+1 blocks 320 - 360 may be repeated, and thus an error rate associated with the use of each of the test reference cell sets to read the at least a subset of the NVM block may be determined and recorded.
  • the set of reference test cells associated with a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate may be selected (block 370).
  • the selected set of reference cells may either be used to operate the cell on NVM block or array (block 380), or may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells whose reference threshold voltages substantially correspond to the reference threshold voltages of the selected set (block 390), such that the established operating set may be used to operate cells in the NVM array.
  • the above description exemplifies one embodiment of a method of establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating a NVM block of cells or array. It should be noted that other embodiments of the present invention may deviate from the above description.
  • the selected test may used as an operating reference set, may be used to select or program an operating set, or may be used to adjust reference levels on a set of adjustable reference structures.
  • the method of the present invention may be implemented in a variety of implementations including hardware and/or software modules which may be known in the present or yet to be devised in the future.
  • One example of a possible implementation of a method of establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating cells of a NVM block or array in accordance with the some embodiments of the present invention is described herein below with reference to FIG. 4.
  • circuitry 401 for operating the NVM block or array 400 may include a controller 410, a controllable voltage supply 412, a sense amplifier 414 and two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436.
  • Each set of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 may include two or more test reference cells.
  • Each set of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 may have reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells. For example, each set of test reference cells (e.g.
  • each set may be associated with a series of threshold voltages that are slightly higher than a corresponding series of threshold voltages associated with the previous set of test reference cells (excluding the first set).
  • the controller 410 may implement the counter 'n' (not shown). However, any other configuration may also be used, including, but not limited to, a distinctive counter module.
  • the controller 410 may be configured to control the operation of the controllable voltage source 412 and of the sense amplifier 414. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 3, the controller 410 may initially set the reference test set counter 'n' to 1. Next, the controller 410 may operate the controllable voltage source 412, and use the n th set of test reference cells (initially the first set 432) to read at least a subset of cells 402 of the NVM block or array.
  • the controller 410 may instruct the voltage source 412 to apply incrementally increasing voltage pulses to each of the memory cells in the subset area 402 and to one or more test reference cells from the n th set of test reference cells (e.g. 432).
  • the threshold voltage of each of the memory cells in the subset area 402 may be compared, for example using sense amplifier 414, against the threshold voltages of one or more of the test reference cells in the n th set of test reference cells (e.g. 432).
  • the state of each of the cells in the subset of cells 402 may be read or determined.
  • Various other techniques for comparing a memory cell's threshold voltage against those of one or more reference cells and/or structures, in order to determine the memory cell's state are well known, and may be implemented in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention.
  • the controller 410 may receive the data read from the NVM cells in the subset area 402.
  • the controller 410 may process the data, and may determine a read error rate associated with the n th set of test reference cells used to read the memory cells in the subset area 402.
  • the read error rate may be determined using a variety of error rate sampling and/or error detection techniques, for example, parity bit, checksum, CRC and various other techniques.
  • the subset area 402 and/or any of the other elements of the NVM block 400 and/or the supplementary circuitry 401 may be configured to support the error rate sampling and/or error detection technique of choice.
  • the subset area 402 may include one or more parity bits (marked P n ) in support of parity check error detection.
  • the controller 410 may be configured to process the data read from the subset area 402 and to determine a read error rate in accordance with parity check error detection.
  • a separate error coding and detection circuit (not shown) may be included.
  • the controller 410 may record the read error rate for each set of test reference cells or structures either internally or in a designated error rate table 416, which error rate table may be a part of the NVM block or array.
  • the read error rate may be recorded in a manner to maintain the association of each of the recorded read error rates with the set of test reference cells that was used to generate it.
  • the counter may be instructed to increment 'n' by 1.
  • the controller 410 may be consulted to check whether the new value for 'n' has exceeded the total number of test reference cell sets. If so, the process of determining and recording a read error rate associated with each of the sets of test reference cells may be discontinued by the controller 410. In other words, the process of determining and recording a read error rate may be repeated for each of the N sets of test reference cells (e.g. 432, 434 and 436).
  • the controller 410 may then select from amongst the recorded read error rates a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate.
  • the set of test reference cells associated with the selected relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operation reference cells to be used in operating cells of the NVM block or array 400.
  • the controller 410 may also determine a set of reference voltages associated with the selected test set associated with the selected relatively low read error rate.
  • the set of reference voltages may also be recorded, for example in the error rate table 416.
  • the set of reference voltages may be stored, such that the association of the stored set of reference voltages with the selected set of test reference cells (e.g. 432) is maintained.
  • the controller 410 determines that more than one of the generated read error rates, each being associated with a different set of test reference cells, is the lowest, for example, when two or more equal read error rates are equally the lowest, additional processing may be required to determine which of the sets is more likely to provide a lower read error rate. For example, the process of generating and recording a read error rate for each of the two or more sets of test reference cells may be repeated in accordance with different criteria or on an additional subset of the NVM block. Alternatively, one of the lowest read error rates may be arbitrarily selected. [0041] As part of further embodiments of the present invention, it may be sufficient to select from amongst the sets of test reference cells (e.g.
  • the set that is expected to provide a relatively low read error rate may be checked.
  • the set of test reference cells associated with that read error rate may be selected and recorded, and the process of generating and recording a read error rate may be discontinued prior to checking all the test sets.
  • the lowest error rate may be selected in accordance with the above discussion.
  • the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
  • FIG. 5 is an illustration of one possible configuration of a NVM array for establishing and using a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of a selected test set.
  • the supplemental circuitry 401 shown in FIG. 5 may be substantially similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and may operate in a similar manner, with the addition of a set of global reference cells 520 and an offset circuit 510.
  • the supplemental circuitry 401 and the NVM block 400 may be operated to determine a read error rate associated with each one of the two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436, and to select one of the two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 associated with a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate.
  • the selected set of test reference cells may be used to determine offset values for one or more global reference cells from the set of global reference cells 520.
  • the offset values may be input to an offset circuit 510, either directly or via the controller 410.
  • the offset circuit 510 may be adapted to offset one or more reference voltages of global reference cells from the set of global reference cells 510.
  • the offset circuit 510 may be configured to offset the reference voltages of the global reference cells, such that the reference voltages of reference cells in the global reference set 520 may be substantially equal to corresponding reference cells in the selected test set.
  • a set of reference voltages associated with the selected test set may be obtained by the controller 410.
  • the set of reference voltages may be recorded, for example in the error rate table 416.
  • the set of reference voltages data may be obtained by simply retrieving the relevant data from the table 416.
  • the controller 410 may instruct the offset circuit 5120 to offset the threshold voltages of one or more of the reference cells in the set of global reference cells 520 in accordance with the set of reference voltages.
  • the controller 410 may instruct the offset circuit 510 to offset the reference voltages of one or more of the global reference cells in the set of global reference cells 510, such that the threshold voltages of the set of global reference cells 510 may be substantially equal to the threshold voltages of the selected test set.
  • the offset circuit 510 and the set of global reference cells 520 may be substituted with a bank of reference cells (not shown).
  • the bank of reference cells may include two or more reference cells each reference cell in the bank being incrementally offset from the other reference cells in the bank.
  • each reference cell in the bank may have a threshold voltage that is slightly higher than the threshold voltage of the previous reference cell (excluding the first reference cell).
  • the selected set of test reference cells may be used to determine which of the reference cells in the bank of reference cells is to be used for establishing an operating set of reference cells.
  • the selected set of reference cells from the bank of reference cells may be selected such that the selected set from the bank may have reference voltages that are substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
  • the selected set of reference cells from the bank may provide a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
  • the set of operating reference cells may be used to operate the NVM array.
  • the number of cells to be programmed to each of one or more logical or program states associated with the set of cells may be counted, and may be stored, for example in a check sum table.
  • the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or below each logical or program state may be counted and/or stored in a table with is either on the same array as the set of NVM cells or in memory on the same chip as the NVM array.
  • the number of cells found to be at a given logical or program state may be compared against either corresponding values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed to a given state) or against a value derived from the values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed at or above the given state, minus the number of cells programmed to or above an adjacent higher logical state). If there is a discrepancy between the number of cells read at a given state and an expected number based on the values determined/counted/stored during programming, a Read Verify reference threshold value associated with the given program state may be adjusted upward or downward to compensate for the detected error. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the read verify level of an adjacent logical state may also be moved upward or downward in order to compensate for detected read errors at a given state.
  • the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g
  • Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table.
  • the check sum table may reside on the same chip as the set of NVM cells, and according to a further embodiment of the present invention, a controller may be adapted to perform the above mentioned error detection and Read Verify reference value adjustments.
  • the check sum table may either be stored in the same NVM array as the set of NVM cells, or on some other memory cells residing on the same chip as the NVM array, for example in a register or buffer used by the controller during programming and/or reading.
  • specialized error coding and detection circuits may be included with a controller on the same chip and the NVM array to be operated.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for performing a checks sum based error detection algorithm and for selecting a set of reference cells based on the results of the check sum algorithm.
  • FIG. 6 in conjunction with FIG. 7A, which shows a flow chart listing the basic steps of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention, there is shown that either prior or during the programming of some number of NVM cells, for example 1000 cells, the number of cells to be programmed either at, above or below each program state associated with the set of cells may be counted (Block 600). The counting may possibly be performed by a controller 410, and the results may be stored in a check sum table 418.
  • the check sum 418 table may be stored on the same chip as the NVM array, either directly on the NVM array or on another memory, for example on a storage register or buffer also used by the controller 410 during programming and or reading of the NVM array.
  • FIGS. 8A & 8B there are shown two examples of how check sum values which may be counted, stored and used as part of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8A illustrates the counting of cells such that the check sum values for a set of cells are based on the number of cells below each logical or program state
  • FIG. 8B illustrated the counting of cells such that the check sum values for a set of cells are based on the number of cells above each logical program state.
  • program state may be defined as any logical state other than an erase state.
  • FIGS. 8A & 8B one of ordinary skill in the art should, should, know that there are a variety of methods and arrangement by which to produce check sum values to be used to determine the number cells programmed to each of the program states associated with a set of NVM cells.
  • either the controller 410 or some other error detection circuit may compare the number of cells counted in each program state during reading with the correspond check sum values stored during or prior to programming. For example, if the total number of cells in the set is 1000, the number of cells read in the third program state is 235, and one of the check sum values stored indicates that the number of cells programmed below the third program state is 750, it can be derived that there should be 250 cells programmed to the third program state and thus the reading of the set missed 15 cells which should have been read as being programmed to the third program state (Block 610).
  • the Read Verify reverence threshold voltage associated with each program state may be adjusted in response to an error detected in reading during step 610 (block 620).
  • FIG. 7B shows a flow chart listing steps by which the check sum algorithm may be used to adjust a reference voltage (e.g. Read Verify) associated with the reading of cells at one or more program states, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a reference voltage e.g. Read Verify
  • FIG. 7B shows that if the number of cell's found in a given program state exceed the value derived from the check sum values, the read verify threshold value associated with that given program state may be raised or the Read Verify reference level associated with the adjacent higher state may be lowered. Conversely, if the number of cell's found in a given program state is below the expected number, either the read verify threshold value associated with the given program state may be lowered, or the read verify threshold value associated with the next higher adjacent state may be raised.
  • a reference voltage e.g. Read Verify
  • the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g
  • Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table.
  • the steps in FIG. 7B may be repeated as part of an iterative process until the number of cells read in each program state substantially corresponds to the number of cells expected in other embodiments, cells programmed to several different states may be checked in parallel.

Abstract

The present invention is a method, circuit and system for determining a reference voltage to be used in reading cells programmed to a given program state. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a system, method and circuit for establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) cells in a NVM block or array. As part of the present invention, at least a subset of cells of the NVM block or array may be read and the number of cells found at a given state associated with the array may be compared to one or more check sum values obtained during programming of the at least a subset of cells. A Read Verify threshold reference voltage associated with the given program state or associated with an adjacent state may be adjusted based on the result of the comparison.

Description

A METHOD CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM FOR READ ERROR DETECTION IN A NON-VOLATILE MEMORY ARRAY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[001] The present invention generally relates to the field of non-volatile memory ("NVM") cells. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and a system for selecting a reference voltage of one or more reference cells in order to read one or more memory cells within a memory cell array.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[002] NVM cells are generally operated (e.g. programmed, read, and erased) using one or more reference structures or cells. Each of the one or more reference structures or cells may be compared against a memory cell being operated in order to determine a condition or state of the memory cell being operated. As is well known, an NVM cell's state may be defined and determined by its threshold voltage, the voltage at which the cell begins to conduct current. A NVM cell's threshold voltage level is usually correlated to the amount of charge stored in a charge storage region of the cell. Different threshold voltage ranges are associated with different states of an NVM cell. FIG. 1A, shows a graph depicting the boundaries between the two states, erased and programmed, of a binary NVM cell, and the buffer region in between the two states.
[003] Generally, in order to determine whether an NVM cell is in a specific state, for example erased, programmed, or programmed at one of multiple possible programmed states within a Multi-Level Cell ("MLC"), the cell's threshold level is compared to that of a reference structure or cell whose threshold level is set, or otherwise known to be, at a voltage level associated with the specific state being tested for. Comparing the threshold voltage of a NVM cell to that of a reference cell is often accomplished using a sense amplifier or similar circuit. Various techniques for comparing an NVM's threshold voltage against those of one or more reference cells or structures, in order to determine the NVM's cells state, are well known and applicable to the present invention. Any method or circuit presently known or to be devised in the future for comparing threshold voltage levels of reference cells or structures against NVM cells are applicable to the present invention.
[004] When programming a NVM cell to a desired state, after each programming pulse, an NVM cell's threshold value may be compared against a reference cell having a reference threshold value set at a voltage level defined as the "program verify" level. The reference cell with a threshold voltage set at a voltage level defined as a "program verify" level for the given state may be compared to the threshold voltage of the cell being programmed (i.e. charged) in order to determine whether a charge storage area or region of the cell being programmed has been sufficiently charged so as to have placed the cell in a condition which may be considered "programmed" at the desired state.
[005] When reading a NVM cell, to determine whether it is at a particular state, the cell's threshold voltage may be compared against that of a reference cell having a reference threshold voltage defined as a "read" level for the specific state. A "read" level is usually set lower than a "program verify" level and higher than the erase verify level in order to compensate for voltage drifts which may occur during operation. A logical state of the cell is defined as '0' if the cell's Vt is higher than that of the read reference and if it is lower.
[006] In a MLC, two or more programming levels may co-exist on the same cell, as is drawn in FIG. 1 B. In the case where an MLC cell is being read to determine at which one of the multiple logical states the cell resides, at least two read reference cells must be used. During read operation, it must be determined that the MLC cell's threshold is in one of three or more regions bounded by the two or more threshold voltages defined by read reference cells. As is depicted in figure 1 B. The voltage threshold boundaries which define a given state in an MLC are usually considerably smaller than those for a binary NVM cell. FIG. 1 B, to which reference is now made, illustrates four different threshold voltage regions of an MLC, where each region is associated with either one of the programmed states of the MLC or with the erased state of the MLC. Because in an MLC a rather fixed range of potential threshold voltages (e.g. 3 Volts to 9 Volts) needs to be split into several sub-ranges or regions, the size of each sub-range or region in an MLC is usually smaller than a region of a binary NVM cell, which binary cell only requires two voltage threshold regions, as seen in FIG. 1A.
[007] The voltage threshold of a NVM cell seldom stays fixed. Threshold voltage drift is a phenomenon which may result in large variations of the threshold voltage of a memory cell. These variations may occur due to charge leakage from the cell's charge storage region, temperature changes, and due to interference from the operation of neighboring NVM cells. FIG. 2, to which reference is now made, shows a graph depicting threshold voltages (Vt) changes associated with two program states of an exemplary MLC due to drift, as a function of time, for 10 cycles and for 1000 cycles. As seen in the graph, voltage drift may occur across numerous cells, and may occur in a correlated pattern across these cells. It is also known that the magnitude and directions of the drifts depends upon the number of times the NVM went through program and erase cycles and on the level of programming of a MLC. It is also known that deviations in cells' (Vt) may be either in the upward or downward directions.
[008] Variation of the threshold voltage of memory cells may lead to false reads of the state and may further result in the corruption of the data in the memory array. Voltage drift is especially problematic in MLC cells where the Vt regions or sub-ranges associated with each programmed state are relatively smaller than those for a typical binary cell.
[009] In order to reduce data loss and data corruption due to drift in the threshold voltages of the cells of a NVM array, threshold voltage drift of cells in the NVM array should be compensated for. For a given NVM array, it would be desired to provide one or a set of reference cells whose references threshold voltages are offset from defined verify threshold levels by some value related to the actual voltage drift experienced by the NVM cells to be read. There is a well understood need for an efficient and reliable method of determining a set of reference voltage levels which may accommodate variations in the threshold voltages of cells of an NVM array, and of established reference cells with the determined reference voltages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention is a method, circuit and system for determining a reference voltage. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a system, method and circuit for establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) cells in a NVM block or array. As part of the present invention, at least a subset of cells of the NVM block or array may be read using each of two or more sets of test reference cells, where each set of test reference cells may generate or otherwise provide reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells. For each set of test reference cells used to read the at least a subset of the NVM block, a read error rate may be calculated or otherwise determined. A set of test reference cells associated with a relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) other cells, outside the subset of cells, in the NVM block or array. In a further embodiment, the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
[0011] According to some embodiments of the present invention, prior or during the programming of a set of cells in the NVM array, the number of cells to be programmed to each of one or more logical or program states associated with the set of cells may be counted, and may be stored, for example in a check sum table. As part of some embodiments of the present invention, the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or below each logical or program state may be counted and/or stored in a table with is either on the same array as the set of NVM cells or in memory on the same chip as the NVM array.
[0012] Upon the reading of the set of programmed cells, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the number of cells found to be at a given logical or program state may be compared against either corresponding values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed to a given state) or against a value derived from the values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed at or above the given state, minus the number of cells programmed to or above an adjacent higher logical state). If there is a discrepancy between the number of cells read at a given state and an expected number based on the values determined/counted/stored during programming, a Read Verify reference threshold value associated with the given program state may be adjusted upward or downward to compensate for the detected error. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the read verify level of an adjacent logical state may also be moved upward or downward in order to compensate for detected read errors at a given state.
[0013] For example, according to some embodiments of the present invention, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is above expectations, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be increased, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state is below an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be lowered. Thus, Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table.
[0014] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the check sum table may reside on the same chip as the set of NVM cells, and according to a further embodiment of the present invention, a controller may be adapted to perform the above mentioned error detection and Read Verify reference value adjustments. The check sum table may either be stored in the same NVM array as the set of NVM cells, or on some other memory cells residing on the same chip as the NVM array, for example in a register or buffer used by the controller during programming and/or reading. According to other embodiments of the present invention, specialized error coding and detection circuits may be included with a controller on the same chip and the NVM array to be operated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following non limiting detailed description when read with the accompanied drawings in which:
[0016] FIG. 1A, is a graphical illustration of the different threshold voltages associated with the different states of a binary NVM cell, where both the Program Verify and Read Verify Threshold Levels are visible, and;
[0017] FIG. 1 B, is a graphical illustration of different threshold voltages, each being associated with the boundary of a different program state of a Multi-Level Cell (MLC);
[0018] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating measured changes in the threshold voltages (Vt) associated with each program state of an exemplary Multi Level Cell (MLC) due to Vt drift, as a function of time, for 10 cycles and for 1000 cycles;
[0019] FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustration of a method of selecting a set of reference cells to be used in operating an NVM block or array, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array supporting one implementation of the method of FIG. 3, according to some embodiments of the present invention; and
[0021] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for establishing and using a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of a selected test set.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for performing a checks sum based error detection algorithm and for selecting a set of reference cells based on the results of the check sum algorithm, according to some embodiments of the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 7A shows a flow chart listing basic steps of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention;
[0024] FIG. 7B shows a flow chart listing steps by which the check sum algorithm may be used to adjust a reference voltage (e.g. Read Verify) associated with the reading of cells at a given program state, according to some embodiments of the present invention;
[0025] FIGS. 8A & 8B show two examples of sets of check sum values which may be stored and used as part of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0026] It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of these non-limiting illustrations, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0027] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods and procedures have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
[0028] The present invention is a method, circuit and system for determining a reference voltage. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a system, method and circuit for establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) cells in a NVM block or array. As part of the present invention, at least a subset of cells of the NVM block or array may be read using each of two or more sets of test reference cells, where each set of test reference cells may generate or otherwise provide reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells. For each set of test reference cells used to read the at least a subset of the NVM block, a read error rate may be calculated or otherwise determined. A set of test reference cells associated with a relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operating reference cells to be used in operating (e.g. reading) other cells, outside the subset of cells, in the NVM block or array. In a further embodiment, the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish (e.g. program) an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
[0029] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a flow chart illustration of the steps of a method of selecting a set of reference cells to be used in operating an NVM block or array, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. As part of some embodiments of the present invention, for a given NVM block or array having an associated error detection feature and being associated with N sets of test reference cells, a set counter 'n' may initially be set to 1 (block 310). Next, the nth set of test reference cells, initially the 1st set, may be used to read at least a subset of the NVM block (block 320).
[0030] The data read at block 320 may be used to determine a read error rate associated with the nth set of test reference cells (block 330). According to some embodiments of the present invention, the at least a subset of the NVM block may be a predefined portion or segment of the NVM block where source data is stored on the NVM cells along with extra error detection data/codes derived during programming. The read error rate may be determined using a variety of error rate sampling and/or error detection techniques, for example, parity bit, checksum, CRC and various other techniques. Any error detection coding and/or evaluation technique, presently known or to be devised in the future, may be applicable to present invention.
[0031] Once an error rate is calculated or otherwise determined for the at least a subset of the NVM block using the nth set of test reference cells, the error rate associated with the nth set of test reference cells may be recorded (block 340). The counter 'n' may then be incremented by 1 (block 350), and the counter may be checked to see whether the new 'n' is equal to N+1 , a value greater than the total number of test reference cell sets (block 360). In case that the new 'n' is smaller (not equal) than N+1 blocks 320 - 360 may be repeated, and thus an error rate associated with the use of each of the test reference cell sets to read the at least a subset of the NVM block may be determined and recorded.
[0032] Once the counter 'n' equals N+1 , and the error rates associated the each of the test sets have the been determined, the set of reference test cells associated with a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate may be selected (block 370). The selected set of reference cells may either be used to operate the cell on NVM block or array (block 380), or may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells whose reference threshold voltages substantially correspond to the reference threshold voltages of the selected set (block 390), such that the established operating set may be used to operate cells in the NVM array.
[0033] The above description exemplifies one embodiment of a method of establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating a NVM block of cells or array. It should be noted that other embodiments of the present invention may deviate from the above description. The selected test may used as an operating reference set, may be used to select or program an operating set, or may be used to adjust reference levels on a set of adjustable reference structures. Furthermore, the method of the present invention may be implemented in a variety of implementations including hardware and/or software modules which may be known in the present or yet to be devised in the future. One example of a possible implementation of a method of establishing a set of operating reference cells to be used in operating cells of a NVM block or array in accordance with the some embodiments of the present invention is described herein below with reference to FIG. 4.
[0034] Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a block diagram illustration of one possible implementations of the presentation in conjunction with an NVM array 400. As part of some embodiments of the present invention, circuitry 401 for operating the NVM block or array 400 may include a controller 410, a controllable voltage supply 412, a sense amplifier 414 and two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436. Each set of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 may include two or more test reference cells. Each set of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 may have reference voltages at least slightly offset from each other set of test reference cells. For example, each set of test reference cells (e.g. 432) may be incrementally offset, such that each set may be associated with a series of threshold voltages that are slightly higher than a corresponding series of threshold voltages associated with the previous set of test reference cells (excluding the first set). As a further example, if the first set of test reference cells includes cells having reference voltages; Cell 1 = 4.2V, Cell 2 = 5.2V, Cell3 = 6.2V, the second set may include cells having reference voltages offset, such that; Cell 1 = 4.3V, Cell 2 = 5.3V, Cell3 = 6.3V, etc.
[0035] In the embodiment shown, the controller 410 may implement the counter 'n' (not shown). However, any other configuration may also be used, including, but not limited to, a distinctive counter module. The controller 410 may be configured to control the operation of the controllable voltage source 412 and of the sense amplifier 414. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 3, the controller 410 may initially set the reference test set counter 'n' to 1. Next, the controller 410 may operate the controllable voltage source 412, and use the nth set of test reference cells (initially the first set 432) to read at least a subset of cells 402 of the NVM block or array. As part of some embodiments of the present invention, the controller 410 may instruct the voltage source 412 to apply incrementally increasing voltage pulses to each of the memory cells in the subset area 402 and to one or more test reference cells from the nth set of test reference cells (e.g. 432). The threshold voltage of each of the memory cells in the subset area 402 may be compared, for example using sense amplifier 414, against the threshold voltages of one or more of the test reference cells in the nth set of test reference cells (e.g. 432). By comparing the threshold voltage of the cells against that of the reference cells from the nth set of test reference cells, the state of each of the cells in the subset of cells 402 may be read or determined. Various other techniques for comparing a memory cell's threshold voltage against those of one or more reference cells and/or structures, in order to determine the memory cell's state, are well known, and may be implemented in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention.
[0036] The controller 410 may receive the data read from the NVM cells in the subset area 402. The controller 410 may process the data, and may determine a read error rate associated with the nth set of test reference cells used to read the memory cells in the subset area 402. The read error rate may be determined using a variety of error rate sampling and/or error detection techniques, for example, parity bit, checksum, CRC and various other techniques. The subset area 402 and/or any of the other elements of the NVM block 400 and/or the supplementary circuitry 401 , including any additional elements as may be required, may be configured to support the error rate sampling and/or error detection technique of choice. In the embodiment shown, the subset area 402 may include one or more parity bits (marked Pn) in support of parity check error detection. The controller 410 may be configured to process the data read from the subset area 402 and to determine a read error rate in accordance with parity check error detection. In a further embodiment of the present invention, a separate error coding and detection circuit (not shown) may be included.
[0037] Once calculated, the controller 410 may record the read error rate for each set of test reference cells or structures either internally or in a designated error rate table 416, which error rate table may be a part of the NVM block or array. The read error rate may be recorded in a manner to maintain the association of each of the recorded read error rates with the set of test reference cells that was used to generate it.
[0038] After a read error rate has been established for the nth set of test reference cells, the counter may be instructed to increment 'n' by 1. The controller 410 may be consulted to check whether the new value for 'n' has exceeded the total number of test reference cell sets. If so, the process of determining and recording a read error rate associated with each of the sets of test reference cells may be discontinued by the controller 410. In other words, the process of determining and recording a read error rate may be repeated for each of the N sets of test reference cells (e.g. 432, 434 and 436).
[0039] The controller 410 may then select from amongst the recorded read error rates a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate. The set of test reference cells associated with the selected relatively low read error rate may be selected as the set of operation reference cells to be used in operating cells of the NVM block or array 400. According to one optional embodiment of the present invention, the controller 410 may also determine a set of reference voltages associated with the selected test set associated with the selected relatively low read error rate. The set of reference voltages may also be recorded, for example in the error rate table 416. The set of reference voltages may be stored, such that the association of the stored set of reference voltages with the selected set of test reference cells (e.g. 432) is maintained.
[0040] According to some embodiments of the present invention, in case that the controller 410 determines that more than one of the generated read error rates, each being associated with a different set of test reference cells, is the lowest, for example, when two or more equal read error rates are equally the lowest, additional processing may be required to determine which of the sets is more likely to provide a lower read error rate. For example, the process of generating and recording a read error rate for each of the two or more sets of test reference cells may be repeated in accordance with different criteria or on an additional subset of the NVM block. Alternatively, one of the lowest read error rates may be arbitrarily selected. [0041] As part of further embodiments of the present invention, it may be sufficient to select from amongst the sets of test reference cells (e.g. 432, 434 and 436) the set that is expected to provide a relatively low read error rate. In this case, for example, after using each of the sets of test reference cells to read at least a subset of the NVM block, as discussed above, and generating a read error rate associated with the set used, the read error rate may be checked. In case that the read error rate is below a predetermined threshold, the set of test reference cells associated with that read error rate may be selected and recorded, and the process of generating and recording a read error rate may be discontinued prior to checking all the test sets. According to yet further embodiments of the present invention, in case that none of the generated read error rates falls below the predetermined threshold, the lowest error rate may be selected in accordance with the above discussion.
[0042] In a further embodiment of the present invention, the selected set of test reference cells may be used to establish an operating set of reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set.
[0043] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is an illustration of one possible configuration of a NVM array for establishing and using a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of a selected test set. The supplemental circuitry 401 shown in FIG. 5 may be substantially similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and may operate in a similar manner, with the addition of a set of global reference cells 520 and an offset circuit 510.
[0044] Initially, the supplemental circuitry 401 and the NVM block 400 may be operated to determine a read error rate associated with each one of the two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436, and to select one of the two or more sets of test reference cells 432, 434 and 436 associated with a relatively low (e.g. the lowest) read error rate. Next, the selected set of test reference cells may be used to determine offset values for one or more global reference cells from the set of global reference cells 520. The offset values may be input to an offset circuit 510, either directly or via the controller 410. The offset circuit 510, either alone or in combination with a controllable voltage source 412, may be adapted to offset one or more reference voltages of global reference cells from the set of global reference cells 510. In one embodiment, the offset circuit 510 may be configured to offset the reference voltages of the global reference cells, such that the reference voltages of reference cells in the global reference set 520 may be substantially equal to corresponding reference cells in the selected test set.
[0045] In another embodiment of the present invention, a set of reference voltages associated with the selected test set may be obtained by the controller 410. As discussed above, the set of reference voltages may be recorded, for example in the error rate table 416. In this case, the set of reference voltages data may be obtained by simply retrieving the relevant data from the table 416. The controller 410 may instruct the offset circuit 5120 to offset the threshold voltages of one or more of the reference cells in the set of global reference cells 520 in accordance with the set of reference voltages. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the controller 410 may instruct the offset circuit 510 to offset the reference voltages of one or more of the global reference cells in the set of global reference cells 510, such that the threshold voltages of the set of global reference cells 510 may be substantially equal to the threshold voltages of the selected test set.
[0046] According to further embodiments of the present invention, the offset circuit 510 and the set of global reference cells 520 may be substituted with a bank of reference cells (not shown). The bank of reference cells may include two or more reference cells each reference cell in the bank being incrementally offset from the other reference cells in the bank. For example, each reference cell in the bank may have a threshold voltage that is slightly higher than the threshold voltage of the previous reference cell (excluding the first reference cell).
[0047] According to some embodiments of the present invention, once selected, the selected set of test reference cells may be used to determine which of the reference cells in the bank of reference cells is to be used for establishing an operating set of reference cells. The selected set of reference cells from the bank of reference cells may be selected such that the selected set from the bank may have reference voltages that are substantially equal to those of the selected test set. Thus, the selected set of reference cells from the bank may provide a set of operating reference cells having reference voltages substantially equal to those of the selected test set. The set of operating reference cells may be used to operate the NVM array.
[0048] According to some embodiments of the present invention, prior or during the programming of a set of cells in the NVM array, the number of cells to be programmed to each of one or more logical or program states associated with the set of cells may be counted, and may be stored, for example in a check sum table. As part of some embodiments of the present invention, the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or below each logical or program state may be counted and/or stored in a table with is either on the same array as the set of NVM cells or in memory on the same chip as the NVM array.
[0049] Upon the reading of the set of programmed cells, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the number of cells found to be at a given logical or program state may be compared against either corresponding values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed to a given state) or against a value derived from the values stored during programming (e.g. the number of cells programmed at or above the given state, minus the number of cells programmed to or above an adjacent higher logical state). If there is a discrepancy between the number of cells read at a given state and an expected number based on the values determined/counted/stored during programming, a Read Verify reference threshold value associated with the given program state may be adjusted upward or downward to compensate for the detected error. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the read verify level of an adjacent logical state may also be moved upward or downward in order to compensate for detected read errors at a given state.
[0050] For example, according to some embodiments of the present invention, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is above expectations, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be increased, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state is below an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be lowered. Thus, Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table.
[0051] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the check sum table may reside on the same chip as the set of NVM cells, and according to a further embodiment of the present invention, a controller may be adapted to perform the above mentioned error detection and Read Verify reference value adjustments. The check sum table may either be stored in the same NVM array as the set of NVM cells, or on some other memory cells residing on the same chip as the NVM array, for example in a register or buffer used by the controller during programming and/or reading. According to other embodiments of the present invention, specialized error coding and detection circuits may be included with a controller on the same chip and the NVM array to be operated.
[0052] Turning Now to FIG. 6, there is shown a block diagram illustration of one possible circuit configuration associated with a NVM array for performing a checks sum based error detection algorithm and for selecting a set of reference cells based on the results of the check sum algorithm. Looking at FIG. 6 in conjunction with FIG. 7A, which shows a flow chart listing the basic steps of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention, there is shown that either prior or during the programming of some number of NVM cells, for example 1000 cells, the number of cells to be programmed either at, above or below each program state associated with the set of cells may be counted (Block 600). The counting may possibly be performed by a controller 410, and the results may be stored in a check sum table 418. According to some other embodiments of the present invention, the check sum 418 table may be stored on the same chip as the NVM array, either directly on the NVM array or on another memory, for example on a storage register or buffer also used by the controller 410 during programming and or reading of the NVM array.
[0053] Turning now to FIGS. 8A & 8B, there are shown two examples of how check sum values which may be counted, stored and used as part of a check sum algorithm according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 8A illustrates the counting of cells such that the check sum values for a set of cells are based on the number of cells below each logical or program state, while FIG. 8B illustrated the counting of cells such that the check sum values for a set of cells are based on the number of cells above each logical program state. For purposes of this discuss, program state may be defined as any logical state other than an erase state. Despite what is illustrated in FIGS. 8A & 8B, one of ordinary skill in the art should, should, know that there are a variety of methods and arrangement by which to produce check sum values to be used to determine the number cells programmed to each of the program states associated with a set of NVM cells.
[0054] During the reading of the cells from the programmed set of cells, either the controller 410 or some other error detection circuit (not shown) may compare the number of cells counted in each program state during reading with the correspond check sum values stored during or prior to programming. For example, if the total number of cells in the set is 1000, the number of cells read in the third program state is 235, and one of the check sum values stored indicates that the number of cells programmed below the third program state is 750, it can be derived that there should be 250 cells programmed to the third program state and thus the reading of the set missed 15 cells which should have been read as being programmed to the third program state (Block 610). [0055] The Read Verify reverence threshold voltage associated with each program state may be adjusted in response to an error detected in reading during step 610 (block 620). FIG. 7B shows a flow chart listing steps by which the check sum algorithm may be used to adjust a reference voltage (e.g. Read Verify) associated with the reading of cells at one or more program states, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Generally describing FIG. 7B, it shows that if the number of cell's found in a given program state exceed the value derived from the check sum values, the read verify threshold value associated with that given program state may be raised or the Read Verify reference level associated with the adjacent higher state may be lowered. Conversely, if the number of cell's found in a given program state is below the expected number, either the read verify threshold value associated with the given program state may be lowered, or the read verify threshold value associated with the next higher adjacent state may be raised.
[0056] With respect to FIG. 7B, according to some embodiments of the present invention, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is below an expected value, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be reduced, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state exceeds an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be raised. Conversely, if the number of cells found (e.g. read) in a given program state is above expectations, either the Read Verify reference voltage associated with that given state may be increased, or if there is found that the number of cells read above the given state is below an expected number, the Read Verify reference associated with a logical state higher and adjacent to the given state may be lowered. Thus, Read Verify reference voltages for a set of cells may be selected such that the number of cells found/read in each of the states associated with the set may be substantially equal to the a number either read from or derived from the values counted during programming of the set of cells, which values may have been stored in a check sum table. The steps in FIG. 7B may be repeated as part of an iterative process until the number of cells read in each program state substantially corresponds to the number of cells expected in other embodiments, cells programmed to several different states may be checked in parallel.
[0057] While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed:
1. A method of detecting read errors in a set of NVM cell, said method comprising: during or prior to programming of the set of cells, counting the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or above one or more logical states of a set of logical states associated with the NVM cells; and comparing the number of cells read at a given state against a value corresponding to a number of cells which should be at the given state based on the counting performed during or prior to programming.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein counting comprises counting the number of cells to be programmed at or above each logical state associated with the set of cells.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein comparing comprises comparing the number of cells read at a given state to the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above the given state and the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above a logical state adjacent to and higher than the given state.
4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising determining the number of cells which should be at the given state by subtracting the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above the given state by the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above a higher adjacent state to the given state.
5. A method of adjusting one or more read verify reference levels of a set of cells comprising: during or prior to programming of the set of cells, counting the number of cells to be programmed to, up to and/or above one or more logical states of a set of logical states associated with the NVM cells; comparing the number of cells read at a given state against a value corresponding to a number of cells which should be at the given state based on the counting performed during or prior to programming; and either raising or lowering a read verify level associate with the given state, or associated with an adjacent state, based on the comparison.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein counting comprises counting the number of cells to be programmed at or above each logical state associated with the set of cells, comparing comprises comparing the number of cells read at a given state to the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above the given state and the number of cells of the set which were programmed at or above a logical state adjacent to and higher than the given state.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein if the number of cells read at a given logical state is lower than the number of cells expected at the given state, either the read verify level associated with that given state may be lowered or the read verify level of the adjacent higher state may be raised.
8. The method according to claim 6, wherein if the number of cells read at a given logical state is greater than the number of cells expected at the given state, either the read verify level associated with that given state may be raised or the read verify level of the adjacent higher state may be lowered.
PCT/IL2004/000983 2003-10-29 2004-10-27 A method circuit and system for read error detection in a non-volatile memory array WO2005041108A2 (en)

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US6992932B2 (en) 2006-01-31
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