WO2006019997A9 - Method and system for conducting contactless payment card transactions - Google Patents

Method and system for conducting contactless payment card transactions

Info

Publication number
WO2006019997A9
WO2006019997A9 PCT/US2005/025119 US2005025119W WO2006019997A9 WO 2006019997 A9 WO2006019997 A9 WO 2006019997A9 US 2005025119 W US2005025119 W US 2005025119W WO 2006019997 A9 WO2006019997 A9 WO 2006019997A9
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
picc
pcd
reader
card
paypass
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2005/025119
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2006019997A2 (en
WO2006019997A3 (en
Inventor
Patrik Smets
De Velde Eddy Lodewijk Hor Van
Duncan Garrett
Original Assignee
Mastercard International Inc
Patrik Smets
De Velde Eddy Lodewijk Hor Van
Duncan Garrett
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mastercard International Inc, Patrik Smets, De Velde Eddy Lodewijk Hor Van, Duncan Garrett filed Critical Mastercard International Inc
Priority to JP2007521665A priority Critical patent/JP2008507044A/en
Priority to CA002573814A priority patent/CA2573814A1/en
Priority to AU2005275058A priority patent/AU2005275058A1/en
Priority to EP05772281A priority patent/EP2113104A2/en
Priority to BRPI0513357-2A priority patent/BRPI0513357A/en
Priority to MX2007000541A priority patent/MX2007000541A/en
Publication of WO2006019997A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006019997A2/en
Publication of WO2006019997A9 publication Critical patent/WO2006019997A9/en
Priority to IL180696A priority patent/IL180696A0/en
Publication of WO2006019997A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006019997A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K5/00—Methods or arrangements for verifying the correctness of markings on a record carrier; Column detection devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/28—Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
    • G01R31/302—Contactless testing
    • G01R31/308—Contactless testing using non-ionising electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/28—Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
    • G01R31/302—Contactless testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0095—Testing the sensing arrangement, e.g. testing if a magnetic card reader, bar code reader, RFID interrogator or smart card reader functions properly
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/08—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by means detecting the change of an electrostatic or magnetic field, e.g. by detecting change of capacitance between electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10316—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves using at least one antenna particularly designed for interrogating the wireless record carriers
    • G06K7/10336—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves using at least one antenna particularly designed for interrogating the wireless record carriers the antenna being of the near field type, inductive coil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10366—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications
    • G06K7/10465—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications the interrogation device being capable of self-diagnosis, e.g. in addition to or as part of the actual interrogation process
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
    • G06Q20/327—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
    • G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/0806—Details of the card
    • G07F7/0833—Card having specific functional components
    • G07F7/084—Additional components relating to data transfer and storing, e.g. error detection, self-diagnosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
    • G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system

Definitions

  • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are small integrated circuits (ICs) connected to an antenna, which can respond to an interrogating RF signal with simple identifying information, or with more complex signals depending on the size of the IC. RFID technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is now economically viable and is deployed in more and more commercial and industrial applications. For example, RFDD technology is now widely used for tags on items in warehouses, shops, ID or access cards, etc. In addition, RFID technology has been introduced in the payment card industry (e.g., by MasterCard, American Express and Visa) in the form of "contactless" payment or credit cards embedded with RFID tags. These contactless payment cards can be used to make electronic payment transactions via radio communication with an RFID-enabled payment terminal. The contactless payment cards can provide consumers with simple, fast and convenient ways to pay for goods and services, for example, in retail establishments, stores or supermarkets.
  • RFID Radio Frequency Identification
  • the basic components of a contactless system are the contactless reader (or Proximity Coupling Device (PCD)) and a transponder.
  • the contactless reader is an antenna connected to an electronic circuit.
  • a transponder consists of an inductive antenna and an integrated circuit connected to the ends of this antenna.
  • the combination reader-transponder behaves as a transformer.
  • An alternating current passes through a primary coil (reader antenna) that creates an electromagnetic field, which induces a current in the secondary coil (transponder antenna).
  • the transponder converts the electromagnetic field (or RF field) transmitted by the contactless reader (PCD) into a DC voltage by means of a diode rectifier. This DC voltage powers up the transponder's internal circuits.
  • the configuration and tuning of both antennas determines the coupling efficiency from one device to the other.
  • the transponders may be the contactless payment cards.
  • the contactless payment cards must be interoperable at all or most RFID-enabled payment terminals, even when the cards and terminals have technological features that are proprietary to specific card providers/issuers, vendors or terminal manufacturers. Industry-wide interoperability is desirable.
  • industry standards organizations and groups e.g., International Organization for Standards (ISO) and International Electro Technical Committee (IEC) have formulated voluntary industry standards for implementation of contactless payment technologies.
  • ISO/EEC International Organization for Standards
  • ISO/IEC 14443 International Electro Technical Committee
  • ISO/IEC 15693 Three such exemplary standards which have been defined by ISO/EEC are the ISO/IEC 10536, ISO/IEC 14443, and ISO/IEC 15693 standards applicable to Close Coupling, Proximity and Vicinity cards, respectively.
  • the ISO/IEC 14443 proximity card standards (ISO 14443) have been used for several contactless card deployments worldwide.
  • the targeted range of operations for ISO 14443 proximity cards is up to 10 cms, although this range varies depending on power requirements, memory size, CPU, and co-processor.
  • the ISO 14443 standards document has four distinct parts: • Part 1 : Physical Characteristics, defines the physical dimensions for a
  • the card is the ID-I size (85.6 mm x 54.0 mm x .76 mm). This is the same size as a bank credit card.
  • Part 2 Radio Frequency Power and Signal Interface
  • Part 3 Initialization and Anticollision. Initialization describes the requirements for proximity coupling device (PCD) (i.e., the reader) and the card to establish communication when the card is brought into the reader's radio frequency (RF) field. Anticollision defines what happens when multiple cards enter the magnetic field at the same time, identifying how the system determines which card to use in the transaction and ensuring that all cards presented are inventoried and processed.
  • PCD proximity coupling device
  • RF radio frequency
  • a set of "reference” cards i.e., Reference PICC
  • Reference PICC which represent the characteristics of contactless cards
  • the Reference PICC is used to test the magnetic field produced or transmitted by a PCD, and to test the ability of the PCD to power a PICC.
  • a "reference” reader i.e., a Test or Reference PCD
  • the Reference PCD is used to test the load modulation that is generated by cards during testing.
  • FIG. Ib shows the functional tests conducted on a product reader under ISO 10373-6 for testing the power and data links between cards and readers. While the separate card and reader compliance test procedures under
  • ISO 10373-6 may ensure that deployed product devices individually have characteristics that fall in either the designated specification range for cards or readers, the procedures do not ensure interoperability in the field. Cards and/or readers verified as compliant may be only marginally so (e.g., by having a characteristic value at the end or edge of a designated specification range). This manner of standards compliance can lead to operational failure in the field. For example, a marginally compliant card may be unreadable or difficult to read using a card reader that is also only marginally compliant.
  • the electronic payment devices include RFED-embedded cards issued to consumers and proximity coupling devices such as RFID-enabled readers deployed by merchants.
  • the methods and systems involve use of a reference card and a reference reader to establish acceptable specifications for issued cards and deployed readers, respectively.
  • the reference card and reference reader are cross-calibrated to link the operational specifications for the cards and the readers.
  • a suitable selection of overlapping specification ranges or tolerances for proper card and reader functions then enhances the interoperability of the issued cards with a deployed reader, and also the interoperability of deployed readers with an issued card.
  • FIG. 1 a is a block diagram which schematically illustrates the use of a Reference PICC for testing the properties of a product contactless payment card reader and the use of a Reference PCD for testing the properties of a product contactless payment card, as prescribed by the ISO 10373-6 Standard.
  • Fl G. Ib is a schematic illustration of a set of functional tests conducted on a product reader under conventional procedures for testing power and data links between cards and readers according to ISO 10373-6.
  • FIG. 2a is a block diagram, which schematically illustrates the step of cross calibrating of a Reference PICC with a Reference PCD in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • the cross-calibrated Reference PICC and PCD devices are then used for testing the functional properties and specifications of a product contactless payment card and reader, respectively.
  • FlG. 2b is a schematic illustration of the functional tests conducted on a product reader for testing the power and data links between contactless proximity cards and readers in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a range of behaviors of diverse cards simulated by a reference card and as measured or observed by a reference reader, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a complaint card whose behavior lies in the range of behaviors observed in FIG. 3 in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a reference card as measured on a reference reader, relative to the behaviors shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a compliant card of FIG. 4 as measured on a calibrated reference reader, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the overlapping specifications derived form cross calibrated reference devices, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • the present invention is described in the context of implementations of electronic payment systems in which the contactless payment device specifications are intended to conform to a common industry standard such as the ISO 14443 Standard, which further specifies standardized test methods (i.e., ISO 10373 - 6 Test Methods, Proximity Cards) for verification of the specification of individual contactless payment devices.
  • a common industry standard such as the ISO 14443 Standard
  • standardized test methods i.e., ISO 10373 - 6 Test Methods, Proximity Cards
  • MasterCard International Incorporated (“MasterCard”) has developed proprietary specifications MasterCard PayPassTM ISO/IEC 14443 Implementation Specification (“PayPass”) for implementation of proximity payment card technologies.
  • the PayPass implementation is consistent with the ISO 14443 Standard and provides a convenient example illustrating the principles of the present invention. It will be understood that the selection of the PayPass implementation for purposes of illustration is only exemplary, and that the principles of the present invention can be more generally applied to electronic payment devices and systems that operate under other common industry or proprietary standards.
  • the present invention provides a method and a system for enhancing the interoperability of contactless payment devices (i.e., product cards issued to consumers and product readers deployed by merchants), which may be used to conduct electronic payment transactions in the field.
  • the system and method ensure that individual product cards and readers operate or function in tighter specification ranges than they are permitted to operate under the ISO 14443 standard.
  • the system and method involve cross-calibrating the reference devices (i.e., the Reference PICC and Reference PCD devices) which are used to test specification compliance of individual product readers and cards under the ISO 14443 and ISO 10373-6 standards. (See FIG. 2a).
  • the Reference PCD is used to establish a range of observed functional behaviors or parameters ("nominal card range") of the Reference PICC.
  • FIG. 2b schematically shows the functional tests conducted under the
  • the cross-calibration of the Reference PICC and Reference PCD establishes a relation between the two standard devices, and links the specifications for individual product cards with the specifications for product readers. This avoids interoperability failures that may arise under conventional unconnected or separate testing of card and reader specifications, for example, when the cards and readers lie at the extreme edges of their respective specification ranges that are allowed under the ISO 14443 standard.
  • the system and method (which are both collectively referred to as the "PayPass implementation” herein) are based on a mathematical algorithm which ensures interoperability of product payment devices upon the suitable selection or specification of device parameters.
  • a PayPass - Reference PICC is used to generate a range of behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)] in a function f of variable x.
  • the function f may, for example, be a magnetic field response as a function of distance. This range of behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)] is observed on a PayPass - Reference PCD. See FIG. 3.
  • the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product card (i.e. PICC C) must display a behavior fc(x) that falls within the range of established card behaviors [£2(x), f3(x)] to be "compliant".
  • the behavior fc(x) is observed on the PayPass - Reference PCD. See FIG. 4.
  • the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product reader (i.e. PCD R) must function correctly with the PayPass - Reference PICC exhibiting a range of card behaviors [fl(x), f4(x)] as observed on the PayPass - Reference PCD to be "compliant".
  • PCD R a product reader
  • the range of card behaviors [fl (x), f4 (x)] must include the range of card behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)], i.e.
  • the PayPass - Reference PCD is used to generate a range of reader behaviors [g2(y), g3(y)] for function g of a variable y as observed on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a "compliant" reader PCD R should display a behavior gc(y) that falls within the established range [g2(y), g3(y)], where the behavior gc(y) is measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product card (i.e.
  • the behavior gc(x) of the particular reader (PCD R) under consideration is necessarily within the operating range [gl (x), g4 (x)] of the card (PICC C). Accordingly, the card (PICC C) is expected to operate properly with the reader (PCD R).
  • the value of the power level PC (d) measured on the Pay Pass - Reference PICC is required or specified to fall within a range of power levels Rt x .p ower -
  • the PayPass - Reference PCD is configured to generate different power levels which vary over a range R R ⁇ , Po w e r-
  • the power levels generated by the PayPass - Reference PCD are calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC, i.e., the range R R ⁇ , P ower is a value measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the output of a signal generator or power source (e.g. a voltage source) feeding the PayPass - Reference PCD may be increased or decreased until suitable power levels R R ⁇ , p0 were reached as observed on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the mathematical requirement e.g. a voltage source
  • the algorithm described above in 1fif [0026] -[0033] leads to a system and method for ensuring or enhancing power, data transfer, and other functional interoperability of product contactless payment devices.
  • This system and method may, for example, involve:
  • the PayPass - Reference PICC is first calibrated with respect to the Reference PCD to determine the levels and characteristics of the different signals generated by the Reference PICC, and
  • the interface includes both power and bi-directional communication between a PICC and a PCD.
  • a device which can be a PCD or a PICC, is either transmitting or receiving.
  • a PCD transmits power and data to a PICC and receives data from this PICC.
  • a PICC receives power as well as data from a PCD and can transmit data to the PCD.
  • Table 2.1 The different configurations for transmitting and receiving for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Table 2.1.
  • the requirements related to transmission are such that the value of a transmission parameter must fall within a well defined range R tx for this parameter.
  • the requirements on reception are such that the receiver must properly work with the value of different parameter varying over a range Rj x relevant for each parameter.
  • the ranges for corresponding transmission and reception parameters are defined so that the range R 1x is contained within Ri x (sometimes denoted as R 1x c R 1x ).
  • Whether a device meets the transmission requirements is measured by means of the receiver of the appropriate PayPass reference equipment.
  • E.g. whether the transmitter of a PCD meets the requirements is measured by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the quality of the transmitter of a PICC is measured on the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • a PCD must provide a certain level of power to a PICC,
  • the power delivered by the PCD is measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the value of the power level measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC must fall within range R ⁇ ower-
  • Whether a device meets the reception requirements is measured by having the transmitter of the appropriate PayPass reference equipment create a range of values for a number of parameters.
  • E.g. whether the receiver of a PCD meets the requirements is measured by having the PayPass - Reference PICC sending out different levels of load modulation.
  • the quality of the receiver of a PICC is verified by having the PayPass - Reference PCD sending out different levels of modulation.
  • the receiver of the matching PayPass reference equipment is used.
  • the load modulation level of the PayPass - Reference PICC is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • the modulation level of the PayPass - Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • a PICC must work with a certain power level provided by a PCD.
  • the PayPass - Reference PCD generates different power levels, varying over a range R ⁇ ,p 0W ⁇ r-
  • the power level of the PayPass - Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC. This means that R rx,P o we r ⁇ s a value measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC and that the power level of the signal generator feeding the PayPass - Reference PCD is increased/decreased until the correct (voltage) level is reached on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the power and data transmission characteristics of a PCD can be tested in isolation as the PCD is a master device. Testing the characteristics of a PICC cannot be done in isolation, as a PICC is a slave device, requiring stimulation from a PCD. For testing the transmission characteristics, the PICC will receive commands from the PayPass - Reference PCD. Signal parameters will have an 'average* value within the range R 1x allowed, thus maximizing the probability of a response from the PICC.
  • checking the data reception characteristics depends on some kind of acknowledgement of the device that the data was well received.
  • the verbiage "function properly" will be used for a PCD sending the next command, following a response created by the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the verbiage "function properly” is also used for a PICC sending a response to a command generated by the PayPass — Reference PCD
  • This section specifies the requirements for the power transfer from PCD to PICC through the electromagnetic field created by the PCD.
  • PCD requirement for the power transfer from PCD to PICC.
  • the PCD creates an energizing RF field (the Operating Field) that enables the PICC to power up.
  • Table 2.2 describes the measurement procedure for the power transfer from PCD to PICC.
  • Step 1 Regulate the PCD in such a way that it emits the carrier without any modulation. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTAJ.
  • Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1.
  • Step 3 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 4 Measure the voltage Vov (DC) at Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the PCD shall generate a DC voltage Vov at Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC- Refer to Annex A for the value of Vov.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 3 Regulate the signal generator V of the PayPass ⁇ Reference PCD in such a way that it generates a voltage of V O V,MIN at the output Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC (refer to Annex A.2 and use for VOV,MIN the minimum value of Vov for the PICC). Remove the PayPass - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • Step 4 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
  • Step 5 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC responds, then the PICC functions properly at minimum power level. Remove the PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference POCK
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 7 Regulate the signal generator V of the PayPass - Reference PCD in such a way that it generates a voltage of V O V,MAX (refer to section A.2 and use for V OV ,MAX the maximum value of Vov for the PICC) at the output Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC. Remove the PayPass - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • Step 8 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
  • Step 9 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC responds, then the PICC functions properly at maximum power level.
  • the PICC Due to the electromagnetic coupling (i.e. mutual inductance) between the PICC and PCD antennas, the PICC changes the Operating Field created by the PCD when brought into the Operating Volume. The magnetic field strength within the Operating Volume will decrease due to the extra load caused by the PICC. This section lists the PICC requirement limiting the maximum load a PICC is allowed to have.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PqyPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
  • Step 2 Measure V O V,FREE A IR (peak to peak) at J2 of the Pay P ass - Reference PCD.
  • Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and measure
  • V 0V1P i CC peak to peak at J2 of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • a PICC When placed in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, a PICC shall cause a voltage drop ⁇ V at J2 of the PayPass - Reference PCD not greater than ⁇ VOV,MAX- ⁇ VOV is defined as VQV.FREEAIR - Vov,picc- VOV.FREE AIR is the voltage (peak to peak) measured at J2 when there is no PICC in the Operating Volume. V O v.picc is the voltage (peak to peak) measured at J2 after bringing the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD. Refer to Annex A for the value of ⁇ VOV,HAX-
  • This section specifies the PCD requirement for the frequency of the Operating Field (i.e. the carrier frequency f c ) created by the PCD.
  • Table 2.5 describes how to measure f c .
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1. '
  • Step 2 Regulate the PCD in such a way that it emits the carrier without any modulation.
  • Step 3 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 4 Capture the signal at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC.
  • the frequency of the Operating Field (carrier frequency) provided by the PCD shall be f c ⁇ ⁇ f c .
  • the frequency of the Operating Field (carrier frequency) provided by the PCD shall be f c ⁇ ⁇ f c .
  • Annex A for the values of f e and ⁇ f c .
  • the section specifies the requirement that the PICC must function properly with a carrier frequency f c ⁇ f c .
  • Table 2.6 describes how to verify if a PICC functions properly with a carrier frequency f c ⁇ f c .
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1 , but adjust the carrier frequency of the PayPass - Reference PCD to f c - ⁇ f c .
  • Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
  • Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
  • Step 4 Repeat Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3 but adjust the carrier frequency of the PayPass - Reference PCD to fc+ ⁇ fc
  • This section specifies the modulation methods used by Type A and Type B for the communication PCD to PICC. It deals with:
  • the ISO/IEC 14443 standard defines two possible modulation types, called Type A and Type B.
  • Type A and Type B use Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
  • ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
  • the amplitude of the carrier is switched between Hi and H 2 , creating a "lower level" when the field is at value H 2 .
  • the requirements of the "lower level" as well as of the envelope of the carrier for the two modulation types of ISO/IEC 14443 are defined below.
  • Type A communication from PCD to PICC uses the modulation principle of ASK 100%.
  • the carrier is turned on and off, creating a "lower level” when turned off. In practice, it will result in a modulation index of 95% or higher.
  • the "lower level” for Type A modulation is referred to as "pause” by [ISO/IEC 14443-2], Table 2.7 describes how to measure the Type A modulation characteristics of a PCD.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1.
  • Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 3 Request the PCD to send a WUPA command. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTA].
  • Step 4 Capture the WUPA signal sent by the PCD at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC and analyze the modulation characteristics.
  • V represents the envelope of the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC, placed in the Operating Volume of the PCD. Vi is the initial value measured immediately before any modulation is applied by the PCD.
  • V 2 , V 3 and V 4 are defined as follows:
  • the PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC has the following characteristics (see also Figure 2.1):
  • V shall decrease from V
  • V shall remain less than V 2 for a time t ⁇ .
  • V shall increase monotonically to V 4 or more in a time t_.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
  • Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al.
  • Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
  • Step 4 Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of modulation characteristics defined in Table B.11.
  • Type B communication from PCD to PICC uses the modulation principle of ASK 10%.
  • the amplitude of the carrier is reduced to create a "lower level” with a modulation index mj.
  • the requirements on the "lower level” as well as on the envelope of the carrier are defined below.
  • Table 2,9 describes how to measure the Type B modulation characteristics of a PCD.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex _______ B.6.1.
  • Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • the modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
  • Step 3 Request the PCD to send a WTJPB command. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTA].
  • Step 4 Capture the WUPB signal sent by the PCD at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC and analyze the modulation characteristics.
  • V represents the envelope of the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC, placed in the Operating Volume of the PCD. Vi is the initial value measured immediately before any modulation is applied by the PCD. V 2 is the lower level.
  • the modulation index (mi), V 3 and V 4 are defined as follows:
  • V 3 V 1 - Cl(V 1 -V 2 )
  • V 4 V 2 + 0.1 (V 1 -V 2 )
  • the PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC has the following characteristics (see also Figure 2.2):
  • the modulation index (nij) of the signal shall be modi.
  • V shall decrease monotonically from V 3 to V 4 in a time tf.
  • V shall increase monotonically from V 4 to V 3 in a time tr.
  • Table 2.10 describes how to verify if a PICC functions properly when the PayPass - Reference PCD applies Type B modulation characteristics at the border of the tolerance interval.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
  • Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Bl.
  • Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
  • Step 4 Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of modulation characteristics defined in Table B.12.
  • This section specifies the modulation methods used by Type A and Type B for the communication PICC to PCD. It deals with:
  • both Type A and Type B cards use load modulation.
  • the carrier frequency f c 13,56 MHz
  • f s frequency f s equal to f c /16 (-847 kHz).
  • the subcarrier is used to switch a load on and off.
  • Type A cards modulate the subcarrier using On-Off Keying (OOK).
  • OOK On-Off Keying
  • Type B cards modulate the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), a simple form of Phase-Shift Keying (PSK).
  • BPSK uses only two signal phases: 0 degrees and 180 degrees. If the phase of the wave does not change with regards to a reference phase, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees (i.e. the phase reverses) then the signal state changes.
  • the reference phase is referred to as 00.
  • Step l Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B,5.1.
  • Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD B 1 (for Type B).
  • Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass- Reference PCD.
  • Step 4 Cancel the carrier on the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD so that the remaining carrier level is 10 mV (or less) by tuning C9, ClO, Cl 1 and VRl (refer to annex B.4.2.5 for more details).
  • Step 5 Send a WUPA command to a PICC of Type A or a WUPB command to a PICC of Type B.
  • Step 6 Capture the response from the PICC and measure the load modulation (V pp ) at the output of the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
  • V pp load modulation
  • the PICC shall modulate the Operating Field in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD has the following characteristics:
  • the frequency f s of the signal shall be fc/16.
  • V pp The amplitude (V pp ) of the signal shall be V PP ,A (peak to peak) for Type A and V pp , B (peak to peak) for Type B.
  • This section lists the PICC requirements for the modulation of the subcarrier for the communication from PICC to PCD for Type A.
  • a PICC of Type A shall modulate the subcarrier using On-Off Keying (OOK).
  • OOK On-Off Keying
  • a PICC of Type A shall only start the modulation with a defined phase relation to the subcarrier: that is on the rising or falling edge of the subcarrier (see Figure 2.5).
  • a PICC of Type B modulates the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying. Before the PICC sends information to the PCD by means of phase shifts, PICC and PCD first establish a reference phase 00. Then the PICC can start modulating the subcarrier: a change of logic level is denoted by a phase shift of 180° of the subcarrier.
  • a PICC of Type B shall modulate the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying.
  • a PICC of Type B shall generate a subcarrier only when data is to be transmitted.
  • Phase shifts shall only occur at nominal positions of rising or falling edges of the subcarrier (refer to Figure 2.6).
  • Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for data transmission as described in annex B.6.2 using the load modulation characteristics MOD LAl.
  • Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • Step 3 Request the PCD to send a valid command to the PayPass ⁇ Reference PICC using Type A modulation. Return a correct response by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC. If the PCD continues with the next valid command, then the PCD functions properly.
  • Step 4 Repeat Step 1 , Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of load modulation characteristics defined in Table B.15.
  • Step 5 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for data transmission as described in annex B.6.2 using the load modulation characteristics MOD LBl.
  • Step 6 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
  • Step 7 Request the PCD to send a valid command to the PayPass - Reference PICC using Type B modulation. Return a correct response by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC. If the PCD continues with the next valid command, then the PCD functions properly.
  • Step 8 Repeat Step 5, Step 6 and Step 7 for each set of load modulation characteristics defined in Table B.16.
  • the PCD shall function properly with the PayPass - Reference PICC provided the PayPass - Reference PICC applies valid load modulation characteristics.
  • This annex describes how to configure the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD to validate the requirements included in chapter 2.
  • Table B.9 describes how to calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD for power transmission.
  • Step I Calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
  • Step 2 Tune the input impedance of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD to 50 Q by means of VC2.
  • Step 3 Tune the resonance frequency of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss ⁇ Reference PCD to 13.56 MHz by means of VCl.
  • Step 5 Connect input Jl of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD with a signal generator V generating a carrier signal with a frequency f c (13.56 MHz) measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC, Regulate the signal generator V in such a way that it generates a voltage of 2.3 V at the output Jl of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC (2.3 V corresponds to ⁇ 600 mW (15.5 V at 50 ⁇ ) delivered at the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD Antenna).
  • Step 6 Remove the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss -
  • Table B.10 describes how to calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD for data transmission to a PICC placed in the Operating Volume.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
  • Step 2 Place the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference
  • Step 3 Modulate the carrier to obtain one of the modulation characteristics listed in Table B.11 (for Type A) or Table B.12 (for Type B).
  • the modulation characteristics are measured at the Calibration Coil output of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC.
  • Step 4 Remove the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss -
  • Table B.11 and Table B.12 define the modulation characteristics used for Type A and Type B.
  • M0D B2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PICC value of modi.
  • M0D B3 Refer to A.2 and use the maximum PICC value of modi.
  • This annex describes how to configure the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC to validate the requirements included in chapter 2.
  • Table B.13 describes how to calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss— Reference PICC for power and data reception.
  • Step I Tune the resonance frequency of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC to 16.1 MHz by means of
  • Table B.14 describes how to calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC for data transmission.
  • Step 1 Calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
  • Step 2 Calibrate the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD as described in annex B.5.1.
  • Step 3 Place the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD (at the same position as that will be used in the Operating Volume of the PCD during the measurement).
  • Step 4 Connect the matching network to the Calibration Coil of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC (refer to Figure B.2). Connect a sine wave generator to Jl of the matching network with a frequency of 13.57 MHz and an amplitude of (80 - 15z) mV (peak to peak) measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD (z represents the distance in cm above the landing plane).
  • Step 5 Connect a square wave generator to J2 of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC with a frequency of 847 KHz (fc/16). Regulate Vm in such a way that the square wave modulates the carrier with amplitude V pp (peak to peak) measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD.
  • V pp has one of the values listed in Table B.15 for Type A or Table B.16 for Type B.
  • Step 6 Remove the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PCD.
  • Table B.15 specifies the different Type A load modulation characteristics applied by the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss - Reference PICC.
  • MOD LA2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PCD value of V PP ,A.
  • Table B.16 specifies the different Type B load modulation characteristics applied by the P ⁇ yP ⁇ ss ⁇ Reference PICC.
  • MOD LB2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PCD value of V PP ,B.
  • MOD LB3 Refer to A.2 and use the maximum PCD value of V PP ,B.

Abstract

A system and method for enhancing functional interoperability of contactless payment devices that are used for conducting electronic payment transactions between consumers and merchants. The contactless payment devices include RFID-embedded cards issued to consumers end proximity coupling devices such as RFID-enabled readers deployed by merchants. Th5 system and method involve use of a reference card and a reference reader to establish acceptable specifications for issued cards and deployed readers, respectively. The reference card and reference reader are cross-calibrated to link the operational specifications for the cards and the readers. A suitable selection of overlapping specification ranges or tolerances for proper card and reader functions, the enhances the interoperability of the issued cards with a deployed reader, and also the interoperability of deployed readers with an issued card.

Description

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONDUCTING CONTACTLESS PAYMENT
CARD TRANSACTIONS
SPECIFICATION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of United States provisional patent application No. 60/588,270 filed on July 15, 2004. This application is also related to
United States patent applications S/N , and S/N , S/N , and S/N , co-filed on even date, all of which claim the benefit of the aforementioned patent application No. 60/588,270. All of the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are small integrated circuits (ICs) connected to an antenna, which can respond to an interrogating RF signal with simple identifying information, or with more complex signals depending on the size of the IC. RFID technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is now economically viable and is deployed in more and more commercial and industrial applications. For example, RFDD technology is now widely used for tags on items in warehouses, shops, ID or access cards, etc. In addition, RFID technology has been introduced in the payment card industry (e.g., by MasterCard, American Express and Visa) in the form of "contactless" payment or credit cards embedded with RFID tags. These contactless payment cards can be used to make electronic payment transactions via radio communication with an RFID-enabled payment terminal. The contactless payment cards can provide consumers with simple, fast and convenient ways to pay for goods and services, for example, in retail establishments, stores or supermarkets.
Several RFID technologies are available for use in contactless payment cards and card readers/terminals. The basic components of a contactless system are the contactless reader (or Proximity Coupling Device (PCD)) and a transponder. The contactless reader is an antenna connected to an electronic circuit. A transponder consists of an inductive antenna and an integrated circuit connected to the ends of this antenna. The combination reader-transponder behaves as a transformer. An alternating current passes through a primary coil (reader antenna) that creates an electromagnetic field, which induces a current in the secondary coil (transponder antenna). The transponder converts the electromagnetic field (or RF field) transmitted by the contactless reader (PCD) into a DC voltage by means of a diode rectifier. This DC voltage powers up the transponder's internal circuits. The configuration and tuning of both antennas determines the coupling efficiency from one device to the other. The transponders may be the contactless payment cards.
For contactless payment card systems to be economically viable and to gain commercial acceptance, the contactless payment cards must be interoperable at all or most RFID-enabled payment terminals, even when the cards and terminals have technological features that are proprietary to specific card providers/issuers, vendors or terminal manufacturers. Industry-wide interoperability is desirable. Towards this end, industry standards organizations and groups (e.g., International Organization for Standards (ISO) and International Electro Technical Committee (IEC)) have formulated voluntary industry standards for implementation of contactless payment technologies. Three such exemplary standards which have been defined by ISO/EEC are the ISO/IEC 10536, ISO/IEC 14443, and ISO/IEC 15693 standards applicable to Close Coupling, Proximity and Vicinity cards, respectively. The ISO/IEC 14443 proximity card standards (ISO 14443) have been used for several contactless card deployments worldwide. The targeted range of operations for ISO 14443 proximity cards is up to 10 cms, although this range varies depending on power requirements, memory size, CPU, and co-processor. The ISO 14443 standards document has four distinct parts: • Part 1 : Physical Characteristics, defines the physical dimensions for a
Proximity Integrated Circuit Card (PICC). The card is the ID-I size (85.6 mm x 54.0 mm x .76 mm). This is the same size as a bank credit card.
• Part 2: Radio Frequency Power and Signal Interface, defines key technical characteristics of the contactless IC chips, including items such as frequency, data rate, modulation, and bit coding procedures. Two variations are detailed in Part 2, the Type A interface and the Type B interface. Both operate at the same frequency and use the same data rate, but they differ from one another in the areas of modulation and bit coding. • Part 3: Initialization and Anticollision. Initialization describes the requirements for proximity coupling device (PCD) (i.e., the reader) and the card to establish communication when the card is brought into the reader's radio frequency (RF) field. Anticollision defines what happens when multiple cards enter the magnetic field at the same time, identifying how the system determines which card to use in the transaction and ensuring that all cards presented are inventoried and processed.
• Part 4: Transmission Protocols, defines the data format and data elements that enable communication during a transaction. For a system of contactless payment cards and card readers to be compliant with ISO 14443, they must meet the requirements of at least some of parts of the voluntary standard. In addition to contactless technologies that are standardized under ISO 14443, a number of proprietary contactless interfaces are also used in the industry (e.g., Cubic's GO-Card and Sony's FeIiCa card). With existing card technology deployments, interoperability can be an issue. Card readers deployed by vendors in the marketplace should preferably accommodate several different card types. For example, a desirable card reader would support ISO 14443 Type A and Type B cards, ISO 15693 cards and any additional proprietary card types.
Interoperability issues can arise even with card deployments that are presumably compliant with a single ISO standard (e.g., ISO 14443). In the ISO 14443 standard, all requirements or specifications related to RF Power and signal interfaces in the contactless card and reader system (i.e. the physical layer in an Open System Interconnection (OSI) model view of the system) are defined using separate standardized tests for cards and for readers. The ISO/IEC 10373 Standard Part 6 (ISO 10373-6) deals with test methods, which are specific to contactless integrated circuit card technology (proximity card). Compliance of contactless cards and readers to ISO 14443 is verified using reference devices. According to ISO 10373-6, a set of "reference" cards (i.e., Reference PICC), which represent the characteristics of contactless cards, is used for measuring specification compliance of a contactless reader. (See e.g., FIG. Ia). For example, the Reference PICC is used to test the magnetic field produced or transmitted by a PCD, and to test the ability of the PCD to power a PICC. Similarly, a "reference" reader (i.e., a Test or Reference PCD), which may represent the characteristics of a typical contactless reader, is used for measuring specification compliance of contactless cards. For example, the Reference PCD is used to test the load modulation that is generated by cards during testing.
FIG. Ib shows the functional tests conducted on a product reader under ISO 10373-6 for testing the power and data links between cards and readers. While the separate card and reader compliance test procedures under
ISO 10373-6 may ensure that deployed product devices individually have characteristics that fall in either the designated specification range for cards or readers, the procedures do not ensure interoperability in the field. Cards and/or readers verified as compliant may be only marginally so (e.g., by having a characteristic value at the end or edge of a designated specification range). This manner of standards compliance can lead to operational failure in the field. For example, a marginally compliant card may be unreadable or difficult to read using a card reader that is also only marginally compliant.
Consideration is now being given to ways of enhancing interoperability of electronic payment devices that are used in contactless electronic payment systems. Attention is directed to reducing variations in card and reader properties consistent with commonly accepted Standards. In particular, attention is directed to improving specification compliance procedures to enhance interoperability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, methods and systems are provided for enhancing interoperability of electronic payment devices that are used in contactless electronic payment systems. The electronic payment devices include RFED-embedded cards issued to consumers and proximity coupling devices such as RFID-enabled readers deployed by merchants. The methods and systems involve use of a reference card and a reference reader to establish acceptable specifications for issued cards and deployed readers, respectively. The reference card and reference reader are cross-calibrated to link the operational specifications for the cards and the readers. A suitable selection of overlapping specification ranges or tolerances for proper card and reader functions, then enhances the interoperability of the issued cards with a deployed reader, and also the interoperability of deployed readers with an issued card. Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 a is a block diagram which schematically illustrates the use of a Reference PICC for testing the properties of a product contactless payment card reader and the use of a Reference PCD for testing the properties of a product contactless payment card, as prescribed by the ISO 10373-6 Standard. Fl G. Ib is a schematic illustration of a set of functional tests conducted on a product reader under conventional procedures for testing power and data links between cards and readers according to ISO 10373-6.
FIG. 2a is a block diagram, which schematically illustrates the step of cross calibrating of a Reference PICC with a Reference PCD in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The cross-calibrated Reference PICC and PCD devices are then used for testing the functional properties and specifications of a product contactless payment card and reader, respectively.
FlG. 2b is a schematic illustration of the functional tests conducted on a product reader for testing the power and data links between contactless proximity cards and readers in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a range of behaviors of diverse cards simulated by a reference card and as measured or observed by a reference reader, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a complaint card whose behavior lies in the range of behaviors observed in FIG. 3 in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a reference card as measured on a reference reader, relative to the behaviors shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the behavior of a compliant card of FIG. 4 as measured on a calibrated reference reader, in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the overlapping specifications derived form cross calibrated reference devices, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in the context of implementations of electronic payment systems in which the contactless payment device specifications are intended to conform to a common industry standard such as the ISO 14443 Standard, which further specifies standardized test methods (i.e., ISO 10373 - 6 Test Methods, Proximity Cards) for verification of the specification of individual contactless payment devices. Recently, assignee MasterCard International Incorporated ("MasterCard") has developed proprietary specifications MasterCard PayPass™ ISO/IEC 14443 Implementation Specification ("PayPass") for implementation of proximity payment card technologies. The PayPass implementation is consistent with the ISO 14443 Standard and provides a convenient example illustrating the principles of the present invention. It will be understood that the selection of the PayPass implementation for purposes of illustration is only exemplary, and that the principles of the present invention can be more generally applied to electronic payment devices and systems that operate under other common industry or proprietary standards.
The present invention provides a method and a system for enhancing the interoperability of contactless payment devices (i.e., product cards issued to consumers and product readers deployed by merchants), which may be used to conduct electronic payment transactions in the field. The system and method ensure that individual product cards and readers operate or function in tighter specification ranges than they are permitted to operate under the ISO 14443 standard. The system and method involve cross-calibrating the reference devices (i.e., the Reference PICC and Reference PCD devices) which are used to test specification compliance of individual product readers and cards under the ISO 14443 and ISO 10373-6 standards. (See FIG. 2a). The Reference PCD is used to establish a range of observed functional behaviors or parameters ("nominal card range") of the Reference PICC. Product card readers are required to have functional behaviors or parameters that are within this nominal card range as measured by the Reference PCD. Conversely, a Reference PICC is used to establish a range of observed functional behaviors or parameters ("nominal reader range") of Reference PCDs. Product readers are required to have functional behaviors or parameters that are within the nominal reader range when reading the reference card. FIG. 2b schematically shows the functional tests conducted under the
PayPass implementations according to the present invention.
The cross-calibration of the Reference PICC and Reference PCD establishes a relation between the two standard devices, and links the specifications for individual product cards with the specifications for product readers. This avoids interoperability failures that may arise under conventional unconnected or separate testing of card and reader specifications, for example, when the cards and readers lie at the extreme edges of their respective specification ranges that are allowed under the ISO 14443 standard.
The system and method (which are both collectively referred to as the "PayPass implementation" herein) are based on a mathematical algorithm which ensures interoperability of product payment devices upon the suitable selection or specification of device parameters.
To ensure proper functioning of a product reader (e.g., PCD R) with a product card (e.g., PICC C), a PayPass - Reference PICC is used to generate a range of behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)] in a function f of variable x. The function f may, for example, be a magnetic field response as a function of distance. This range of behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)] is observed on a PayPass - Reference PCD. See FIG. 3.
The PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product card (i.e. PICC C) must display a behavior fc(x) that falls within the range of established card behaviors [£2(x), f3(x)] to be "compliant". The behavior fc(x) is observed on the PayPass - Reference PCD. See FIG. 4.
Further, the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product reader (i.e. PCD R) must function correctly with the PayPass - Reference PICC exhibiting a range of card behaviors [fl(x), f4(x)] as observed on the PayPass - Reference PCD to be "compliant". By requiring or specifying that the range of card behaviors [fl (x), f4 (x)] must include the range of card behaviors [f2(x), f3(x)], i.e.
[£2(x). £3(x)] c [fl(x), f4(x)], the behavior fc(χ) of the particular card (PICC C) under consideration is necessarily within the operating range [fl (x), f4 (x)] of the reader (PCD R). See FIGS. 5 and 6. Accordingly, the product reader PCD R is expected to operate properly with the product card (PICC C). Similarly for ensuring proper functioning of a product card (e.g., PICC
C) with a product reader (e.g., PCD R), the PayPass - Reference PCD is used to generate a range of reader behaviors [g2(y), g3(y)] for function g of a variable y as observed on the PayPass - Reference PICC. The PayPass implementation may require or specify that a "compliant" reader PCD R should display a behavior gc(y) that falls within the established range [g2(y), g3(y)], where the behavior gc(y) is measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC. Further, the PayPass implementation may require or specify that a product card (i.e. PICC C) must function correctly with the PayPass - Reference PCD exhibiting a range of reader behaviors [gl(x)5 g4(x)] as observed on the PayPass - Reference PICC. By requiring or specifying that the range of reader behaviors [gl (x), g4 (x)] should include the range of reader behaviors [g2(x), g3(x)], which is mathematically represented as:
[g2(x), g3(x)] c [gl(x), g4(x)],
the behavior gc(x) of the particular reader (PCD R) under consideration is necessarily within the operating range [gl (x), g4 (x)] of the card (PICC C). Accordingly, the card (PICC C) is expected to operate properly with the reader (PCD R).
As a tangible illustration of the mathematical algorithm described above, it may be useful to consider the example of the power requirements for activating a product PICC card. A PCD reader must provide or transmit a certain amount of power to a PICC to activate the card. Conversely, a product PICC card must work with a certain amount of power received from the PCD reader. In the PayPass implementation, the power PC(d), which is delivered or transmitted by a product PCD reader, is measured as function of distance d on the PayPass - Reference PICC. The value of the power level PC (d) measured on the Pay Pass - Reference PICC is required or specified to fall within a range of power levels Rtx.power- In the cross-calibration procedure, the PayPass - Reference PCD is configured to generate different power levels which vary over a range RRχ,Power- The power levels generated by the PayPass - Reference PCD are calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC, i.e., the range RRχ,Power is a value measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC. In the procedure, the output of a signal generator or power source (e.g. a voltage source) feeding the PayPass - Reference PCD may be increased or decreased until suitable power levels RRχ,p0wer are reached as observed on the PayPass - Reference PICC. The mathematical requirement
Rtx,power c Rrx,power
ensures that a product PCD reader will properly power a product PICC card. See FIG. 7.
More generally, the algorithm described above in 1fif [0026] -[0033] leads to a system and method for ensuring or enhancing power, data transfer, and other functional interoperability of product contactless payment devices. This system and method may, for example, involve:
(a) measuring the power provided by a PCD on a Reference PICC,
(b) measuring data transmission (e.g., modulation depth, or other signal parameters) on the Reference PICC,
(c) testing data reception (e.g., load modulation sensitivity) by a PCD by generating different signals through the Reference PICC. The PayPass - Reference PICC is first calibrated with respect to the Reference PCD to determine the levels and characteristics of the different signals generated by the Reference PICC, and
(d) measuring the data transmission by a PICC on the Reference PCD, with the Reference PCD sending "average" value commands to the PICC and with the Reference PCD providing an "average" power level. Both the power level and the command characteristics produced by the Reference PCD are calibrated with respect to the Reference
PICC,
(e) checking the data reception and power sensitivity of a PICC using the Reference PCD, with the Reference PCD sending commands with modulation characteristics and power levels at the border of the tolerance interval or range Rrx. Again, for setting these extreme values, the Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the reference PICC. The system and method for enhancing interoperability are utilized, for example, in the practice of the PayPass implementation specification. For completeness of description, exemplary portions of the PayPass implementation specification, which describe the electrical characteristics of the contactless interface (i.e. Radio frequency and Signal interface) between a PICC and PCD, are reproduced in Appendix A. The reproduced portions also include step-by-step procedures for cross-calibrating Reference PICC and PCD devices that are used for characterizing the power and data links between payment devices.
It will be understood that the foregoing is only illustrative of the principles of the invention, and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Radio Frequency Power and Signal Interface
This chapter specifies the electrical characteristics of the two types (Type A and Type B) of contactless interface supported by PayPass. The interface includes both power and bi-directional communication between a PICC and a PCD.
Figure imgf000013_0001
2.2 RF Power 29
2.2.1 PCD Requirements for Power Transfer PCD to PICC 29
2.2.2 PICC Requirements for Power Transfer PCD to PICC 30
2.2.3 Influence of the PICC on the Operating Field 31
2.2.4 PCD Requirements for the Carrier Frequency fc 31
2.2.5 PICC Requirements for the Carrier Frequency £ 32
2.3 Signal Interface PCD to PICC 33
2.3.1 Introduction 33
2.3.2 PCD Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A 33
2.3.3 PICC Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A 35
2.3.4 PCD Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B 35
2.3.5 PICC Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B 37
2.4 Signal Interface PICC to PCD 38
2.4.1 Introduction 38
2.4.2 PICC Requirements for Load Modulation 39
2.4.3 PICC Requirements for Subcarrier Modulation - Type A 40
2.4.4 PICC Requirements for Subcarrier Modulation - Type B 41
2.4.5 PCD Requirements for Modulation PICC to PCD 42
2.1 Introduction
This chapter specifies the RF Power and Signal Interface requirements for the PCD and PICC. All the requirements included in this chapter are specified in function of the PayPass reference equipment. Each requirement is preceded by a measurement procedure describing how to use the PayPass reference equipment to validate the specific requirement. The remainder of this section explains the approach for writing the requirements-
A device, which can be a PCD or a PICC, is either transmitting or receiving. A PCD transmits power and data to a PICC and receives data from this PICC. A PICC receives power as well as data from a PCD and can transmit data to the PCD. The different configurations for transmitting and receiving for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1- -Configurations Transmit and Receive
PCD PICC Transmit Receive Transmit Receive
Power V V
Data V V V
For each device, the requirements related to transmission are such that the value of a transmission parameter must fall within a well defined range Rtx for this parameter. The requirements on reception are such that the receiver must properly work with the value of different parameter varying over a range Rjx relevant for each parameter. For interoperability, the ranges for corresponding transmission and reception parameters are defined so that the range R1x is contained within Rix (sometimes denoted as R1x c R1x).
Whether a device meets the transmission requirements is measured by means of the receiver of the appropriate PayPass reference equipment. E.g. whether the transmitter of a PCD meets the requirements is measured by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC. The quality of the transmitter of a PICC is measured on the PayPass - Reference PCD.
Example:
A PCD must provide a certain level of power to a PICC, The power delivered by the PCD is measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC. The value of the power level measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC must fall within range R^ower-
Whether a device meets the reception requirements, is measured by having the transmitter of the appropriate PayPass reference equipment create a range of values for a number of parameters. E.g. whether the receiver of a PCD meets the requirements, is measured by having the PayPass - Reference PICC sending out different levels of load modulation. The quality of the receiver of a PICC is verified by having the PayPass - Reference PCD sending out different levels of modulation.
In order to calibrate the transmitter of the PayPass reference equipment, the receiver of the matching PayPass reference equipment is used. E.g. the load modulation level of the PayPass - Reference PICC is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PCD. The modulation level of the PayPass - Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC. Example:
A PICC must work with a certain power level provided by a PCD. The PayPass - Reference PCD generates different power levels, varying over a range Rκ,p0Wβr- The power level of the PayPass - Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC. This means that Rrx,Power <s a value measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC and that the power level of the signal generator feeding the PayPass - Reference PCD is increased/decreased until the correct (voltage) level is reached on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
The power and data transmission characteristics of a PCD can be tested in isolation as the PCD is a master device. Testing the characteristics of a PICC cannot be done in isolation, as a PICC is a slave device, requiring stimulation from a PCD. For testing the transmission characteristics, the PICC will receive commands from the PayPass - Reference PCD. Signal parameters will have an 'average* value within the range R1x allowed, thus maximizing the probability of a response from the PICC.
For both a PCD or a PICC, checking the data reception characteristics depends on some kind of acknowledgement of the device that the data was well received. For a PCD, sending the next command (=data transmission) in the overall flow implies that the response from the PayPass - Reference PICC is well understood. For a PICC, a response (= data transmission) implies that the command from the PCD is well understood.
For the remainder of the text, the verbiage "function properly" will be used for a PCD sending the next command, following a response created by the PayPass - Reference PICC. The verbiage "function properly" is also used for a PICC sending a response to a command generated by the PayPass — Reference PCD
The approach explained above leads to the following for what concerns power and data transfer:
• Power provided by a PCD is measured on the PayPass — Reference PICC.
• Data transmission by a PCD (modulation depth,...) is measured on the PayPass - Reference PICC.
• Data reception by a PCD (load modulation sensitivity) is tested by creating different signals through the PayPass — Reference PICC. To determine the levels and characteristics of the signal generated by the PayPass - Reference PICC, the PayPass - Reference PICC is first calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PCD.
• Data transmission by a PICC is measured on the PayPass - Reference PCD, with the PayPass - Reference PCD sending 'average' value commands to the PICC and with the PayPass - Reference PCD providing an 'average' power level. Both the power level and the command characteristics produced by the PayPass - Reference PCD are calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC.
• Data reception and power sensitivity of a PICC are checked by means of the PayPass - Reference PCD, with the PayPass - Reference PCD sending commands with modulation characteristics and power levels at the border of the tolerance interval Rn,. Again, for setting these extreme values, the PayPass - Reference PCD is calibrated with respect to the PayPass - Reference PICC. 2.2 RF Power
This section specifies the requirements for the power transfer from PCD to PICC through the electromagnetic field created by the PCD.
2.2.1 PCD Requirements for Power Transfer PCD to PICC
This section specifies the PCD requirement for the power transfer from PCD to PICC. The PCD creates an energizing RF field (the Operating Field) that enables the PICC to power up. Table 2.2 describes the measurement procedure for the power transfer from PCD to PICC.
Table 2.2— -Measurement of Power Transfer PCD to PICC (PCD Transmission)
Step # Action
Step 1 Regulate the PCD in such a way that it emits the carrier without any modulation. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTAJ.
Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1.
Step 3 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
Step 4 Measure the voltage Vov (DC) at Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC.
Requirements 2.1 — Power Transfer PCD to PICC (PCD Transmission)
PCD
2.2.1.1 Within the Operating Volume, the PCD shall generate a DC voltage Vov at Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC- Refer to Annex A for the value of Vov.
2.2.2 PICC Requirements for Power Transfer PCD to PICC
This section specifies the PICC requirement for the power transfer from PCD to PICC. Table 2.3 describes the measurement procedure to verify if the PICC functions properly with the PayPass - Reference PCD creating an Operating Field with field strength Hov-
Table 2.3— Measurement of Power Transfer PCD to PICC (PICC Reception)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in position (r=0, φ~0, z=4, θ=0) of the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
Step 3 Regulate the signal generator V of the PayPass ~ Reference PCD in such a way that it generates a voltage of VOV,MIN at the output Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC (refer to Annex A.2 and use for VOV,MIN the minimum value of Vov for the PICC). Remove the PayPass - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
Step 4 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
Step 5 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC responds, then the PICC functions properly at minimum power level. Remove the PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference POCK
Step 6 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in position (r=0, φ=0, z-0, θ=0) of the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
Step 7 Regulate the signal generator V of the PayPass - Reference PCD in such a way that it generates a voltage of VOV,MAX (refer to section A.2 and use for VOV,MAX the maximum value of Vov for the PICC) at the output Jl of the PayPass - Reference PICC. Remove the PayPass - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD.
Step 8 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
Step 9 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC responds, then the PICC functions properly at maximum power level.
Requirements 2.2— Power Transfer PCD to PICC (PICC Reception)
PICC
2.2.2.1 A PICC shall function properly within the Operating Volume when placed in the position where the PayPass - Reference PICC shows a DC voltage Vov at Jl . Refer to Annex A for the value ofVov. 2.2.3 Influence of the PICC on the Operating Field
Due to the electromagnetic coupling (i.e. mutual inductance) between the PICC and PCD antennas, the PICC changes the Operating Field created by the PCD when brought into the Operating Volume. The magnetic field strength within the Operating Volume will decrease due to the extra load caused by the PICC. This section lists the PICC requirement limiting the maximum load a PICC is allowed to have.
The load of a PICC is measured by the voltage drop ΔVov (= VOV,FREE AIR - Vov,pιcc) at J2 of the PqyPass - Reference PCD caused by the presence of the PICC in the Operating Volume as described in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 — Measurement of the Influence of the PICC on the Operating Field
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PqyPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
Step 2 Measure VOV,FREEAIR (peak to peak) at J2 of the Pay P ass - Reference PCD.
Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and measure
V0V1PiCC (peak to peak) at J2 of the PayPass - Reference PCD. ΔVov >s defined as
VoV1FREE AIR - VQV.PICC-
Requirements 2.3 — Influence of the PICC on the Operating Field PICC
2.2.3.1 When placed in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, a PICC shall cause a voltage drop ΔV at J2 of the PayPass - Reference PCD not greater than ΔVOV,MAX- ΔVOV is defined as VQV.FREEAIR - Vov,picc- VOV.FREE AIR is the voltage (peak to peak) measured at J2 when there is no PICC in the Operating Volume. VOv.picc is the voltage (peak to peak) measured at J2 after bringing the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD. Refer to Annex A for the value of ΔVOV,HAX-
2.2.4 PCD Requirements for the Carrier Frequency fc
This section specifies the PCD requirement for the frequency of the Operating Field (i.e. the carrier frequency fc) created by the PCD. Table 2.5 describes how to measure fc.
Table 2.5 — Measurement of Carrier Frequency fc (PCD Transmission)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1. '
Step 2 Regulate the PCD in such a way that it emits the carrier without any modulation.
Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTA].
Step 3 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected. Step # Action
Step 4 Capture the signal at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC.
Perform a frequency spectrum analysis of the signal and verify if the frequency of the carrier falls within fc±Δfc.
Requirements 2.4 — Carrier Frequency fG (PCD Transmission) PCD
2.2.4.1 The frequency of the Operating Field (carrier frequency) provided by the PCD shall be fc ± Δfc. Refer to Annex A for the values of fe and Δfc.
2.2.5 PICC Requirements for the Carrier Frequency fc
The section specifies the requirement that the PICC must function properly with a carrier frequency fc±Δfc. Table 2.6 describes how to verify if a PICC functions properly with a carrier frequency fc±Δfc.
Table 2.6 — Measurement of Carrier Frequency fc (PiCC Reception)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1 , but adjust the carrier frequency of the PayPass - Reference PCD to fc-Δfc.
Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD Bl (for Type B).
Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
Step 4 Repeat Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3 but adjust the carrier frequency of the PayPass - Reference PCD to fc+Δfc
Requirements 2.5 — Carrier Frequency fc (PICC Reception) PlCC
2.2.5.1 When placed in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, a PICC shall function properly at a carrier frequency fc±Δfc. 2.3 Signal Interface PCD to PICC
This section specifies the modulation methods used by Type A and Type B for the communication PCD to PICC. It deals with:
• The data transmission characteristics of the PCD
• The reception capabilities of the PICC to interpret the data transmission of the PCD.
2.3.1 Introduction
The ISO/IEC 14443 standard defines two possible modulation types, called Type A and Type B. For communication from PCD to PICC, both Type A and Type B use Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). The amplitude of the carrier is switched between Hi and H2, creating a "lower level" when the field is at value H2. The requirements of the "lower level" as well as of the envelope of the carrier for the two modulation types of ISO/IEC 14443 are defined below.
2.3.2 PCD Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A
Type A communication from PCD to PICC uses the modulation principle of ASK 100%. The carrier is turned on and off, creating a "lower level" when turned off. In practice, it will result in a modulation index of 95% or higher. The "lower level" for Type A modulation is referred to as "pause" by [ISO/IEC 14443-2], Table 2.7 describes how to measure the Type A modulation characteristics of a PCD.
Table 2.7— Measurement of Modulation PCD to PICC -Type A (PCD Transmission)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex B.6.1.
Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
Step 3 Request the PCD to send a WUPA command. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTA].
Step 4 Capture the WUPA signal sent by the PCD at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC and analyze the modulation characteristics.
For this section, V represents the envelope of the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC, placed in the Operating Volume of the PCD. Vi is the initial value measured immediately before any modulation is applied by the PCD. V2, V3 and V4 are defined as follows:
V2 ~ Pm^vVi (Refer to Annex A for the value of pm,A) V3 = 0.6V, V4 = 0.9V1 Requirements 2.6 — Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A (PCD Transmission)
PCD
2.3.2.1 The PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC has the following characteristics (see also Figure 2.1):
• V shall decrease from V| to less than V2 in a time t> - 1∑.
• If V does not decrease monotonically, the time between a local maximum and the time of passing the same value before the local maximum shall be t_. This shall only apply if the local maximum is greater than Vj.
• V shall remain less than V2 for a time tϊ.
• V shall increase monotonically to V3 in a time U-
• V shall increase monotonically to V4 or more in a time t_.
• Overshoots immediately following the rising edge shall remain within (1±VOU,A)V| Refer to Annex A for the values of ti, fe, tι, t*, ts and VOUA
Figure 2.1— Lower Level - Type A
Figure imgf000021_0001
2.3.3 PICC Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A
This section lists the requirements for the reception capabilities of a PICC of Type A, Table 2.8 describes how to verify if a PICC functions properly with the PayPass - Reference PCD applying Type A modulation characteristics at the border of the tolerance interval.
Table 2.8— Measurement of Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A (PICC Reception)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al.
Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
Step 4 Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of modulation characteristics defined in Table B.11.
Requirements 2.7— Modulation PCD to PICC - Type A (PICC Reception)
PICC
2.3.3.1 When placed in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, a PICC of Type A shall function properly provided the PayPass - Reference PCD applies valid modulation characteristics.
2.3.4 PCD Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B
Type B communication from PCD to PICC uses the modulation principle of ASK 10%. The amplitude of the carrier is reduced to create a "lower level" with a modulation index mj. The requirements on the "lower level" as well as on the envelope of the carrier are defined below. Table 2,9 describes how to measure the Type B modulation characteristics of a PCD.
Table 2.9-~-Measurement of Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B (PCD Transmission)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for power and data reception as specified in annex _______ B.6.1.
Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD. The modulator input (J2) of the PayPass - Reference PICC must be disconnected.
Step 3 Request the PCD to send a WTJPB command. Regulation of the PCD is performed by means of the SDK as described in [TTA].
Step 4 Capture the WUPB signal sent by the PCD at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC and analyze the modulation characteristics. For this section, V represents the envelope of the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC, placed in the Operating Volume of the PCD. Vi is the initial value measured immediately before any modulation is applied by the PCD. V2 is the lower level. The modulation index (mi), V3 and V4 are defined as follows:
Figure imgf000023_0001
V3 = V1 - Cl(V1-V2) V4 = V2 + 0.1 (V1-V2)
Requirements 2.8— Modulation PCD to PlCC - Type B (PCD Transmission)
PCD
2.3.4.1 The PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PayPass - Reference PICC has the following characteristics (see also Figure 2.2):
• The modulation index (nij) of the signal shall be modi.
• V shall decrease monotonically from V3 to V4 in a time tf.
• V shall increase monotonically from V4 to V3 in a time tr.
• The rising and falling edges of the modulation shall be monotonia
• Overshoots and undershoots immediately following the falling and rising edge shall be less
Figure imgf000023_0002
Refer to Annex A for the values of modi, tf, tr and VOU,B.
Figure 2.2-— Modulation PCD to PICC -Type B
Figure imgf000023_0003
2.3.5 PICC Requirements for Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B
This section lists the requirements for the reception capabilities of a PICC of Type B. Table 2.10 describes how to verify if a PICC functions properly when the PayPass - Reference PCD applies Type B modulation characteristics at the border of the tolerance interval.
Table 2.10— Measurement of PCD to PICC Modulation - Type B (PICC Reception)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B.5.1.
Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Bl.
Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD and send a valid command to the PICC. If the PICC returns a response, then the PICC functions properly.
Step 4 Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of modulation characteristics defined in Table B.12.
Requirements 2.9 — Modulation PCD to PICC - Type B (PICC Reception)
PICC
2.3.5.1 When placed in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, a PICC of Type B shall function properly, provided the PayPass - Reference PCD applies valid modulation characteristics.
2.4 Signal Interface PICC to PCD
This section specifies the modulation methods used by Type A and Type B for the communication PICC to PCD. It deals with:
• The data transmission characteristics of the PICC
• The reception capabilities of the PCD to interpret the data transmission of the PICC.
2.4.1 Introduction
For the communication from PICC to PCD, both Type A and Type B cards use load modulation. The carrier frequency fc (13,56 MHz) is used to derive a subcarrier with frequency fs equal to fc/16 (-847 kHz). The subcarrier is used to switch a load on and off. When the PICC is in the loaded state a higher current will flow through the antenna of the PICC than in the case where the load is not switched on. This difference in current in the PICC antenna is sensed by the PCD.
Figure 2.3 — Load Modulation
Figure imgf000025_0001
Type A cards modulate the subcarrier using On-Off Keying (OOK).
Type B cards modulate the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), a simple form of Phase-Shift Keying (PSK). BPSK uses only two signal phases: 0 degrees and 180 degrees. If the phase of the wave does not change with regards to a reference phase, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees (i.e. the phase reverses) then the signal state changes. The reference phase is referred to as 00. Figure 2.4— BPSK
Figure imgf000026_0001
2.4.2 PICC Requirements for Load Modulation
This section lists the load modulation requirements for the PICC. Table 2,11 describes how to measure the load modulation characteristics of a PICC.
Table 2.11— Measurement of Load Modulation Characteristics (PICC Transmission) Step # Action
Step l Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for power transmission as specified in annex B,5.1.
Step 2 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PCD for data transmission as specified in annex B.5.2 using the modulation characteristics MOD Al (for Type A) or MOD B 1 (for Type B).
Step 3 Place the PICC in the Operating Volume of the PayPass- Reference PCD.
Step 4 Cancel the carrier on the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD so that the remaining carrier level is 10 mV (or less) by tuning C9, ClO, Cl 1 and VRl (refer to annex B.4.2.5 for more details).
Step 5 Send a WUPA command to a PICC of Type A or a WUPB command to a PICC of Type B.
Step 6 Capture the response from the PICC and measure the load modulation (Vpp) at the output of the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD. Requirements 2.10— Load Modulation Characteristics (PICC Transmission)
PICC
2.4.2.1 When put in the Operating Volume of the PayPass - Reference PCD, the PICC shall modulate the Operating Field in such a way that the signal measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the PayPass - Reference PCD has the following characteristics:
• The frequency fs of the signal shall be fc/16.
• The amplitude (Vpp) of the signal shall be VPP,A (peak to peak) for Type A and Vpp,B (peak to peak) for Type B.
Refer to Annex A for the values of VPP,A and VPP,B.
2.4.3 PICC Requirements for Subcarrier Modulation - Type A
This section lists the PICC requirements for the modulation of the subcarrier for the communication from PICC to PCD for Type A.
Requirements 2.11— Subcarrier Modulation - Type A (PICC Transmission)
PICC
2.4.3.1 A PICC of Type A shall modulate the subcarrier using On-Off Keying (OOK).
2.4.3.2 When modulating the subcarrier, a PICC of Type A shall only start the modulation with a defined phase relation to the subcarrier: that is on the rising or falling edge of the subcarrier (see Figure 2.5).
Figure 2.5 — Start of Subcarrier Modulation - Type A
Figure imgf000027_0001
2.4.4 PiCC Requirements for Subcarrier Modulation - Type B
A PICC of Type B modulates the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying. Before the PICC sends information to the PCD by means of phase shifts, PICC and PCD first establish a reference phase 00. Then the PICC can start modulating the subcarrier: a change of logic level is denoted by a phase shift of 180° of the subcarrier.
Requirements 2.12— Subcarrier Modulation - Type B (PiCC Transmission)
PICC ^^
2.4.4.1 A PICC of Type B shall modulate the subcarrier using Binary Phase Shift Keying.
2.4.4.2 A PICC of Type B shall generate a subcarrier only when data is to be transmitted.
2.4.4.3 Phase shifts shall only occur at nominal positions of rising or falling edges of the subcarrier (refer to Figure 2.6).
Figure 2.6— Allowed Phase Shifts - Type B
Figure imgf000028_0001
2.4.6 PCD Requirements for Modulation PICC to PCD
This section lists the requirements for the reception capabilities of a PCD to interpret the modulation applied by the PICC. Table 2.12 describes how to verify if a PCD functions correctly with the PayPass - Reference PICC applying modulation characteristics at the border of the tolerance interval,
Table 2.12— Measurement of Modulation PICC to PCD (PCD Reception)
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for data transmission as described in annex B.6.2 using the load modulation characteristics MOD LAl.
Step 2 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
Step 3 Request the PCD to send a valid command to the PayPass ~ Reference PICC using Type A modulation. Return a correct response by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC. If the PCD continues with the next valid command, then the PCD functions properly.
Step 4 Repeat Step 1 , Step 2 and Step 3 for each set of load modulation characteristics defined in Table B.15.
Step 5 Calibrate the PayPass - Reference PICC for data transmission as described in annex B.6.2 using the load modulation characteristics MOD LBl.
Step 6 Place the PayPass - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PCD.
Step 7 Request the PCD to send a valid command to the PayPass - Reference PICC using Type B modulation. Return a correct response by means of the PayPass - Reference PICC. If the PCD continues with the next valid command, then the PCD functions properly.
Step 8 Repeat Step 5, Step 6 and Step 7 for each set of load modulation characteristics defined in Table B.16.
Requirements 2.13— Modulation PICC to PCD (PCD Reception)
PCD
2.4.5.1 The PCD shall function properly with the PayPass - Reference PICC provided the PayPass - Reference PICC applies valid load modulation characteristics.
B.5 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PCD
This annex describes how to configure the PαyPαss - Reference PCD to validate the requirements included in chapter 2.
B.5.1 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PCD for Power Transmission
Table B.9 describes how to calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PCD for power transmission.
Table B.9— Calibration of PayPass - Reference PCD for Power Transmission
Step # Action
Step I Calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
Step 2 Tune the input impedance of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD to 50 Q by means of VC2.
Step 3 Tune the resonance frequency of the PαyPαss ~ Reference PCD to 13.56 MHz by means of VCl.
Step 4 Place the PαyPαss - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD at position (r=0, φ=0, z=4, θ=0).
Step 5 Connect input Jl of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD with a signal generator V generating a carrier signal with a frequency fc (13.56 MHz) measured at the output of the Calibration Coil of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC, Regulate the signal generator V in such a way that it generates a voltage of 2.3 V at the output Jl of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC (2.3 V corresponds to ±600 mW (15.5 V at 50 Ω) delivered at the PαyPαss - Reference PCD Antenna).
Step 6 Remove the PαyPαss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss -
Reference PCD.
B.5.2 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PCD for Data Transmission
Table B.10 describes how to calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PCD for data transmission to a PICC placed in the Operating Volume.
Table B.10 — Calibration of PayPass - Reference PCD for Data Transmission
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
Step 2 Place the PαyPαss - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss - Reference
PCD (at the same position as the position of the PICC during the measurement).
Step 3 Modulate the carrier to obtain one of the modulation characteristics listed in Table B.11 (for Type A) or Table B.12 (for Type B). The modulation characteristics are measured at the Calibration Coil output of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC.
Step 4 Remove the PαyPαss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss -
Reference PCD. Table B.11 and Table B.12 define the modulation characteristics used for Type A and Type B.
Table B.11 — Modulation Characteristics - Type A
Name ti (pause) Pm-A (lower value)
MOD Al 2.6 μs 4%
MOD A2 2.0 μs 10%
Table B.12- -Modulation Characteristics - Type B
Figure imgf000031_0001
M0D B2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PICC value of modi.
M0D B3 Refer to A.2 and use the maximum PICC value of modi.
B.6 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PICC
This annex describes how to configure the PαyPαss - Reference PICC to validate the requirements included in chapter 2.
B.6.1 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PICC for Power and Data Reception
Table B.13 describes how to calibrate the PαyPαss— Reference PICC for power and data reception.
Table B.13— -Calibration of PayPass - Reference PICC for Power and Data Reception
Step # Action
Step I Tune the resonance frequency of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC to 16.1 MHz by means of
VCl.
B.6.2 Calibration of PayPass - Reference PICC for Data Transmission
Table B.14 describes how to calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PICC for data transmission.
Table B.14— Calibration of PayPass - Reference PICC for Data Transmission
Step # Action
Step 1 Calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PICC as described in annex B.6.1.
Step 2 Calibrate the PαyPαss - Reference PCD as described in annex B.5.1.
Step 3 Place the PαyPαss - Reference PICC in the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD (at the same position as that will be used in the Operating Volume of the PCD during the measurement).
Step 4 Connect the matching network to the Calibration Coil of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC (refer to Figure B.2). Connect a sine wave generator to Jl of the matching network with a frequency of 13.57 MHz and an amplitude of (80 - 15z) mV (peak to peak) measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD (z represents the distance in cm above the landing plane).
Step 5 Connect a square wave generator to J2 of the PαyPαss - Reference PICC with a frequency of 847 KHz (fc/16). Regulate Vm in such a way that the square wave modulates the carrier with amplitude Vpp (peak to peak) measured at the output of the CMR circuit of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD. Vpp has one of the values listed in Table B.15 for Type A or Table B.16 for Type B.
Step 6 Remove the PαyPαss - Reference PICC from the Operating Volume of the PαyPαss - Reference PCD.
Table B.15 specifies the different Type A load modulation characteristics applied by the PαyPαss - Reference PICC.
Table B.15 — Load Modulation Characteristics - Type A
Name Vpp (mV)
MOD LAl 45_
MOD LA2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PCD value of VPP,A.
MOD LA3 Refer to A.2 and use the maximum PCD value of VPP(A.
Table B.16 specifies the different Type B load modulation characteristics applied by the PαyPαss ■ Reference PICC.
Table B.16— Load Modulation Characteristics - Type B
Figure imgf000032_0001
MOD LB2 Refer to A.2 and use the minimum PCD value of VPP,B.
MOD LB3 Refer to A.2 and use the maximum PCD value of VPP,B.

Claims

WE CLAM:
1. A system of contactless payment devices such as card and reader devices, wherein in operation of the devices, the reader devices transmit signals which are received by counterpart card devices, and the card devices transmit signals which are received by counterpart reader devices, the system comprising: a specification range Rtx of a parameter related to a signal transmitted by the device, wherein each device is specified to transmit a signal whose parameter value C is in the range Rtx; a specification range Rrx of parameter values of the signal received by the counterpart devices, wherein each counterpart device is specified to operate properly when the received signal parameter has any value in the range Rrx, and wherein the specification range Rtx is a subset of the specification range Rrx so that parameter value C is in the range Rrx and therefore the counterpart device can operate properly in response to the signal transmitted by any device.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the signals transmitted by the reader devices comprise power and data signals.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the signals transmitted by the card devices comprise data signals.
4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a reference device and a reference counterpart device.
5. The system of claim 4 further comprising a specification verification that each device transmits a signal whose parameter value C is within the specification range Rtx as measured using the reference counterpart device.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein each device is a reader and each counterpart device is a card, and wherein the signal transmitted by the reader is a card-activating power signal, and wherein a power level of the signal transmitted by the reader is measured on the reference counterpart device.
7. The system of claim 5 wherein each device is a reader and each counterpart device is a card, and wherein the signal transmitted by the reader comprises a data signal and wherein a characteristic of the signal transmitted by the reader is measured on the reference counterpart device.
8. The system of claim 5 wherein each device is a card and each counterpart device is a reader, and wherein the signal transmitted by the card comprises a load modulated data signal and wherein a modulation characteristic of the signal transmitted by the card is measured on the reference counterpart device.
9. The system of claim 4 further comprising a specification verification that each counterpart device operates properly when the received signal parameter has any value in the range Rrx by using the reference device to generate and transmit different signals having parameter values across the range Rrx.
10. The system of claim 4 wherein the reference device is calibrated with respect to the characteristics of the reference counterpart device and conversely the reference counterpart device is calibrated with respect to the characteristics of the reference counterpart device.
11. In an electronic payment system based on payment devices such as contactless cards and readers each of which has mutual signal transmitting and receiving functions, a method for enhancing interoperability of a transmitting payment device with a set of different receiving devices and conversely for enhancing step of interoperability of a receiving device with a set of different transmitting payment devices, the method comprising: identifying a range of values (Rtx) of a parameter related to a signal transmitted by a transmitting device and in response to which signal each of the set of different receiving devices are specified to operate properly; specifying each of the set of different transmitting devices in proper operation to transmit only a signal which has a parameter value lying within range
Rtx; identifying a range of values (Rrx) of the parameter related to the signal received by the receiving devices, which range Rrx includes the range Rtx, and specifying each of the set of different receiving devices to operate properly in response to any received signal having a parameter value lying within range Rtx,
whereupon all transmitting devices operating as specified can generate only signals that have parameter values that correspond to signals for which the receiving devices are specified to operate properly.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the signals transmitted by the reader devices comprise power and data signals.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the signals transmitted by the card devices comprise data signals.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a reference device and a reference counterpart device to verify device parameters.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising specification verification step wherein each transmitting device transmits a signal whose parameter value C is within the specification range Rtx as measured using the reference counterpart device.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein each device is a reader and each counterpart device is a card, and wherein the signal transmitted by the reader is a card-activating power signal, and wherein the specification verification step further comprises measuring a power level of the signal transmitted by the reader on the reference counterpart device.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein each device is a reader and each counterpart device is a card, and wherein the signal transmitted by the reader comprises a data signal, and wherein the specification verification step further comprises measuring a characteristic of the signal transmitted by the reader on the reference counterpart device.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein each device is a card and each counterpart device is a reader, and wherein the signal transmitted by the card comprises a load modulated data signal and wherein a modulation characteristic of the signal transmitted by the card is measured on the reference counterpart device.
19. The method of claim 14, further comprising a specification verification step wherein each counterpart device operates properly when the received signal parameter has any value in the range Rrx by using the reference device to generate and transmit different signals having parameter values across the range Rrx.
20. The method of claim 14, further comprising a calibration step wherein the reference device is calibrated with respect to the characteristics of the reference counterpart device, and conversely the reference counterpart device is calibrated with respect to the characteristics of the reference counterpart device.
PCT/US2005/025119 2004-07-15 2005-07-15 Method and system for conducting contactless payment card transactions WO2006019997A2 (en)

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AU2005275058A AU2005275058A1 (en) 2004-07-15 2005-07-15 Method and system for conducting contactless payment card transactions
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US7424977B2 (en) 2008-09-16
EP1807789A2 (en) 2007-07-18
EP2113104A2 (en) 2009-11-04
BRPI0513354A (en) 2008-05-06
WO2006019989A3 (en) 2007-06-21
IL180695A0 (en) 2007-06-03
CA2573773A1 (en) 2006-02-23
WO2006020144A2 (en) 2006-02-23
KR20070044016A (en) 2007-04-26
US20080191031A1 (en) 2008-08-14
MX2007000541A (en) 2007-03-30
IL180696A0 (en) 2007-06-03
AU2005275050A1 (en) 2006-02-23
MX2007000546A (en) 2007-03-30
ZA200701121B (en) 2008-07-30
CA2573805A1 (en) 2006-02-23
KR20070039142A (en) 2007-04-11
IL180700A0 (en) 2007-06-03
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JP2008507043A (en) 2008-03-06
US20060022043A1 (en) 2006-02-02
US7520435B2 (en) 2009-04-21
US20060022042A1 (en) 2006-02-02
US7431217B2 (en) 2008-10-07
US7775445B2 (en) 2010-08-17
EP1784760A2 (en) 2007-05-16
AU2005274851A1 (en) 2006-02-23
JP2008507044A (en) 2008-03-06
CA2573799A1 (en) 2006-02-23
CN101080729A (en) 2007-11-28
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AU2005274949A1 (en) 2006-02-23
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BRPI0513356A (en) 2008-05-06
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