WO2006065896A2 - System and method for controlling congestion in multihopping wireless networks - Google Patents
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- WO2006065896A2 WO2006065896A2 PCT/US2005/045228 US2005045228W WO2006065896A2 WO 2006065896 A2 WO2006065896 A2 WO 2006065896A2 US 2005045228 W US2005045228 W US 2005045228W WO 2006065896 A2 WO2006065896 A2 WO 2006065896A2
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/11—Identifying congestion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/12—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion
- H04L47/122—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion by diverting traffic away from congested entities
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- H04W28/021—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control in wireless networks with changing topologies, e.g. ad-hoc networks
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- H04W28/0883—Load balancing or load distribution between entities in ad-hoc networks
- H04W28/0892—Load balancing or load distribution between entities in ad-hoc networks between different intermediate nodes
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- H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
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- H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
- H04W8/04—Registration at HLR or HSS [Home Subscriber Server]
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to wireless communication networks and, more particularly, to a system and method for controlling congestion in a wireless multihopping communication network.
- each mobile node is capable of operating as a base station or router for the other mobile nodes, thus eliminating the need for a fixed infrastructure of base stations.
- network nodes transmit and receive data packet communications in a multiplexed format, such as time-division multiple access (TDMA) format, code-division multiple access (CDMA) format, or frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) format.
- TDMA time-division multiple access
- CDMA code-division multiple access
- FDMA frequency-division multiple access
- More sophisticated ad-hoc networks are also being developed which, in addition to enabling mobile nodes to communicate with each other as in a conventional ad-hoc network, further enable the mobile nodes to access a fixed network and thus communicate with other mobile nodes, such as those on the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and on other networks such as the Internet.
- PSTN public switched telephone network
- these messages are propagated upstream through the network toward the sources of the traffic, these messages may not always be received by the sources. Furthermore, a node that receives the suppression message may choose to not propagate the message if its local network conditions are acceptable. Therefore, this technique for attempting to avoid congestion is not reliable.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example ad-hoc wireless communications network including a plurality of nodes employing a system and method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a node employed in the network shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of operations relating to congestion control as performed by the nodes in the network shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- embodiments of the invention described herein may be comprised of one or more conventional processors and unique stored program instructions that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non- processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of a system and method for controlling congestion in a wireless multihopping communication network as described herein.
- the non-processor circuits may include, but are not limited to, a radio receiver, a radio transmitter, signal drivers, clock circuits, power source circuits, and user input devices. As such, these functions may be interpreted as steps of a method for controlling congestion in a wireless multihopping communication network.
- the present invention provides a system and method for controlling congestion in a wireless multihopping communication network by controlling the use of nodes acting as bottleneck points in multihopping wireless network.
- the system and method distribute congestion information back to the ingress points of the network (i.e., the nodes that operate as the interface between a wired portion of the network and a wireless potion of the network) and the nodes which are the source of the traffic in the network over the actual route of the data flow that contributes to the congestion.
- the ingress points and the source of the traffic can then avoid the use of the bottleneck nodes.
- the system and method can be used for packet-based, route-based, or flow-based traffic shaping in a multihop wireless network with different Media Access Control (MAC) and routing layer protocols.
- MAC Media Access Control
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an ad-hoc packet-switched multihopping wireless communications network 100 employing an embodiment of the present invention.
- the network 100 includes a plurality of mobile wireless user terminals 102-1 through 102-n (referred to generally as nodes 102, subscriber devices (SDs) 102 or mobile nodes 102), and can, but is not required to, include a fixed network 104 having a plurality of access points 106-1, 106-2, ...106-n (referred to generally as nodes 106., access points (APs) 106 or intelligent access points (IAPs) 106), for providing nodes 102 with access to the fixed network 104.
- nodes 102 subscriber devices (SDs) 102 or mobile nodes 102
- SDs subscriber devices
- IAPs intelligent access points
- the fixed network 104 can include, for example, a core local access network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), and a plurality of servers and gateway routers to provide network nodes with access to other networks, such as other ad-hoc networks, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet.
- the network 100 further can include a plurality of fixed routers 107-1 through 107-n (referred to generally as nodes 107, fixed routers 107 or wireless routers (WRs) 107) for routing data packets between other nodes 102, 106 or 107. It is noted that for purposes of this discussion, the nodes discussed above can be collectively referred to as “nodes 102, 106 and 107", or simply "nodes”.
- each node 102, 106, and 107 are capable of communicating with each other directly, or via one or more other nodes 102, 106 or 107 operating as a router or routers for packets being sent between nodes, as described in United States Patent Application Publication Number US-2002-0058502-A1, and United States Patent Numbers 6,807,165 and 6,873,839, referenced above.
- each node 102, 106, and 107 includes a transceiver, or modem 108, which is coupled to an antenna 110 and is capable of receiving and transmitting signals, such as packetized signals, to and from the node 102, 106 or 107, under the control of a controller 112.
- the packetized data signals can include, for example, voice, data or multimedia information, and packetized control signals, including node update information.
- Each node 102, 106 and 107 further includes a memory 114, such as a random access memory (RAM) that is capable of storing, among other things, routing information pertaining to itself and other nodes in the network 100.
- a memory 114 such as a random access memory (RAM) that is capable of storing, among other things, routing information pertaining to itself and other nodes in the network 100.
- certain nodes, especially mobile nodes 102 can include a host 116 which may consist of any number of devices, such as a notebook computer terminal, mobile telephone unit, mobile data unit, or any other suitable device.
- Each node 102, 106 and 107 also includes the appropriate hardware and software to perform Internet Protocol (IP) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), the purposes of which can be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art.
- IP Internet Protocol
- ARP Address Resolution Protocol
- TCP transmission control protocol
- UDP user datagram protocol
- MACA Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
- MACA Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
- An example of the MACA protocol is described in an article by Phil Karn entitled “MACA — A New Channel Access Method For Packet Radio," ARL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9 th Computer Networking Conference, September 22, 1990.
- RTS request-to-send
- the receiving node 102, 106 or 107 Upon receiving the RTS successfully, the receiving node 102, 106 or 107 responds with a clear-to-send (CTS) message.
- CTS clear-to-send
- the RTS and CTS messages contain information which includes source/destination addresses, transmission duration, and so on, relating to the intended packet transmission. Therefore, all nodes 102, 106 and 107 that receive the RTS and CTS messages will refrain from transmitting long enough to avoid collision with the node 102, 106 or 107 attempting to transmit the packet.
- the transmitting node 102, 106 or 107 then transmits the packet upon receiving the CTS successfully, and the receiving node 102, 106 or 107 responds with an acknowledgment (ACK) message for the successful transmission to complete the transaction.
- ACK acknowledgment
- a multiple access with collision avoidance for wireless (MACAW) algorithm typically handles Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) retransmissions for corrections of such errors by repeating the entire request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) channel access sequence.
- ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
- MACAW introduces the use of data-sending (DS) messages to form RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK message exchange and a new backoff algorithm (with the "DATA” being the data and "ACK” being and acknowledgement message).
- DS data-sending
- An example of a MACAW algorithm is described in a publication by V. Bharghavan, A. Demers, S. Shenker, and L. Zhang entitled “MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN's," Computer Communication Review, vol.24, (no.4), (ACM SIGCOMM '94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, London, UK, 31 Aug.-2 Sept. 1994.) Oct. 1994. p.212-25.
- a Floor Acquisition Multiple Access (FAMA) protocol uses a non-persistent CSMA scheme with RTS/CTS scheme.
- FAMA Floor Acquisition Multiple Access
- An example of a FAMA protocol is described in a publication by CL. Fullmer, JJ. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, entitled “Floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) for packet-radio networks," Computer Communication Review, vol. 25, (no.4), (ACM SIGCOMM '95, Cambridge, MA, USA, 28 Aug.-l Sept. 1995.) ACM, Oct. 1995. p.262-73.
- IEEE 802.11 describes a MAC which is a variation of CSMA/CA protocol that implements both carrier sensing and virtual (RTS-CTS exchange) carrier sensing with acknowledgment messages to improve reliability.
- routing protocols described above can be categorized as proactive and reactive.
- a proactive ad-hoc routing protocol is a Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol
- examples of reactive ad-hoc routing protocols are Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR).
- routing protocols that are a hybrid of these types of protocols exists as described in published United States Patent Application Publication Number 2004/0143842 by Avinash Joshi entitled "System and Method for Achieving Continuous Connectivity to an Access Point or Gateway in a Wireless Network Following an On-Demand Routing Protocol, and to Perform Smooth Handoff of Mobile Terminals," the entire contents being incorporated herein by reference.
- the MAC protocols described above can be controlled reduce traffic to thus reduce congestion.
- Typical MAC protocols have different approaches to slow traffic in the presence of congestion.
- the present invention provides a system and method employing routing metrics that include congestion information which can be used by MAC protocols, such as those discussed above, to avoid the congested nodes 102, 106 or 107 in the network 100.
- the system and method are capable of distributing congestion warning messages in the network 100 without depending on a specific MAC protocol or routing protocol.
- the congestion level at a node 102 is a function of the traffic that this node 102 forwards to other nodes 102, 106 or 107, and the traffic that its neighbors transmit over the transmission medium that the node 102 shares with its neighbors. Furthermore, other parameters such as the processing power, bandwidth share, mobility pattern and next hop availability affect the congestion level at the node 102.
- the statistics of the congestion information included in the routing metric depend on the dynamic behavior of the node 102 and its neighboring nodes 102, 106 and/or 107, as well as their channel and traffic characteristics. It is desirable to avoid the congestion before the congestion degrades the performance of the network 100 dramatically.
- the congestion may change over time. Therefore, it is important to estimate the congestion at a particular moment in time.
- local congestion recovery can be performed at the node 102 by using Layer 2 protocols. Examples of a local recovery method for congestion control is described in United States Patent Application Serial Number 11/158,737, referenced above, and in United States Patent Application Serial Number 10/982,762 by Sebnem Z. Ozer et al. entitled “System and Method For Performing Receiver-Assisted Slot Allocation in a Multi-Hop Communication Network", filed on November 8, 2004, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the network 100 should apply traffic control at the intermediate nodes 102, 106 or 107 along a congested path, as well as the node 102, 106 or 107 that is the traffic source for that path, and the nodes 102, 106 or 107 that are the ingress points for that path.
- QoS Quality of Service
- the node 102 experiencing the congestion can check the packet headers of the received packets to determine the node (e.g., another node 102) that is the source of the packet traffic, and can unicast a congestion warning message back to that source node 102.
- the node e.g., another node 102
- nodes 102, 106 and 107 in multihopping networks are often unidirectional. Therefore, the route that causes the bottleneck in one direction may be different than the route in the other direction.
- node 102-1 is operating as a source node and node 106-1 (an IAP) is a destination node.
- the upstream route from the destination node 106-1 to the source node 102-1 may follow a different path (e.g., nodes 107-2, 102-2 and 107-1 to node 102-1).
- the system and method according to an embodiment of the present invention utilizes a technique that enables the bottleneck node (in this case node 102-5) to inform the intermediate node or nodes (e.g., node 102-3 in this example) that forwards the packet from the source node 102-1 that contributes to the congestion at the bottleneck node 102- 5.
- DSR Dynamic Source Routing
- the routing protocols do not require that a node (e.g., node 102-5) maintain all the node addresses along a route, but rather, a minimum amount of address information, such as the address of the source node 102-1, the address of the destination node 106-1, the address of the next hop toward the destination node and the address of the previous hop (the precursor node). Also, if the routing algorithm maintains only one route per destination as in an Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector protocol, then the following technique according to an embodiment of the present invention can be used.
- a node e.g., node 102-5
- the bottleneck node 102-5 in step 310 will check the destination address (the address of node 106-1) and the address of the precursor node (node 102-3) of the packets that the bottleneck node 102-5 receives and forwards.
- the bottleneck node 102-5 will then send a congestion warning message to the precursor node 102-3.
- the congestion warning message includes the destination address and a congestion metric.
- step 330 if the congestion warning message has not reached the source node 102-1, the precursor node 102-3 in step 340 will then send a congestion warning message for this destination to the next precursor node, which in this example is the source node 102-1.
- the corresponding intermediate node(s) 102-3, ingress points (if any) and source node 102-1 will therefore identify this route to the destination node 106-1 as being congested, and will also set a timeout value that indicates the duration of congestion based on the information included in the congestion warning message.
- any node e.g., node 102-1 and 102-3 in this example
- receiving the congestion warning message may apply traffic control based on the flow, QoS class or route information depending on the information included in the congestion warning message.
- the congestion warning message can also include the data packet or a part of the data (e.g., the data header).
- the source node 102-1 can thus check the header to determine the flow identification (ID) if flow-based traffic control is applied. Therefore, if different routes exist to the destination node 106-1, the packet flow that contributes to the congestion in the congested route will be regulated.
- ID flow identification
- control algorithms can be applied such as changing the route to use an intermediate node (e.g., node 107-n in FIG. 1) that is outside of the congestion area.
- the intermediate node e.g., node 102-3
- the intermediate ode 102-3 may choose not to forward the congestion warning message to the upstream node or nodes (source node 102-1 in this example). This approach thus allows for congestion control at the intermediate nodes between local and end-point recovery stages.
- the traffic control also may be based on the existing traffic shaping and policing algorithms with fairness and service differentiation criteria.
- Each node may have a minimum flow rate to maintain. If the node's traffic can be maintained for the selected route without having a bottleneck on the path, this rate will be maintained. However, if the intermediate node and ingress point, for example, receives a congestion warning message, the rate of the traffic for this node will be decreased according to the congestion metric and fairness and service differentiation criteria.
- the access point that is the ingress point e.g., access point 106-1 in this example
- the intermediate nodes e.g., nodes 107-2, 102-2, 107-1
- the nodes 102-2, 107-1 and 107-2 will maintain a congestion flag per destination or flow to slow down traffic destined for this destination node 102-1.
- These nodes also maintain a timeout value, and periodically transmit a congestion warning message as discussed above while the congestion exists.
- the source node e.g., node 102-1
- the destination is in the wired network (fixed network 104) or the same wireless area but connected to the wired network through the same access point (e.g., access point 106-1) as the source node 102-1
- the access point 106-1 that has the source node 102-1 in its service set and the intermediate nodes (e.g., nodes 107-1, 102-2, 107-2) will control the traffic.
- the source node can control the traffic if its transceiver supports such functionality.
- the source node (e.g., node 102-1) and the destinations node (e.g., node 102-4) are in different wireless subnets (i.e., each node is in a different wireless segment connected to the wired network with a different access point, such as access points 106-1 and 106-2) and the congestion point is in the wireless area of the source node 102-1, the access point 106-1 that has the source node 102-1 in its service set and the intermediate nodes (e.g., nodes 102-6 and 102-5) that are in the wireless domain of the destination node 102-4 will control the traffic. If the congestion is also present in the wireless site of the destination node 102-4, the congestion message is also exchanged between the access points 106-1 and 106-2.
- the present invention allows for maintaining fairness and service differentiation during congestion, avoids waste of resources in the wireless domain, and provides network stability.
- the embodiments of the present invention also may be used for cross-layer optimization (i.e., optimization of MAC and routing protocols). For example, the distribution of congestion information following the route of the actual data also enables congestion control between different interfaces in multi-transceiver nodes. If multiple transceivers use the same routing layer, then the techniques described above can be used. However, if multiple transceivers use different routing layers, then congestion control should be provided at the interfaces between the different routing layers. [0041] In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments of the present invention have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below.
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DE112005003146T5 (en) | 2008-02-21 |
US20060146704A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
WO2006065896A3 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
US7693051B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 |
KR100967746B1 (en) | 2010-07-05 |
KR20070087145A (en) | 2007-08-27 |
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