WO2005089072A2

WO2005089072A2 - Recording medium with physical access control (pac) cluster thereon and apparatus and methods for forming, recording, and reproducing the recording medium

Info

Publication number: WO2005089072A2
Application number: PCT/KR2005/000592
Authority: WO
Inventors: Yong Cheol Park
Original assignee: Lg Electronics Inc.
Priority date: 2004-03-19
Filing date: 2005-03-03
Publication date: 2005-09-29
Also published as: US7680022B2; KR20070006848A; BRPI0508987A; JP2008059748A; AU2004317315B2; AU2005222765A1; TW200532659A; CA2559575C; KR101057060B1; JP2007529841A; EP1730731B1; US20050207320A1; TWI352338B; CA2558895C; CA2559575A1; JP4611376B2; CA2558895A1; EP1726015B1; US7701809B2; JP4808702B2

Abstract

A recording medium, such as a high-density and/or optical recording medium including at least one physical access control (PAC) cluster recorded thereon, and apparatus and methods for recording to and reproducing from the recording medium, in order to improve data protection, data management and/or reproduction compatibility.

Description

RECORDING MEDIUM WITH PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROL (PAC) CLUSTER

THEREON AND APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR FORMING, RECORDING, AND REPRODUCING THE RECORDING MEDIUM

Technical Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to managing physical access control (PAC) and recording data,

media containing PAC and recording data (for example, high density optical discs, such as

Blu-ray Disc) and apparatus and methods for recording and/or reproducing data to and/or

from the media.

Discussion of the Related Art

Media, for example, optical discs may be used for recording a large quantity of data. Of the

optical discs available, a new high density optical media (HD-DND), for example, the Blu-

ray Disc (hereafter called as "BD") is under development, which enables increased recording

and/or storing of high definition video and/or audio data.

BD further includes a rewritable Blu-ray disc (BD-RE), Blu-ray disc writable once (BD-WO),

and Blu-ray disc read only (BD-ROM).

Currently, one problem with existing systems is the potential incompatibility between drives

of different versions, for example a drive of a previous version with a previous set of

capabilities may have difficulty interacting with a medium that has interacted with a drive including at least one capability from a subsequent set of capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Example embodiments of the present invention provide a PAC cluster on a medium, such as a

high density optical disc, and apparatus and methods for recording data to and reproducing

data from the medium using a PAC cluster.

Example embodiments of the present invention provide physical access control (PAC)

clusters recorded thereon, in order to improve data protection, improve data management,

improve reproduction compatibility, avoid destruction of data, and/or reduce unnecessary,

repetitive operations.

Example embodiments of the present invention provide a medium, such as a high density

optical disc, and apparatus and methods for managing a PAC cluster.

In an example embodiment, the present invention is directed to a recording medium including

at least one physical access control (PAC) zone including at least one physical access control

(PAC) cluster and at least one management area containing status information for managing

recording to and/or reproducing from the recording medium, for each of the at least one PAC

clusters, wherein the status information includes invalid status for each PAC cluster.

In an example embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of updating status

information in a recording medium, the status information being associated with at least one

physical access control (PAC) cluster in a PAC zone, the method including when a PAC cluster is updated, recording an updated PAC cluster to a next recordable cluster location

within the PAC zone and updating the status information by recording status information of

the PAC cluster as invalid and recording status information of the updated PAC cluster as

valid.

physical access control (PAC) cluster in a PAC zone, the method including if a PAC cluster

is found to be defective during recording or reproducing the PAC cluster, recording data of

the PAC cluster to a next recordable PAC cluster location within the PAC zone and updating

the status information by recording status information of the PAC cluster as invalid/defective,

and recording status information of the next recordable PAC cluster containing the data of the

PAC cluster as valid.

In an example embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of updating a

physical access control (PAC) cluster on a write-once recording medium, including recording

a PAC cluster in a PAC zone and updating the PAC cluster, wherein status information of a

previous version of the PAC cluster is marked as invalid and status information of an updated

version of the updated PAC cluster is marked as valid, wherein the updated version of the

PAC cluster is recorded to an another available cluster location in the PAC zone.

In an example embodiment, the present invention is directed to an apparatus for recording to

and/or reproducing from a recording medium including a driver for driving an optical recording device to record data on the recording medium or reproduce data from the

recording medium and a controller for controlling the driver to record or reproduce the data

based on at least one physical access control (PAC) zone including at least one physical

access control (PAC) cluster and at least one management area containing status information

for each of the at least one PAC clusters, wherein when a PAC cluster is updated, said

controller records an updated PAC cluster to a next recordable cluster location within the

PAC zone and updates the status information by recording status information of the

PAC cluster as invalid and recording status information of the updated PAC cluster as valid.

and/or reproducing from a recording medium including a driver for driving an optical

recording device to record data on the recording medium or reproduce data from the

for each of the at least one PAC clusters, wherein if a PAC cluster is found to be defective

during recording or reproducing the PAC cluster, said controller records data of the PAC

cluster to a next recordable PAC cluster location within the PAC zone, updates the status

information by recording status information of the PAC cluster as invalid/defective, and

records status information of the next recordable PAC cluster containing the data of the PAC

cluster as valid. In an example embodiment, the present invention is directed to an apparatus for recording to

and/or reproducing from a write-once recording medium including a driver for driving an

optical recording device to record data on the write-once recording medium or reproduce data

from the write-once recording medium and a controller for controlling the driver to record or

reproduce the data based on at least one physical access control (PAC) zone including at least

one physical access control (PAC) cluster and at least one management area containing status

information for each of the at least one PAC clusters, wherein said controller records a PAC

cluster in a PAC zone and updates the PAC cluster, said controller marks status information

of a previous version of the PAC cluster as invalid and marks status information of an

updated version of the updated PAC cluster as valid, and said controller records the updated

version of the PAC cluster to an another available cluster location in the PAC zone.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed

description of the present invention are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to

provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of

example embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this

application, illustrate example embodiment(s) of the invention where,

FIG. 1 illustrates an overall structure of a high density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an INFO2 zone and an INFO1 zone of a high density optical write-once disc

according to an example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a structure of a physical access control (PAC) being recorded on the high

density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of the PAC in a high density optical write-once disc according to

an example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a configuration of an "Unknown PAC Rules" field according to an example

embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates segment zones in a high density optical disc according to an example

embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a PAC zone in a high density optical write-once disc according to an

example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a TDDS structure in a high density optical write-one disc according to an

example embodiment of the present invention;

FIGs. 9A to 9C illustrate a method for recording a PAC zone and PAC status information in a

high density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of the present

invention;

FIGs. 10A and 10B illustrate an example of a PAC zone and PAC status information being

recorded in a high density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention;

FIGs. 11A to 11D illustrate a method for recording a PAC zone and PAC status information

according to another example embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a method for displaying PAC status information on a TDDS according to

an example embodiment of the present invention, when a recorded PAC is updated;

FIG. 13 illustrates a structure of a TDDS in a high density optical write-once disc according

to another example embodiment of the present invention;

FIGs. 14A and 14B illustrate a method for recording a PAC zone and PAC status information

in a high density optical write-once disc according to another example embodiment of the

present invention;

FIGs. 15A and 15B illustrate an example of a PAC zone and PAC status information being

recorded in a high density optical write-once disc according to another example embodiment

of the present invention; and

FIG. 16 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus for recording and reproducing in a high

density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to example embodiments of the present invention,

which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference

numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. In an example embodiment, in addition to its ordinary and customary meaning, the term

"physical access control (PAC)" may also include additional information being recorded on

the disc for managing/controlling data recording and reproduction for an entire disc or a

specific segment within a physical zone of the disc. The term "physical access control

(PAC)" may be referred to as "PAC", "PAC information", and/or "PAC control information"

for simplicity, h addition, a zone within the disc on which the PAC is recorded may be

referred to as a "PAC zone" and the PAC being recording in the PAC zone in cluster units

may be referred to as a "PAC cluster" for simplicity. Furthermore, a PAC according to

example embodiments of the present invention may include an "unknown rule", which may

restrict read/write of data for the entire disc or a specific segment, for a drive having a

specifically unknown PACJD and including a drive of a previous version (for example, a

"legacy" version"). A PAC having an "unknown rule" applied thereto may be referred to as

an "Unknown PAC". Similarly, a known specific PAC_ID recorded on the PAC may be

referred to as a "known rule" and "PAC specific information" that is applied to the PAC may

be referred to as a "Known PAC".

An example structure of a PAC recorded on a PAC zone will now be described in detail with

reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates an overall structure of a high

Referring to FIG. 1, the high density optical write-once disc may be partitioned, from an

inner circumference to an outer circumference, into a lead-in zone, a data zone, and a lead-out zone. The lead-in zone may further include a temporary disc management area (TDMA)

further including defect management and recording management zones of the optical disc.

For a high density optical write-once disc, the TDMA can physically record data on the disc

only once. Accordingly, in order to record defect management and recording management

information on the disc, which can be updated one or more times during the life of the disc,

additional TDMAs may be also be included in an inner spare area (ISA) or an outer spare

area (OSA) within the data zone. A TDMA may include a first physical sector number of a

defect list, a temporary disc definition structure (TDDS) containing information, such as the

location of the data zone, and/or a temporary defect list (TDFL).

The lead-in zone may further be partitioned into an INFO2 zone and an INFOl zone for

recording various kinds of information thereon. The INFO2 zone and/or the INFOl zone

may include PAC (Physical Access Control) zones. The PAC zone assigned to the INFO2

zone may be referred to as a PAC2 zone and the PAC zone assigned to the INFOl zone may

be referred to as a PAC1 zone. One of the PAC2 zone and the PAC1 zone may have an

original PAC recorded thereon and the other may act as a back-up zone for recording a copy

of the original PAC.

As described above, the PAC zone may controls read/write of data for the entire disc or a

specific segment and, therefore, may include an "unknown rule" for restricting the read/write

functions of a drive. The area of the disc being controlled by the "unknown rule" may

include a disc management area (DMA), a spare area, a user data area, and/or other relevant areas. More specifically, the user data area can be sectioned into segment areas defined on

the disc, to which the "unknown rule" may be applied. Segments are discussed in more detail

below.

An "unknown rule" may be used to ensure predictable operations of the disc, and may

include controls for operation, such as reads, writes, and/or other similar operations, for linear

replacement of a defective zone, logical overwrite of the high density optical write-once disc,

and/or other similar operations. An area may be provided on the disc where the "unknown

rule" is applicable, having segments for defining an entire disc, or a specific segment of the

disc. Therefore, by defining an area a previous version drive (or legacy drive) is able to

access by using the "unknown rule" of a PAC recorded in a PAC zone, a newer version of the

optical disc can resolve any problems that may occur, but cannot be identified in a previous

version, such as reducing unnecessary access operations of the previous version drive.

Moreover, by defining an accessible area on a physical area of the disc for the previous

version drive to access using a PAC, a data area having user data recorded thereon can be

protected more robustly and/or unauthorized access (for example, hacking) of the disc may be

prevented or reduced.

The INFO2 zone and the INFOl zone having the PAC2 zone and the PAC1 zone therein in

the high density optical write-one disc will now be described in detail. FIG. 2 illustrates an

INFO2 zone and an INFOl zone of the high density optical write-once disc according to an

example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 2, the INFO2 zone may include 256 clusters including 32 clusters of PAC2 zone, 32 clusters of DMA(Defect

Management Area) 2 for management of defects, 32 clusters of CD (Control Data) 2 zone

having control information recorded thereon, and/or 32 clusters of BZ (Buffer Zone) 3 of a

buffer zone. In addition, the INFOl zone may have 256 clusters including 32 clusters of BZ2,

32 clusters of DMA1, 32 clusters of CD1, 32 clusters of PAC1, and/or 128 clusters of drive

area.

A PAC zone according to an example embodiment of the present invention may be sectioned

to have 32 clusters in each of the INFO2 zone and the INFOl zone within the lead-in zone.

A PAC zone having a size of 32 clusters may be sectioned so that each PAC is the size of one

cluster. Further, the number of PACs each being the size of a single cluster may be selectable

up to a maximum (for example, a maximum of 32 clusters). An example structure in which

one PAC is recorded at the size of one cluster is described with reference to FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 illustrates a physical access control (PAC) recordable on a high density optical write-

once disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 3,

one PAC of one cluster size (32 frames or sectors) may include a header zone and/or a

specific information zone specific to a particular disc drive (for example, optical disc drive).

The PAC header zone may have 384 bytes allocated to a first frame of the PAC, for recording

various kinds of PAC information, such as information on an "unknown PAC rule" and

segments, and another area of the PAC zone may have information specific to the optical disc

drive, also referred to as a "known rule", recorded thereon. A more detailed structure of the above-mentioned example PAC having information recorded

thereon is described with reference to FIG. 4. A more detailed description of a field of the

PAC will follow with reference to a drawing illustrating the specific field corresponding to

the PAC. FIG. 4 illustrates a PAC in a high density optical write-once disc according to an

example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 4, the PAC may include a

header portion (up to 384 bytes of the first frame) and an area having specific information

specific to the drive recorded thereon. More specifically, the header portion may include 3

bytes of "PACJD", 1 byte of "PAC format", 4 bytes of "PAC Update Account", 4 bytes of

"Unknown PAC Rules", 1 byte of "Entire_Disc_Flags", 1 byte of "Number of Segments",

and/or 32 "segments (Segment_0 ~ Segment_31) each having 8 bytes.

The "PAC_ID" is a field that may include present PAC status and identification codes. For

example, when the "PACJD" is recorded as '00 00 00h', the "PAC_ID" may indicate that

the present PAC is not used. In case of a re-writable high density optical disc, when the

"PACJD" is recorded as 'FF FF FFh', the "PACJD" may act as a code indicating that the

present PAC zone has been previously used but is available for additional use (i.e., usable

once again). Moreover, by recording the "PACJD" in specific bits, such as '54 53 54h', a

"PACJD" can be used as a code for determining whether the present drive is capable of

and/or permitted to have free and/or complete access to the disc. In other words, if the

present drive is unable to acknowledge the "PACJD" applied as described above, then the

present drive is determined to be incapable of acknowledging the inputted "PACJD" for some reason, such as mismatched versions. Thus, the '54 53 54h' bits may be used as a code

requiring reference to information recorded on the "Unknown PAC Rules" field.

As described above, the "Unknown PAC Rules" field may be used as a field that designates

an operation range of the drive that cannot acknowledge the present PAC, a more detailed

description of which will follow with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates a configuration

of an "Unknown PAC Rules" field according to an example embodiment of the present

invention. Referring to FIG. 5, control of and/or access to various areas on the disc may

defined by an "Unknown PAC Rules" field, which may be expressed as 4 bytes (or 32 bits).

In this example, the "Area" column in Fig. 5 represents the controllable/acessible areas on the

disc, the "Number of bits" column represents the control bits, and the "Control type" column

represents control types, such as read/write and or other similar operations.

The controllable/accessible areas/zones of the "Unknown PAC Rules" field may include

controls, such as write control of the "TDMA (excluding Temporary Disc Definition

Structure (TDDS))", write control of the "Spare Areas" within the data zones, write and read

control of control data (CD) zones within the INFO zone, write and read control of a

"Segment Area" when a "User Data Area" or a segment area is defined in the data zone,

and/or write and read control of a "PAC cluster" within the INFO zone. By using fields, such

as those defined above, a controllable area within the disc for a drive having an unknown

PACJD can be designated using the "Unknown PAC Rules". Therefore, the "Unknown

PAC Rules" can be used for controlling access to the entire disc or a specific area within the physical zone of the disc, if there is a drive version mismatch or if the user wants to control

access.

Returning to Fig. 4, a "PAC Update Count" field may be used to indicate a number of

updates in the PAC (which may be initially set to '0'). The recorded number may be

increased by one each time the PAC is re-written. The "Entire Disc Flag" field, shown in

FIG. 4, may be used as a field applied to the entire area of the disc, regardless of the

allocation of the segment area for the unknown PAC and may indicate whether re¬

initialization is allowed. In case of a high density optical write-once disc, re-initialization

cannot be performed. In this case, the "Entire Disc Flag" field may be to indicate that the

PAC is applicable to an entire area of the disc, and the "Number of Segments" field is a field

representing a number of segment area the PAC is applicable to.

The "Number of Segments" field may indicate the number of segment areas being applied to

the PAC. The segment may include a maximum number (for example, 32) of segments that

can be allocated to one PAC. Information on the allocated segments may be written on fields

of "Segment J)" to "Segment_31", each which may include 8 bytes. The first physical sector

number (PSN) of the first cluster in the segment area of the first 4 bytes may be recorded on

each of the "Segment_0" field to the "Segment_31" field.

Segments are described in more detail with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates segment

zones in a high density optical disc according to an example embodiment of the present

invention. Referring to FIG. 6, there can be a maximum number (for example, 32) of segment areas in succession starting from "segment 0" if required on a high density optical

disc, for applying the PAC thereto. Up to the maximum number (for example, 32) of

segments can be allocated starting from "segment 0" in an ascending order for management

by one PAC, and even if there are a plurality of PACs, a total number of the segment areas

managed by the PACs should not exceed the maximum number (for example, 32).

In this example, by writing a starting location of the allocated segment area as the first PSN

of the first Cluster and the last location of the allocated segment area as the last PSN of the

last Cluster on the "Segment" fields, the optical disc drive can determine locations of the

segment areas. In this example, none of the plurality of segments allocated, and managed by

one PAC overlap with one another, and the starting and last locations are designated at

boundaries of clusters.

Thus, in example embodiments, the present invention may provide a plurality of PACs, to

manage a number (for example, 32) segment areas, which are described in more detail below.

FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of a PAC zone in a high density optical write-once disc

according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 7, a

plurality of "Valid PACs", each with one cluster size may be written on one PAC zone (a

PAC zone of INFO2 or INFOl) of 32-cluster size, as required. A valid PAC may be a zone

having various kinds of PAC information described above. A PAC that is not accessible by

an optical disc drive, for reasons such as recording update, defect, and/or similar conditions,

may be referred to as an "Invalid PAC". As described above, a valid PAC may include a preset PACJD, depending upon a version of

the optical disc drive on which the PAC is recorded and any unused PAC zones may remain

as a spare PAC. h case of a re-writable optical disc, 00 bits (PACJD = 00 00 OOh) may

occupy the spare PAC zone indicating that the zone has not been used, depending upon the

settings of the optical disc drive, or may remain as an unrecorded (or not used) zone.

However, in case of a high density optical write-once disc (BD-R), the information can only

be physically recorded once on the disc. Therefore, until the recording is completed or until

the disc is closed (where the user selects to no longer perform recording), the spare area may

remain unrecorded.

In a PAC zone having the above-described structure, searching for the location of a valid

PAC zone, or avoiding a zone no longer requiring recording (due to a previous recording and

an invalid PAC zone in order to quickly locate a next recordable zone) has an affect on the

recording speed of the disc (a plurality of retry processes may be required for reading a

defective zone). Accordingly, example embodiments of the present invention include a

method of recording various types of PAC-related status information, such as the location of

the plurality of valid PACs, location of the next recordable PAC, and/or other related

information, in a structure, such as a temporary disc definition structure (TDDS) until disc

closing is performed. When disc closing is performed, the most recent TDDS information

may be moved to a disc definition structure (DDS) of a separate disc management area

(DMA) within the optical disc. As described above, the TDDS may be a zone including information, such as a first physical

sector number in a defect list, location of a user data area, and/or other similar information.

More specifically, the information recorded in the TDDS of the disc may include a temporary

defect list (TDFL) and/or TDDS information. The information recorded in the TDDS may be

pre-scanned and pre-loaded upon the loading of the disc into the drive. Therefore, when

various types of status information, such as the locations of the plurality of valid PACs and

the next recordable PAC are recorded in the TDDS, the optical disc drive can easily acquire

information on the PAC zone without having the scan the entire PAC zone.

An example structure of a TDDS including various types of information related to the status

of the PAC zone will now be described. FIG. 8 illustrates a TDDS structure in a high density

optical write-one disc according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 8, the TDDS of the high density optical write-once disc may include a

"TDDS Identifier" field, a "TDDS Format" field, a "Location of LSN 0 of User Data Area"

field indicating the location of a logical sector number (LSN) 0 in the user data area, a "PAC

Status LO" field indicating the status information of the PAC, and/or a "PAC Status LI" field

indicating the PAC status information for a dual layer disc.

The "PAC Status LO" field may include a total of 16 bits and may be used as a PAC2 zone of

the INFO2 zone, as well as a field indicating the status of the PAC existing in the PAC1 zone

of the INFOl zone. If the disc is a dual layer disc, the "PAC Status LI" field may be to

indicate which layer of a dual layer disc the PAC is recorded on. Example methods for recording the PAC status information in a TDDS will now be described

in detail. FIGs. 9A to 9C illustrate a method for recording a PAC zone and PAC status

information in the high density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment

of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 9A, a maximum number (for example, 32) of PACs, each having the size

of one cluster, can be allocated in the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone having 32 clusters

allocated therein. The PAC recorded on the PAC2 zone may be the original PAC, and a copy

of the original PAC may be recorded in the PAC1 zone of the INFOl zone. The PAC1 zone

of the INFOl zone can also be the original PAC zone and the copy of the original can be

recorded in the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone.

As shown in FIG. 9B, a single "PAC Status LO" field may use a total of 128 bits (or 16 bytes)

to indicate the PAC status within the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone and the PAC1 zone of

the INFOl zone. In case of a dual layer disc, a total of 256 bits (or 32 bytes) may be used,

since a "PAC Status LI" field may further be included therein. Accordingly, 2 bits may be

used to represent information included in one PAC zone. For example, among the 64 bits

having the PAC2 status information on the PAC Status Bitmap, bits b63 and b62 may contain

the status information on PAC #1 (location 1) of the PAC2 zone, and bits b61 and b60 bits

may contain the status information on PAC #2 (location 2) of the PAC2 zone. Sequentially

allocated in a similar method, bits bl and bO bits may contain the status information on PAC

#32 (location 32) of the PAC2 zone. In other words, 2 bits may be allocated to a PAC, thereby indicating the PAC status of the PAC2 zone. Similarly, the status information on the

PAC1 zone may also be represented on the PAC Status Bitmap using the same method.

FIG. 9C illustrates the PAC status of a corresponding PAC zone represented by 2 bits.

Referring to the example of FIG. 9C, when the 2 bits indicating the PAC status are '00', the

corresponding PAC is not recorded. When the 2 bits are '01', the PAC is not used in a high

density optical write-once disc. In case of a high density optical re-writable disc, the '01 ' bits

can either be used as PACJD = 00 00 OOh indicating that the corresponding PAC has not

been recorded, or a PACJD = FF FF FFh indicating that the PAC has been previously used

but can be re-used. In addition, when the 2 bits are '10', either the corresponding PAC zone

is a defective zone or the bits are used to indicate that the corresponding PAC is an invalid

PAC. When the 2 bits are '11', the bits may be used to indicate that the corresponding PAC

is a valid PAC.

Accordingly, the next recordable PAC zone is the PAC zone indicated by '00', which

indicate the PAC status in the "PAC Status" field, and the location of the defective zone or

the invalid PAC becomes a PAC zone indicated by '10'. Further, the location of the valid

PAC is a PAC zone indicated by ' 11 ' . By using the above described method, the optical disc

drive can acquire information on the location of a valid PAC, the location of a defective zone

or an invalid PAC, the location of the next recordable PAC zone, among the PACs recorded

on the PAC2 zone and the PAC1 zone, through the "PAC Status" field of the 16 bytes (or 32

bytes when using the dual layer disc) inserted in the TDDS area. A more detailed description will follow below.

recorded in the high density optical write-once disc according to an example embodiment of

the present invention. Referring to FIG. 10A, the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone having the

original PAC recorded thereon may include a valid PAC, an invalid PAC, and an unrecorded

PAC zone. The copy of the original PAC recorded on the PAC2 zone may be recorded on

the PAC1 zone. At this point, an error may occur during the recording process, which may

be caused, for example, if the corresponding PAC zone is a defective zone. Therefore, when

an error occurs as described above, the corresponding PAC is recorded on the PAC zone

subsequent to the enOr-occurring PAC zone. The same rule applies to when an enor occurs

during the recording of the original PAC.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example PAC zone being recorded in a "PAC Status" field of a TDDS

indicating the PAC status information. More specifically, in the PAC2 zone of the INFO2

zone, PAC #1 (location 1) is a valid PAC and is recorded as '11 ' in the conesponding field of

the "PAC Status" field and PAC #2 (location 2) is an invalid PAC and is recorded as ' 10' in

the corresponding field. Being unrecorded, the rest of the zone is recorded as '00' on the

corresponding field, thereby indicating unrecorded status. Meanwhile, in the PAC1 zone of

the HSTFOl zone, because an error may have occurred during recording (for example, due to a

defect), PAC #1 (location 1) is identified as a defective zone and '10' is recorded on the

corresponding field of the "PAC Status" field, and a next PAC #2 (location 2) is a valid PAC and ' 11 ' is recorded on the conesponding field. A next PAC #3 (location 3) is an invalid

PAC and '10' is recorded on the corresponding field. The rest of the zone is unrecorded and

'00' is recorded on the corresponding field.

according to another example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 11 A,

the original PAC may be recorded on the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone, and the copy of the

original PAC may be recorded on the PAC1 zone. In the method according to another

example embodiment of the present invention, when an enor occurs on one side during

recording, the recording zone of the conesponding side is not used. The same rule may be

applied to enors detected during reading (or representation). More specifically, when an

enor occurs in a zone 1 (location 1) of the PAC1 zone having the copy of the original PAC

recorded thereon, the conesponding zone 1 (location 1) of the PAC2 zone is also unused.

Then, the PAC is re-written on the zone subsequent to zone 1.

Similarly, when an enor occurs in zone 3 (location 3) of the PAC2 zone having the original

PAC recorded thereon, the corresponding PAC is recorded on a zone subsequent to zone 3.

Accordingly, the conesponding zone 3 of the PAC1 zone is also unused, and the copy of the

original PAC is recorded on a zone subsequent to zone 3 of the PAC1 zone. When using the

above-described example method, the PACs being recorded on the PAC2 zone and the PAC1

zone, respectively, are identical and located in the same zone. Therefore, if an enor occurs

while the driver reads the PAC2 zone of the INFO2 zone, the driver can alternatively access and read the PAC located in the same zone in the PAC1 zone of the INFOl zone without

requiring any additional infonnation.

Moreover, when representing the status information of the PAC zone being recorded on the

TDDS, a PAC may be recorded on identical locations on the PAC2 zone and the PAC1 zone,

and so only the information of either one of the PAC2 and PAC1 zones can be indicated. A

more detailed description will follow with reference to FIG. 11B. Refening to FIG. 11B, 8

bytes may be used in the "PAC Status" field of the TDDS (or 16 bytes when using a dual

layer disc), and the indication of the status information of only one of the PAC2 zone and the

PAC1 zone is required. When the status information is indicated by using 2 bitmaps, as

described in the example embodiment shown in FIG. 9B, the 2 bitmaps may contain the same

information. The 2-bit information being recorded is shown in FIG. 11C, which is

represented by using the same example method described in FIG. 9C.

The PAC zone recorded as shown in FIG. 11 A may be recorded in the "PAC status" field, as

shown in FIG. 1 ID. More specifically, referring to FIG. 1 ID, in the PAC2 zone or the PAC1

zone, zone 1 (location 1) is an enor zone and '10' is recorded in the conesponding field, zone

2 (location 2) is a valid PAC and ' 11 ' is recorded in the conesponding field, zone 3 (location

3) is an error zone and '10' is recorded in the conesponding field, and zone 4 (location 4) is a

valid PAC and '11' is recorded in the conesponding field. The rest of the zone is unrecorded

and '00' is recorded on the conesponding field.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method for displaying PAC status information on a TDDS when the recorded PAC according to an example embodiment of the present invention is updated.

Referring to FIG. 12 and, more particularly, to part (a), a PAC may be recorded on the PAC2

zone of the INFO2 zone and the PAC1 zone of the INFOl zone, and the PAC status

information may be recorded in the "PAC Status" field of the TDDS. An example of a field

having a single valid PAC (PAC 1) is described. For a PAC recorded as described above, an

update of the recorded single valid PAC information may be required. In this example, when

the optical disc is a high density optical re-writable disc, the information can be re-written

using an overwriting method. However, in case of a high density optical write-once disc, an

overwriting method cannot be used.

Therefore, when using a Mgh density optical write-once disc, the updated valid PAC may be

recorded on a next zone subsequent to the PAC 1, as shown in part (b) of FIG. 12.

Eventually, the previously recorded PAC 1 become an invalid PAC, and the corresponding

status information is updated from '11', which initially indicated that PAC 1 was a valid PAC,

to '10'. Also, since the newly updated next valid PAC 1 is updated from an initially

unrecorded zone to a valid PAC, the PAC status is updated from '00' to ' 11 ' .

Further, as shown in part (c) of FIG. 12, when recording a next valid PAC 2, a copy of the

valid PAC 2 may be recorded in the PAC1 zone of the INFO 1 zone. At this point, an enor

may occur during the process of recording the valid PAC 2 in the PAC1 zone of the INFOl

zone. If an enor occurs, the valid PAC 2 may be recorded on a next recordable zone

subsequent to the enor zone. Accordingly, by recording the valid PAC 2, the PAC status information representing the PAC2 zone may be updated from '00', which initially indicated

that PAC 2 was an unrecorded zone, to '11'. Moreover, since an enor occuned during the

process of recording the valid PAC 2, the PAC status information representing the PAC1

zone may be updated from '00' to '10'. Further, because the valid PAC 2 is recorded on a

next recordable zone, the PAC status information is updated from '00' to ' 11 '.

Although not shown, when an enor occurs in a zone, which is initially a valid PAC at the

time of reading, the status infonnation may be updated from '11 ' to '10'. Furthermore, the

TDDS information may be continuously updated as required, within the TDMA, prior to disc

closing. Further, s mentioned previously, if the TDMA is insufficient, an additional TDMA

may be allocated.

FIG. 13 illustrates a TDDS in a high density optical write-once disc according to another

example embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 13, the TDDS of the high

density optical write-once disc may include a "TDDS Identifier" field, a "TDDS Format"

field, a "Location of LSN 0 of User Data Area" field indicating the location of a logical

sector number (LSN) 0 in the user data area, a "Last LSN of User Data Area" field indicating

the last logical sector number (LSN) in the user data area, a "PAC Clusters Defect Status"

field indicating an enor status of a PAC, and/or a "PAC Allocated Space" field indicating the

allocated status of the PAC zone. Further, in the TDDS having the above-described example

structure, the "PAC Clusters Defect Status" field and the "PAC Allocated Space" field may

be used to indicate various types of PAC status information, such as the location of a cluster having a defective cluster and a valid PAC allocated therein in the PAC zone.

A method for indicating PAC status information by using a "PAC Clusters Defect Status"

field and/or a "PAC Allocated Space" field will now be described in detail. FIGs. 14A and

14B illustrate a method for recording a PAC zone and PAC status information in the high

density optical write-once disc according to another example embodiment of the present

invention. Referring to FIG. 14A, a total number (for example, 32) of PACs can be recorded

in a single PAC zone. For each of the recorded PACs, in order to indicate the defects in the

PAC clusters, 32 bits may be used in the "PAC Clusters Defect Status" field, as shown in FIG.

14B. 64 bits may be required in order to also indicate the status of the PAC1 zone having the

copy of the original PAC recorded thereon, and 128 bits may be required for a dual layer disc.

More specifically, refening to FIG. 14B, a PAC defect status (PDS) N bit may be used to

indicate the defect status of a conesponding cluster. '0' may be used to indicate that the PAC

cluster N is not a defective area, and ' 1 ' may be used to indicate that PAC cluster N is a

defective area. PDS 31 bit and PDS 30 bit may be sequentially allocated to indicate the status

of PAC #1 zone and PAC #2 zone, respectively. 32 PDS bits may be provided to indicate a

possible defect status within the single PAC zone. In addition, 32 bits may be used in the

"PAC Allocated Space" field in order to indicate the allocated status of the PAC zone.

Similarly, 64 bits may be used in order to indicate the status of the PAC1 zone having a copy

of the original PAC recorded thereon and 128 bits may be needed for a dual layer disc.

The PAC status bit (PSB) N bit, shown in FIG. 14B, may be used to indicate the allocated status of the PAC zone. '0' may be used to indicate that the PAC cluster N is in a newly

allocatable status (e.g., the corresponding PAC is unused), and 'V may be used to indicate

that the PAC cluster N has already been used. As shown in the description of the PDS bit,

the PSB bits may be sequentially allocated from PAC #1 to PAC #30. PSB 31 bit may be

used to indicate the status of PAC #1 zone, PSB 30 may be used to indicate the status of PAC

#2 zone, and so on.

FIGs. 15A and 15B illustrate an example of a PAC zone and PAC status information

of the present invention. Refening to FIG. 15 A, PAC #1, PAC #2, and PAC #3 are allocated

in the TDDS. Referring to FIG. 15B, when the PAC #2 is a defective area, the PDS bit

indicating the PAC #2 zone in the bitmap of the "PAC Clusters Defect Status" field is

recorded as '1'. The PSB 31, PSB 30, and PSB 29 each indicating the PAC #1, PAC #2, and

PAC #3 zones, respectively, in the bitmap of the "PAC Allocated Space" field indicating the

allocation status are also recorded as '1'. Accordingly, through the above-described example

TDDS information, an optical disc driver can identify the PAC #4 zone as the next recordable

zone.

FIG. 16 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus for recording and/or reproducing in a high

Referring to FIG. 16, the optical recording/reproducing apparatus may include a

recording/reproducing device 10 for performing recording/reproduction to/from the optical disc, and a host, or controller 20 for controlling the recording/reproducing device 10. In an

example embodiment, the recording/reproducing device 10 may act as the "optical disc

drive" discussed above in conjunction with many example embodiments of the present

invention.

In an example embodiment, the host 20 gives a writing or reproduction instruction to write to

or reproduce from a particular area of the optical disc to the recording/reproducing device 10

and the recording/reproducing device 10 performs the recording/reproduction to/from the

particular area in response to the instruction from the host 20.

The recording/reproducing device 10 may further include an interface part 12 for performing

communication, such as exchange of data and instructions, with the host 20, a pickup part 11

for writing data to and/or reading data from the optical disc, a data processor 13 for receiving

a signal from the pickup part 11, and recovering a desired signal value or modulating a signal

to be written into a signal able to be written on the optical disc, a servo part 14 for controlling

the pickup part 11 to read a signal from the optical disc accurately, or write a signal on the

optical disc accurately, a memory 15 for temporary storage of various kinds of information

including management information and data, and a microcomputer 16 for controlling various

parts of the recording/reproducing device 10.

A method for recording a PAC on a high density optical write-once disc using the example

optical recording/reproducing apparatus will be described. Upon inserting the optical disc

into the optical recording/reproducing apparatus, management information may be read from the optical disc and stored in the memory 15 of the recording/reproducing device 10, for use

at the time of recording/reproduction of the optical disc. In this state, if the user desires to

write on a particular area of the optical disc, the host 20, taking this as a writing instruction,

provides information on a desired writing location to the recording/reproducing device 10,

together with a data to be written.

The microcomputer 16 in the recording/reproducing device 10 may then receive the writing

instruction, determine if the area of the optical disc the host 20 desires to write is a defective

area or not from the management information stored in the memory 15, and perform data

writing according to the writing instruction from the host 20 on an area which is not the

defective area. If it is determined that writing on an entire disc or on a particular area of the

disc includes new features which a previous version of the recording/reproducing device is

not provided with, leading the previous version of the recording/reproducing device to fail to

sense, or if it is intended to restrict functions, such as writing or reproducing to/from a

particular area of the disc according to restriction set by the user, the microcomputer 16 of the

recording/reproducing device 10 may write control information of the area in the PAC zone

on the disc as an "Unknown PAC rule". The microcomputer 16 of the recording/reproducing

device 10 may also write PAC information, such as the PACJD for a written state, and

segment information which is control information on the particular area of the disc.

The PAC information may be written as a plurality of valid PACs on the PAC2 zone of the

INFO2 zone at a one cluster size and a copy of the valid PACs recorded on the PAC2 zone may be recorded on the PAC1 zone of the INFOl zone as a backup. In this example, the

microcomputer 16 may provide location information on the area the data is written thereon,

or the PAC zone, and the data to the servo 14 and the data processor 13, so that the writing is

finished at a desired location on the optical disc via the pickup part 11.

A method for recording/reproducing a high density optical disc having a PAC written thereon

in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention will be described. Upon

inserting an optical disc into the optical recording/reproducing apparatus, management

information may be read from the optical disc and stored in the memory 15 of the recording

and reproducing device 10, for use at the time of recording and reproduction of the optical

disc. The information in the memory 15 may include location infonnation on various zones

in the PAC zone on the disc. Then, a PACJD of the PAC in the PAC zone may be identified,

for determining if the PACJD is an identifiable PACJD.

If the PACJD is identifiable, the method determines that a recording and reproducing device

having written the data on the disc has a version identical to a version of the present

recording and reproducing device or there are no separate writing/reproduction restrictions,

and the recording/reproduction is performed according to the instruction from the host 20.

If the PACJD is not identifiable, the method determines that the recording and reproducing

device having written the data on the disc has a version different from the version of the

present recording and reproducing device, and the recording/reproduction is preformed

according to the instruction from the host with reference to recording/reproduction restriction areas on the disc including the "Unknown PAC rule". Accordingly, the microcomputer 16

provides the location information and data according to the instruction from the host to the

servo 14 and the data-processor 13, so that the recording/reproduction is finished at a desired

location on the optical disc through the pickup part 11.

As described above, the methods and apparatus for recording and reproducing in a high

density optical write-once disc according to example embodiments of the present invention

may have one or more of the following advantages.

First, the definition of an accessible area of a disc of a different version drive by using PACs

may permit more robust protection of a data area having user data recorded thereon, for

example, to prevent or reduce unauthorized access (for example, hacking).

Second, a plurality of valid PACs may be allocated on the disc and information indicating

PAC status information may be recorded in a TDDS, thereby managing the PAC within the

high density optical disc.

Third, apparatus and method for recording/reproducing data using PACs may permit more

effective data recording/reproduction on a high density optical disc.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be

made to the example embodiments of the present invention described above without

departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present

invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within

the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A recording medium, comprising: at least one physical access control (PAC) zone including at least one physical access

control (PAC) cluster; and

at least one management area containing status information for managing recording to and/or

reproducing from the recording medium, for each of the at least one PAC clusters,

wherein the status information includes invalid status for each PAC cluster.

2. The recording medium of claim 1, wherein the invalid status indicates a PAC cluster is no

longer valid due to updating data of the PAC cluster.

3. The recording medium of claim 1, the status information further including defective status

for each PAC cluster.

4. The recording medium of claim 1, the status information further including valid status for

each PAC cluster.

5. The recording medium of claim 1, wherein the recording medium is a write once

recording medium and the at least one management area is a temporary disk definition structure (TDDS)

6. The recording medium of claim 5, wherein the status information for a PAC cluster may

be updated in the TDDS.

7. The recording medium of claim 6, wherein when the PAC cluster is identified as defective,

the PAC cluster is indicated as a defective status and skipped, and a next available PAC

cluster is recorded with a valid status.

8. The recording medium of claim 6, wherein when the PAC cluster is updated, the PAC

cluster is indicated as an invalid status and a new updated PAC cluster is recorded at a next

available PAC cluster location with a valid status.

9. The recording medium of claim 5, wherein the status information for a PAC cluster may

be updated in the TDDS, if the PAC cluster is invalid.

10. The recording medium of claim 9, wherein when the PAC cluster is invalid, the invalid

PAC cluster is skipped and a next PAC cluster is recorded at a next available PAC cluster

location.

11. The recording medium of claim 5, wherein the status information for a previously valid

PAC cluster may be revoked, if the previously valid PAC cluster has become invalid,

defective, or been updated.

12. The recording medium of claim 1, wherein the status information includes defect status

information and/or allocation status information.

13. The recording medium of claim 12, wherein the defect status information indicates

whether each PAC cluster is defective.

14. The recording medium of claim 12, wherein the defect status information indicates

whether each PAC cluster is non-defective.

15. The recording medium of claim 12, wherein the allocation status information indicates

whether each PAC cluster is allocated.

16. The recording medium of claim 12, wherein the allocation status information indicates

whether each PAC cluster is newly allocatable.

17. The recording medium of claim 1, wherein the status information includes at least one bit.

18. The recording medium of claim 1, wherein the status information includes a PAC status

bit map.

19. The recording medium of claim 18, wherein the PAC status bit map indicates at least

validity of each PAC cluster.

20. The recording medium of claim 19, wherein the PAC status bit map indicates whether

each PAC cluster is unrecorded, usable or reusable, defective, or valid.

21. A method of updating status information in a recording medium, the status

information being associated with at least one physical access control (PAC) cluster in a PAC

zone, the method comprising: when a PAC cluster is updated, recording an updated PAC cluster to a next recordable

cluster location within the PAC zone; and updating the status information by recording status information of the PAC cluster as

invalid and recording status information of the updated PAC cluster as valid.

22. A method of updating status information in a recording medium, the status

information being associated with at least one physical access control (PAC) cluster in a PAC zone, the method comprising:

if a PAC cluster is found to be defective during recording or reproducing the PAC cluster,

recording data of the PAC cluster to a next recordable PAC cluster location within the PAC

zone; and

updating the status information by recording status information of the PAC cluster as

invalid/defective, and recording status infonnation of the next recordable PAC cluster

containing the data of the PAC cluster as valid.

23. A method of updating a physical access control (PAC) cluster on a write-once recording

medium, comprising:

recording a PAC cluster in a PAC zone; and

updating the PAC cluster, wherein status information of a previous version of the PAC

cluster is marked as invalid and status information of an updated version of the updated PAC

cluster is marked as valid, wherein the updated version of the PAC cluster is recorded to an

another available cluster location in the PAC zone.

24. An apparatus for recording to and/or reproducing from a recording medium, comprising: a driver for driving an optical recording device to record data on the recording

medium or reproduce data from the recording medium; and

a controller for controlling the driver to record or reproduce the data based on at least one physical access control (PAC) zone including at least one physical access control (PAC)

cluster and at least one management area containing status information for each of the at least

one PAC clusters, wherein when a PAC cluster is updated, said controller records an updated

PAC cluster to a next recordable cluster location within the PAC zone and updates the status

information by recording status information of the PAC cluster as invalid and recording

status information of the updated PAC cluster as valid.

25. An apparatus for recording to and/or reproducing from a recording medium, comprising: a driver for driving an optical recording device to record data on the recording

medium or reproduce data from the recording medium; and

a controller for controlling the driver to record or reproduce the data based on at least one

physical access control (PAC) zone including at least one physical access control (PAC)

cluster and at least one management area containing status infonnation for each of the at least

one PAC clusters, wherein if a PAC cluster is found to be defective during recording or

reproducing the PAC cluster, said controller records data of the PAC cluster to a next

recordable PAC cluster location within the PAC zone, updates the status information by

recording status information of the PAC cluster as invalid/defective, and records status

information of the next recordable PAC cluster containing the data of the PAC cluster as

valid.

26. An apparatus for recording to and/or reproducing from a write-once recording medium,

comprising: a driver for driving an optical recording device to record data on the write-once

recording medium or reproduce data from the write-once recording medium; and

one PAC clusters, wherein said controller records a PAC cluster in a PAC zone and updates

the PAC cluster, said controller marks status information of a previous version of the PAC

cluster as invalid and marks status information of an updated version of the updated PAC

cluster as valid, and said controller records the updated version of the PAC cluster to an

another available cluster location in the PAC zone.