WO2005075716A2 - MONOCHROMATEUR LiF DOPE POUR ANALYSE DES RAYONS X - Google Patents
MONOCHROMATEUR LiF DOPE POUR ANALYSE DES RAYONS X Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005075716A2 WO2005075716A2 PCT/FR2005/050018 FR2005050018W WO2005075716A2 WO 2005075716 A2 WO2005075716 A2 WO 2005075716A2 FR 2005050018 W FR2005050018 W FR 2005050018W WO 2005075716 A2 WO2005075716 A2 WO 2005075716A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluoride
- doped
- monochromator
- fluoride according
- scintillator
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/12—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
- C01D15/04—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/30—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions
- C01P2004/38—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions cube-like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/30—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions
- C01P2004/39—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions parallelepiped-like
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material by irradiating the sample with X-rays or gamma-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
- G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
- G21K2201/062—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements the element being a crystal
Definitions
- the invention relates to a lithium fluoride doped with a bivalent positive ion, a single crystal of said fluoride and the use of said single crystal as an X-ray monochromator, in particular in apparatuses for analysis by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, in electron microprobes and in transmission microscopes. All of these analysis techniques use a monochromator crystal. This crystal collects the X-ray that we are trying to analyze and separates by diffraction according to Bragg's law the different components (or wavelengths) it contains and returns them according to specific angles. This separation leads to a set of diffraction lines. A detector placed on the line path at an adequate angle provided by Bragg's law converts X-radiation into an electrical signal.
- X-ray radiation is called an electromagnetic wave with an energy of between 0.1 and 1000 keV, more particularly between 1 and 100 keV.
- X-ray radiation can have different origins.
- the elementary analysis of a sample by X-ray fluorescence is a non-destructive method based on the detection and analysis of the X-rays emitted by said sample and then collected by a monochromator crystal diffracting said X-rays according to the Bragg's law.
- the sample is irradiated by a high-energy X-ray beam (case of an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) or by an electron beam (case of a micro-probe which can for example be incorporated in a Electronique scanning microscope).
- This primary beam excites the sample, which then emits a secondary X-ray beam, also called X-ray fluorescence.
- This secondary X-ray fluorescence contains wavelengths characteristic of the chemical elements contained in the sample.
- the monochromator crystal separates by diffraction the different components it contains and returns them according to specific angles. This separation leads to a set of diffraction lines.
- a detector placed on the line path at an adequate angle converts X-ray fluorescence radiation into an electrical signal. Specific intensities can be accumulated for each X-ray fluorescence line characteristic of a chemical element contained in the sample. It is thus possible to determine the chemical concentrations of different elements by reference to a prior calibration.
- a high sensitivity to X-ray radiation is expected from such an analysis system, which results in the case of X-ray fluorescence by a strong ability to detect very small quantities of an element with the best possible precision. The sensitivity is all the better as the X-radiation reaching the detector is intense.
- this intensity depends of course on the sample itself, on the targeted chemical element, on the chosen fluorescence line, but also on the monochromator and the detector.
- the monochromator can be more or less reflective with respect to X-rays.
- the quality of the detector is also important, because there is no point in using a highly reflective monochromator and sending very intense radiation back to the detector if the latter is unable to measure it.
- the compre detector usually ⁇ d a scintillator and a photoreceptor.
- the scintillator converts X-ray energy lost by ionization into light pulses.
- the light pulses are received by a photoreceptor converting them into an electrical signal.
- the photoreceptor is usually a photomultiplier tube (called "PMT"), or a photodiode or the like.
- PMT photomultiplier tube
- the X-ray striking the scintillator is saturated beyond a certain intensity (ie a certain number of shots received in a given period of time). Indeed, after each X-ray detection (that is to say each count of a pulse), the scintillator has a relaxation time ("decay time" in English) during which any other detection is impossible.
- the lithium fluoride used in the context of the invention comprises at least 0.014 and preferably at least 0.018 moles per kg of a bivalent positive ion M present in the fluorinated state.
- the ion M is present in lithium fluoride LiF in fluorinated form, that is to say MF 2 .
- the contents of M are given in moles of M (and not in moles of MF 2 ) per total kilo of doped fluoride, that is to say per kilo of fluoride containing Li and M (and not pure LiF) .
- the atomic number of M ranges from 10 to 35.
- the ionic radius of bivalent M ranges from 55 to 80 picometers.
- the ion M is such that MF 2 exists.
- the ion M can in particular be Mg, 2 +, Co .2+, Zn .2+.
- the M ion can also be a mixture of at least two ions chosen from Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ .
- the ion M w is preferably Mg 2+ . The table below gives some characteristics of these ions.
- the M concentrations can be analyzed by ICP spectrometry (Induction Coupled Plasma in English).
- the fluoride contains at least 0.02 mole and even at least 0.023 mole and even at least 0.025 mole of M per kg of fluoride.
- the fluoride generally comprises at most 0.082 mole and even more generally at most 0.045 mole of M per kg of fluoride. If the fluoride according to the invention contains too much M (above 0.045 mole of M per kg), the single crystal can become brittle and breaks can be observed.
- LiF can be manufactured in a single crystal form from powders of pure LiF and pure MF 2 (for example MgF 2 , CoF 2) ZnF 2 ).
- the powders are placed in a crucible compatible with its content, generally a platinum or graphite crucible.
- the whole is then heated until the powders are melted, generally between 800 and 1000 ° C., more particularly above the melting point of LiF, which is approximately 870 ° C., and then the congruent crystallization is carried out. leading to a single crystal or a set of a few large single crystals.
- the crystallization technique can be the Czochralski, Kyropoulos or Bridgman-Stockbarger method.
- the latter technique generally leads to a polycrystal containing large single crystals (volume of single crystals of the order of 1 to 10 cm 3 ).
- the Czochralski and Kyropoulos methods lead to single crystals and involve a germ.
- the germ can be pure LiF or LiF doped with M.
- the material obtained by these growth methods is then exploited to obtain single crystals generally having the shape of a cube or parallelepipeds whose thickness ranges from 0.05 mm to 10 mm thick and whose two main parallel surfaces (including the one is intended to receive and reflect X-rays) have an area ranging from 0.5 to 30 cm 2 .
- the preparation of these monocrystalline parts can be made from the material resulting directly from growth, for example by cleavage (essentially along the crystal plane (200)).
- a parallelepiped is generally prepared with a thickness ranging from 1 to 10 mm, the surface of which can be obtained by cleavage or more generally by mechanical erosion with an abrasive or by mechanical and chemical erosion .
- a simultaneous spectrometer generally preparing thin parallelepiped blades, generally cleaved, of thickness ranging from 0.05 to 1 mm to which a generally concave shape is imposed by application on a concave support.
- the monochromator also has a focusing action.
- individual monocrystals are prepared and used (not agglomerated to another monocrystal) doriirle volume ranges from 2.5.10 ⁇ cm 3 to 30 cm 3 and more generally from 0.01 to 20 cm 3 . It has been observed that the intensity reflected by the single crystal LiF: M according to the invention (in particular when M is Mg) increases very strongly when the wavelength of the reflected line decreases, in particular for the wavelengths less than 3 ⁇ and even less than 2 A and even less than 1.5 ⁇ .
- the invention also relates to a method for analyzing an element using an analysis apparatus comprising a monochromator made of fluoride according to the invention as well as a scintillator coupled to said monochromator, said scintillator being set on a line with a wavelength of less than 3 ⁇ , or even less than 2 ⁇ , or even less than 1.5 A.
- the increase in intensity reflected by the single crystal LiF: according to the invention is particularly spectacular with the increase in the M content, especially at short wavelengths. This influence of the wavelength is more particularly observed for a cleaved surface state.
- the invention therefore relates to LiF doped with at least one bivalent ion M as Mg 2+ and with an ionic radius close to that of Li + (60 picometers), in particular g 2+ , Co 2+ and Zn 2+ .
- These ions offer the advantage of an atomic number that is still low (therefore offering lower absorption to X) and have in the form of fluorides (in particular MgF 2 , CoF 2 , ZnF 2 ) physical properties compatible with the fusion of LiF (melting at 1200 ° C and 872 ° C respectively, boiling at 1400 ° C and 1500 ° C respectively).
- the invention also relates to the combination of the LiF: M single crystal according to the invention as a monochromator with a detector comprising a fast scintillator (relaxation time less than 30 ns on its main component) and allowing counts of at least 10 million blows per second. It is also preferable to use a scintillator having good resolution of its energy spectrum.
- the energy resolution ( ⁇ E / E) is usually determined for a given detector at a given incident energy, like the width at half height of the peak considered on an energy spectrum obtained from this detector, related to the energy of the centroid of the peak (see in particular: GF Knoll, "Radiation detection and measurement” John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2nd edition, p 114).
- This combination according to the invention increases the number of X-ray fluorescence photons analyzed.
- the analysis statistics are thus improved.
- the result, for the analysis apparatus, is a better quality of analysis and a reduction in the measurement time.
- a suitable scintillator it is possible to use a polycrystalline or monocrystalline material comprising a rare earth halide. These crystals have the advantage of having both a short relaxation time (for example 28 ns for Lao.gC ⁇ o.iC, figure obtained by calibration on a simple exponential model) and good energy resolution (3.9% under Cs137).
- rare earth halides more particularly concerned, there may be mentioned in particular: - ALn 2 X 7 in which Ln represents one or more rare earth (s), X represents one or more halogen atom (s) chosen from CI, Br or I, A representing an alkali such as Rb and Cs, - LaCI 3 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of CeCI, - LnBr 3 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of CeBr 3 , - LaBr 3 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of CeBr 3 , - GdBr 3 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of CeBr 3 , - La x Ln (i -X ) X3 can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% of CeX 3 , x being able to go from 0 to 1, Ln being a rare earth different from La, X being a halogen as previously said, - La x
- - K 2 Lal 5 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of Cel 3 .
- - Lul 3 which can in particular be doped with 0.1 to 50% by weight of Cel 3 .
- the term “doping” or “doped” refers to a rare earth rare which replaces one or more majority rare earths, the minority and majority being included under the acronym Ln.
- preferred rare earth halide there may be mentioned: LaBr 3 doped with 5 to 15% by weight of CeCI 3 , LaCI 3 doped with 5 to 15% by weight of CeCI 3 .
- the invention is not limited to the use of a Nal crystal (TI), or of a lanthanum halide as a detector.
- Detectors giving rise to a good energy resolution (in particular over a wide energy range) and / or a good response time (in particular less than 100 ns) can usefully be used in combination with the LiF crystal according to the invention.
- Such crystals can for example be YAP (Perovskite d ⁇ ttrium and Aluminum) in particular doped Ce (), or YAG (Garnet d ⁇ ttrium and Aluminum) or Ge (Germanium)
- the gain in intensity measured at the cleaved surface state is retained after the curvature of the plane blades.
- the intensity reflected by the LiF 6 ⁇ 4 cleaved plane is 2.8 times higher than that of LiF 3 oo cleaved plane.
- the intensity reflected by the LiF 664 blades curved on a cylinder whose axis is parallel to the direction of the X-rays remains higher than the intensity reflected by the LiF 30 o blades also curved on the same cylinder with an axis parallel to the direction of the X-rays.
- the intensity ratio of the curved blades on a cylinder with an axis parallel to the X-ray beam remained the same (2.8).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006550250A JP5198773B2 (ja) | 2004-01-22 | 2005-01-13 | X線分析のためのドーピングされたLiFモノクロメータ |
EP05717664.6A EP1708965B1 (fr) | 2004-01-22 | 2005-01-13 | MONOCHROMATEUR LiF DOPE POUR ANALYSE DES RAYONS X |
US10/586,282 US7889842B2 (en) | 2004-01-22 | 2005-01-13 | Doped lithium fluoride monochromator for X-ray analysis |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0400595 | 2004-01-22 | ||
FR0400595A FR2865469B1 (fr) | 2004-01-22 | 2004-01-22 | Monochromateur lif dope pour analyse des rayons x |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005075716A2 true WO2005075716A2 (fr) | 2005-08-18 |
WO2005075716A3 WO2005075716A3 (fr) | 2005-11-24 |
WO2005075716A8 WO2005075716A8 (fr) | 2006-08-17 |
Family
ID=34717349
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2005/050018 WO2005075716A2 (fr) | 2004-01-22 | 2005-01-13 | MONOCHROMATEUR LiF DOPE POUR ANALYSE DES RAYONS X |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7889842B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1708965B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5198773B2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2865469B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005075716A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006251690A (ja) * | 2005-03-14 | 2006-09-21 | Kanazawa Univ | イメージングプレート並びにそれを用いた放射線画像情報記録読取装置及び放射線画像情報読取方法 |
WO2021142463A1 (fr) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-07-15 | Ipg Photonics Corporation | Appareil à rayons x |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8178008B2 (en) * | 2008-09-17 | 2012-05-15 | General Electric Company | Semiconductor material for radiation absorption and detection |
US8065246B2 (en) * | 2008-10-14 | 2011-11-22 | Xerox Corporation | Clustering and classification employing softmax function including efficient bounds |
SG172388A1 (en) * | 2008-12-29 | 2011-07-28 | Saint Gobain Ceramics | Rare-earth materials, scintillator crystals, and ruggedized scintillator devices incorporating such crystals |
JP6139543B2 (ja) * | 2011-10-26 | 2017-05-31 | エックス−レイ オプティカル システムズ インコーポレーテッド | X線分析エンジンおよび分析器のために高度に位置合わせされた単色化x線光学素子および支持構造体 |
US9164181B2 (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2015-10-20 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | Scintillation crystals having features on a side, radiation detection apparatuses including such scintillation crystals, and processes of forming the same |
Citations (5)
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US3248543A (en) * | 1963-04-18 | 1966-04-26 | Arthur H Pitchford | X-ray spectrographic apparatus having a pair of X-ray tubes with different emission properties |
US4121098A (en) * | 1977-01-28 | 1978-10-17 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften E.V. | Radiation analysis apparatus and method utilizing multi-channel pulse peak voltage discriminator |
US5622659A (en) * | 1995-01-03 | 1997-04-22 | Victoreen, Inc. | Method of preparing doped lithium fluoride thermoluminescent radiation detector |
US6442236B1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2002-08-27 | Ourstex Co., Ltd. | X-ray analysis |
US20030157005A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-08-21 | Jang-Lyul Kim | Thermoluminescent detector of lif containing mg,cu, na and si as dopants and its preparation |
Family Cites Families (7)
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DE2644435A1 (de) * | 1976-10-01 | 1978-04-06 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumfluorid-detektoren |
US4882780A (en) * | 1983-11-04 | 1989-11-21 | University Of Southern California | Scanning monochromator crystal and related method |
JPS6121183A (ja) * | 1984-07-09 | 1986-01-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 螢光体およびその製造法 |
US5220591A (en) * | 1989-10-19 | 1993-06-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Total reflection X-ray fluorescence apparatus |
JPH08178874A (ja) * | 1994-12-27 | 1996-07-12 | Hitachi Ltd | 表面分析装置 |
US5923720A (en) * | 1997-06-17 | 1999-07-13 | Molecular Metrology, Inc. | Angle dispersive x-ray spectrometer |
US7084403B2 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2006-08-01 | General Electric Company | Scintillator compositions, and related processes and articles of manufacture |
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2004
- 2004-01-22 FR FR0400595A patent/FR2865469B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-01-13 JP JP2006550250A patent/JP5198773B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-13 EP EP05717664.6A patent/EP1708965B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-01-13 WO PCT/FR2005/050018 patent/WO2005075716A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2005-01-13 US US10/586,282 patent/US7889842B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3248543A (en) * | 1963-04-18 | 1966-04-26 | Arthur H Pitchford | X-ray spectrographic apparatus having a pair of X-ray tubes with different emission properties |
US4121098A (en) * | 1977-01-28 | 1978-10-17 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften E.V. | Radiation analysis apparatus and method utilizing multi-channel pulse peak voltage discriminator |
US5622659A (en) * | 1995-01-03 | 1997-04-22 | Victoreen, Inc. | Method of preparing doped lithium fluoride thermoluminescent radiation detector |
US6442236B1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2002-08-27 | Ourstex Co., Ltd. | X-ray analysis |
US20030157005A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-08-21 | Jang-Lyul Kim | Thermoluminescent detector of lif containing mg,cu, na and si as dopants and its preparation |
Non-Patent Citations (7)
Title |
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BARSIS E ET AL: "IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF MGF2-DOPED LIF CRYSTALS" THE BRITISH CERAMIC PROCEEDINGS, STOKE-ON-TRENT, GB, vol. 9, 1967, pages 203-213, XP008035514 ISSN: 0268-4373 * |
KESSELI J ET AL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS: "AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A DOPED LITHIUM FLUORIDE DIRECT ABSORPTION SOLAR RECEIVER" MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE, THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, FUEL CELLS, BATTERYENERGY STORAGE - TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS, SPACE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. DENVER, JULY 31 - AUG. 5, 1988, PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERSOCIETY ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINE, vol. VOL. 2 CONF. 23, 31 juillet 1988 (1988-07-31), pages 179-185, XP000233036 * |
KHULUGROV, V. M. ET AL.: "Laser active F-aggregate colour centres in LiF monocrystals doped by divalent impurity cations" JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 11, 1999, pages 7005-7019, XP002329304 * |
LILLEY E ET AL: "PRECIPITATION IN LIF CRYSTALS DOPED WITH MGF2" JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHAPMAN AND HALL LTD, GB, vol. 2, no. 6, 1967, pages 567-582, XP008035513 ISSN: 0022-2461 * |
LILLEY E: "DEBYE-HUECKEL INTERACTIONS AND SOLUBILITY IN LIF DOPED WITH MGF2" REACTIVITY OF SOLIDS, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, 1972, pages 56-67, XP008035516 ISSN: 0168-7336 * |
MOERNER, W. E. ET AL: "Persistent spectral hole burning for R' color centers in lithium fluoride crystals: statics, dynamics, and external-field effects" PHYSICAL REVIEW B: CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS, vol. 33(8), 1986, pages 5702-5716, XP002329467 * |
MURALIDHARA RAO S: "THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF QUENCHED LIF SINGLE CRYSTALS" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM, 27 décembre 1970 (1970-12-27), pages 225-230, XP008035515 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006251690A (ja) * | 2005-03-14 | 2006-09-21 | Kanazawa Univ | イメージングプレート並びにそれを用いた放射線画像情報記録読取装置及び放射線画像情報読取方法 |
WO2021142463A1 (fr) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-07-15 | Ipg Photonics Corporation | Appareil à rayons x |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2007518662A (ja) | 2007-07-12 |
US20080044075A1 (en) | 2008-02-21 |
JP5198773B2 (ja) | 2013-05-15 |
US7889842B2 (en) | 2011-02-15 |
WO2005075716A3 (fr) | 2005-11-24 |
WO2005075716A8 (fr) | 2006-08-17 |
EP1708965B1 (fr) | 2018-08-15 |
EP1708965A2 (fr) | 2006-10-11 |
FR2865469B1 (fr) | 2007-10-12 |
FR2865469A1 (fr) | 2005-07-29 |
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