WO2006076142A2 - Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006076142A2 WO2006076142A2 PCT/US2005/046601 US2005046601W WO2006076142A2 WO 2006076142 A2 WO2006076142 A2 WO 2006076142A2 US 2005046601 W US2005046601 W US 2005046601W WO 2006076142 A2 WO2006076142 A2 WO 2006076142A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
- G01N33/56966—Animal cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6841—In situ hybridisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6879—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for sex determination
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5091—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing the pathological state of an organism
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
Definitions
- the subj ect invention pertains to the field of cytogenetics , more particularly to chromosomal profiling .
- FISH Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
- FISH-based techniques use disease-specific probes .
- the probe sets are limited to the existing knowledge of specific alterations such as translocations , deletions , inversions , amplifications or other known chromosomal anomalies .
- Cytogeneticists were unable to make a diagnosis for an unknown or unsuspected genetic disorder .
- Utilizing whole chromosome paints allows previously undetected translocations to be recognized. This , however, is a very cumbersome process and required the use of twenty-four (24 ) separate chromosome painting probe set .
- the process yields information only on a single type of genetic abnormality, namely, a translocation between two different chromosomes .
- genetic alterations comprise numerous manifestations including translocations , deletions or inversions .
- These other changes especially, intrachromosomal changes cannot all be detected by current chromosome painting probe sets . Instead, they require yet another set or multiple sets of disease specific probes thereby becoming cost-prohibitive for the routine clinical cytogenetics laboratory.
- the detection of certain type of abnormalities such as , Robertsonian translocations ; ea'ch of the techniques are fluorochrome-based, wherein the fluorescence quenches or fades and the resulting banding pattern is not permanent ; resulting banding patterns that are assigned psuedo-colors through the use of by computer software and cannot be interpreted by simple human observation; techniques , that while useful in a research setting, are not practical for routine use in clinical cytogenetics laboratories ; and marker chromosomes that are structurally altered and generally cannot be traced, this is especially critical as marker chromosomes have both diagnostic as well as prognostic implications in numerous clinical situations .
- aspects of the present invention include a method for generating an Interphase chromosome profile including obtaining a sample containing cells having chromosomes for profiling; obtaining species specific DNA probes , the DNA probes capable of marking at least one chromosome at substantially equidistant locations on the chromosome ; hybridizing the sample with the DNA probes ; using a plurality of enzymes to produce differential color bands on the chromosome for colorimetric analysis of the sample ; using visual analysis for determining the profile of the chromosome based on the colorimetric analysis .
- the method further contemplates in situ hybridization .
- the in situ hybridization can occur on a slide .
- the slide can, for example , comprise a series of wells for receiving, hybridizing and analyzing said DNA profile .
- the visual analysis means can include a light microscope or CCD camera .
- aspects of the invention contemplate obtaining testing samples from amniotic fluid; peripheral blood; plural fluid; bone marrow; tumor tissue; products of conception or any other source containing cells having chromosomes for analysis .
- the method according to aspects of the invention include visual detection of a chromosonal abnormality, such as , for example, a translocation, or more specifically, a Robertsonian translocation.
- a chromosonal abnormality such as , for example, a translocation, or more specifically, a Robertsonian translocation.
- the method according to aspects of the invention contemplates yielding a complete karyotype .
- the invention also includes a method of colorimetric in situ hybridization including the steps of : obtaining a sample containing cells having chromosomes for profiling; obtaining species specific DNA probes , capable of marking chromosome at substantially equidistant locations on the chromosome ; in situ hybridizing the sample with the DNA probes ; using a plurality of enzymes to produce differential color bands on the chromosome for colorimetric analysis ; and using visual analysis for determining the profile of said chromosome .
- Another aspect of the present invention contemplates a method of labeling a chromosome including the steps of : obtaining a sample containing cells having chromosome for labeling, obtaining species specific DNA probes , wherein the DNA probes can be capable of labeling the chromosome at substantially equidistant locations , hybridizing the chromosome with the DNA probes , wherein the chromosome is labeled.
- the method can include the in situ hybridization of the chromosome on a slide , wherein the slide includes a series of wells for receiving, hybridizing and analyzing the DNA profile .
- the method further contemplates a DNA origin selected from the group consisting of : amniotic fluid; peripheral blood; plural fluid; bone marrow; tumor tissue ; and products of conception.
- kits for Interphase chromosome profiling a plurality of species specific DNA probes , wherein the DNA probes can be capable of marking at least one chromosome at substantially equidistant locations on the chromosome , a plurality of enzymes for producing differential color bands on the chromosome for colorimetric analysis and a plurality of slides for in situ hybridizing the chromosome with the probe set .
- the kit can further include a visual analysis means for the colorimetric analysis of the one chromosome, such as , for example , a microscope, or a camera .
- a visual analysis means for the colorimetric analysis of the one chromosome such as , for example , a microscope, or a camera .
- the foregoing describes a method of obtaining a chromosome profile using Interphase Chromosome Profiling (ICP) , to obtain the complete chromosome and karyotype information from any cell/specimen type without need for additional tissue culturing .
- ICP Interphase Chromosome Profiling
- This is accomplished by combing proprietary DNA probe sets and CISH technologies on Interphase nuclei .
- TAT turn around time
- the invention relates to methods and apparatus for obtaining complete human karyotype information by observing individual human chromosomes in Interphase cells in hybridization chambers on a plurality of slides .
- ICP requires no prior knowledge of the presence of specific or suspected diseases , detects known and unknown genetic changes , and provides a complete karyotype in a single test .
- ICP requires no cell culture and provides a detection mechanism for nearly all types of chromosome changes in Interphase nuclei .
- FIGS . Ia and Ib are Interphase Chromosome Profile ideograms illustrating exemplary resulting color bands according to aspects of the present invention.
- PIGS . 2a and 2b are prior art G-Banding ideograms at the 400 band level .
- FIGS . 3a through 3d are side-by-side comparisons of Interphase Chromosome Profile (ICP) and G-Banding ideograms according to aspects of the present invention .
- FIGS . 4a and 4b are illustrations of microscope fields showing a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 , respectively, according to aspects of the present invention.
- FIGS . 5a and 5b are illustrations of microscope fields showing a translocation and no translocation, respectively, for verification purposes according to aspects of the present invention.
- FIG. 6a, 6b and 6c are illustrations of marker chromosome identification in chromosomes 3 , 7 and 10 , respectively, according to the aspects of the present invention.
- Fig. 8 is an illustration of a microscopic field showing an interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 according to the aspects of the present invention .
- Fig. 9 is an illustration of a microscopic field showing a Robertsonian translocation of chromosomes 14 and 21 according to the aspects of the present invention .
- Fig . 10 is an illustration of a microscopic field showing a paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 8 according to aspects of the present invention.
- Fig . 11 is an illustration of a microscopic field showing a pericentric inversion of chromosome 16 according to aspects of the present invention.
- Fig . 12a and 12b are illustrations of microscopic fields showing insertional translocations involving chromosomes 17 and 19 , respectively, according to aspects of the present invention.
- FIG. 13a and 13b are photomicrographs of prior art colorimetric in situ hybridization .
- each chromosome is represented by the ICP color band ideogram. Centromere/Pericentromere areas are in Black; short arm telomeres in Blue ; and long arm telomeres in Red.
- the ICP ideograms are split into two parts : Left and Right .
- the left ideogram represents the color banding when the chromosome was introduced first and the right ideogram represents the color banding when the chromosome was introduced second .
- the terms first and second refer to the order of the respective chromosome in the Acrocentric Chromosome Combination on Slide 1.
- FIG. 2 represents the traditional G-banded ideogram at 400 band level .
- all human chromosome arms can be classified into one of three groups : Group 1 (small) , Group 2 (medium) , and Group 3 ( large) . Within each group, individual bands are spaced substantially the same distance apart . This spacing coupled with the disclosed staining technique produces a unique color-banding pattern for each chromosome .
- the chromosomes are classified into several groups based on their size, and. chromosomes within each group have the same color sequence pattern for ease of recognition . [0049]
- Each chromosome arm can have a distinct color band " signature . " Any variations from this signature can indicate a genetic change (i . e . , a chromosomal abnormality) .
- the centromere of the chromosome is stained black, and as one proceeds from the centromere towards the end of the arm, the color bands are produced by an admixture of varying proportions of the two primary colors used to highlight the chromosome end (telomere) bands .
- the color band between the centromere and a telomere can be varying degrees of mixtures of red and blue , such as dark red, dark blue, light blue , violet and reddish brown.
- the chromosome can be stained black or other differentiating color at additional equidistant locations along the short and long arms of the chromosome between the differential color staining locations .
- additional staining allows for easier visual detection of genetic abnormalities by increasing the resolution as well as providing landmarks for the user to identify.
- the color differentiating bands are referred to as Maj or bands and the additional solid bands , such as , for example , the black bands are referred to as the minor bands .
- the short arm and long arm minor bands can be stained to provide differing band thicknesses between the respective chromosome arms .
- the short arm minor bands can be stained to provide minor bands having a uniform thickness smaller than the minor bands on the long arm of the chromosome . Such staining can provide easier detection of an abnormality involving a single chromosome .
- CISH Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization
- the FISH-based approaches in the art utilize specific DNA probes to detect known genetic abnormalities either using metaphase chromosomes or Interphase nuclei .
- the initial "working diagnosis" from the clinician is wrong and the laboratorian is forced to use multiple, sequential applications of DNA probe sets . This is not only very time consuming, but also very expensive .
- ICP facilitates the characterization of nearly all chromosome abnormalities through the use of a single universal probe set with no known prior knowledge of specific genetic abnormalities in a specimen. This characterization can occur one chromosome at a time, in the Interphase cells , in a designated spot or well on a hybridization chamber (slide) .
- the hybridization chambers comprise a set of three slides , each containing 10 wells .
- Slide 1 can be used for detecting Robertsonian translocations (translocations between the acrocentric chromosomes (i . e . , chromosomes 13 , 14 , 15 , 21, and 22 ) ) .
- Slide 2 can be used to characterize chromosomes 1- 10.
- Slide 3 can be used to characterize chromosomes 11 , 12 , 16-20 , X and Y .
- two wells can be left intentionally blank for further testing .
- the ICP technique can eliminate unnecessary hybridization with numerous different probe sets thereby allowing complete karyotype information to be assembled by combining the results from the 28 wells .
- Step 2 Interphase cells in each well can be hybridized overnight with a single set of DNA probes specific for the chromosome or abnormality to be detected. Hybridization can be performed using standard in situ hybridization techniques , such as pretreatment with enzymes to allow DNA probes to penetrate the nuclear membrane and DNA denaturation to separate the two DNA strands .
- each particular label can be detected through standard detection techniques . The detection can be sequential or simultaneous . Based on the predetermined proportion of colors at different bands along the length of the individual chromosomes , the admixture of two colors for example , two enzyme reactions , generates a new detectable color . The various colors for the bands on the chromosomes can be predetermined and as shown in FIG . 1 can be represented on an ideogram for ease of comparative analysis . According to Step 4 , the color development on individual chromosome bands can be observed and understood by a human using a simple , standard light microscope .
- TAT is extremely critical and there can be a significant amount of anxiety experienced by expecting parents associated with the testing .
- the deadline for obtaining results is within 24 weeks of gestation.
- the standard chromosome test is performed at around 16-20 weeks of gestation with results being available after 10-14 days . Therefore , late gestation amniocentesis testing is generally undesirable .
- Peripheral blood chromosome testing can be performed on patients with abnormal phenotypic features , such as , for example, mental retardation or couples with infertility issues or multiple miscarriage , to establish genetic diagnosis .
- the TAT for such testing is usually 5 days , however, the regular chromosomal study cannot identify marker chromosomes and unbalanced chromosome rearrangements . These situations require additional testing which increases the TAT and adds to the cost .
- abnormalities involve the ends of the chromosomes ( i . e . , subtle rearrangements) , that can be missed with routine testing .
- FISH testing to resolve whatever diagnostic issues may exist .
- chromosome information is not only vital in accurate diagnosis , but also critical in managing different drug regimen protocols . Often a physician can be waiting for results to make critical treatment decisions . With current methodologies , TAT is usually about 5 days .
- One major drawback to current testing is that the regular chromosome study cannot identify marker and derivative chromosomes as well as the previously mentioned subtle rearrangements that involve the telomeres of the chromosomes . These situations can require additional testing resulting in increased TAT and cost . In some cases with normal/abnormal results , many more cells need to be analyzed by routine testing which can also increase the cost . Unfortunately, in many cases , additional cells with chromosomes are simply unavailable for testing . In approximately 5-10% of cases , no chromosome results are available at all , due to culture failure .
- Chromosome information can be obtained on miscarriage material to establish genetic diagnosis and to counsel the patient for future pregnancy decisions .
- the TAT for genetic testing on such tissue can be up to 30-45 days . More importantly, in 20 -40% of cases , results cannot be obtained by standard chromosome testing due to a compromised sample . Accordingly, additional testing is generally required to properly diagnose the genetic abnormality and counsel the patient . Such additional testing subsequently increases the costs and time required .
- ICP fills the void created by the limitations of current methodologies by providing the unmet needs of the clinical cytogenetics and medical community, in a timely and cost effective manner .
- the rearrangement can result in a balanced or unbalanced karyotype .
- the total chromosome number generally remains 46 , however, there will likely be three copies of one of the acrocentric chromosomes in the karyotype .
- Robertsonian translocation involving chromosomes other than chromosome 21 can also be clinically significant in prenatal diagnosis .
- UPD Uniparental Disomy
- UPD in the fetus detected in the prenatal diagnosis , contributes to severe clinical manifestations and adds significantly to the rate of morbidity.
- the probe set consists of a uniquely designed combination of DNA probes for each of the 24 chromosomes .
- Each human chromosome contains a centromere and one short arm and one long arm attached at the centromere . All chromosomes contain at the ends of the arms , specific DNA sequences called telomeres unique for each chromosome .
- Acrocentric chromosomes only have centromeres and long arms . Their short arms are variable and can be absent in the genome and have no clinical significance . For this reason no probes are designed to detect the acrocentric short arms .
- Fig . 1 illustrating the color banding pattern based on the present invention.
- the standard G-banding i . e . , the gold standard
- the ideogram is the diagrammatic representation of all the bands on a chromosome .
- each human chromosome was given a individual unit length.
- chromosome 1 the largest human chromosome
- chromosome 2 has unit size of 68 with 27 and 41 for the short and long arms , respectively .
- the unit sizes for all chromosomes are depicted on the ideograms .
- human chromosome arms can be classified into one of three groups : Group 1 (Small) having a unit size of 4 -6 ; Group 2 (Medium) having a unit size of 7- 19 ; Group 3 ( large) having a unit size of 20-41. With in each group, individual bands are spaced at substantially the same distance .
- the short arm can have 5 bands and the long arm can also have 5 bands .
- chromosome 1 With the centromere band, chromosome 1 has a grand total of 11 ( 5+1+5) color bands . Accordingly, looking at human chromosome 1 in an Interphase cell , using the current ICP invention, one would observe , starting from the end of the short arm, a color band, a "non-color" band, a color band, a non-color band etc . until they reach the centromere and this pattern would continue until they reach the end of the long arm with a color band . Counting all bands , color and non-color, a normal chromosome 1 would have a grand total of 21 bands .
- centromere bands can be stained black and as one proceeds from the centromere towards the end of the short arm, the color bands can be produced by an admixture of varying proportions of two primary colors used to highlight the chromosome end (teleomere) bands .
- short arm telomere bands can be stained blue and long arm telomere bands can be stained red.
- the pericenromeric band i . e . , the band adjacent to the centromere , can be used in lieu of the centromere .
- the centromere can be black
- the next band in the short arm can be lblue : 9red yielding a dark red color .
- the next band can be 7blue : 3red yielding a light blue color .
- the next band can be 5blue : 5red yielding a violet color .
- the next band can be 3blue : 7red yielding a reddish brown color .
- the telomere band can be 100% blue indicating the end of the telomere .
- This method can be used for detecting both numerical and structural abnormalities of virtually any human chromosome .
- a few examples of chromosome abnormalities and especially marker chromosome identification using ICP are discussed infra .
- marker chromosomes could only be identified in metaphase chromosomes .
- marker chromosomes can be identified in Interphase nuclei . The result is a significant savings of time and money.
- the color described above is designed for an ordinary, "non-color blind" human eye that can discriminate the adjoining colors . This opens additional opportunities for current cytogenetic analysis for even those not as highly skilled in the field, such as technicians . Therefore, there is an opportunity for significant financial and time savings , as highly skilled technologists are both expensive and difficult to find
- the CISH method has the advantage of being permanent .
- the color reaction produced is permanent and can be preserved for later use .
- FISH signals fade rapidly and are not at all useful for retrospective analysis . As new genetic changes are discovered in a patient ( i . e . , during treatment) , in order to establish clinical correlations , having a previously hybridized slide will be extremely useful to use for comparison purposes .
- any Interphase cells harboring the translocation would have a color pattern of red, red, blue , blue .
- the juxtaposition of red and blue would indicate the translocation .
- Cells not harboring the translocation in this color scheme would have a reading of red, red, blue and blue . Since centromere bands are not introduced, the cross-hybridization for chromosome 22 is therefore eliminated.
- Marker chromosomes by definition in clinical cytogenetics , indicate that by standard G-banding technique, the origin of the centromere and the additional material on that chromosome could not be identified. Yet these marker chromosomes play an important role in the disease generation and/or progression. Using metaphase chromosomes and the 24 -color FISH techniques , one can generally identify the nature of the marker chromosomes . However, identification in the Interphase nucleus is very challenging and using current methodologies , cannot be performed.
- marker chromosome An example of a marker chromosome is described as follows : having the centromere of chromosome 3 ; all of the short arm of 3 ; two bands from chromosome 7 long arm; and a long arm telomere from chromosome 10. This is a very complex marker and in cancer cytogenetics , especially solid tumor cytogenetics , one encounters this type of situation routinely .
- telome 10 in addition to the two contiguous color bands , two extra, adj acent color bands will be present .
- Fig . 6 depicts the marker chromosome in three different Interphase cells .
- Table A represents the acrocentric chromosome combination on slide 1 according to aspects of the present invention. Depending on whether the chromosome was introduced first or second, the centromere • would have a red or blue color with the remaining color sequence as depicted on the ideograms . Color sequence to the left of the chromosome on the ideogram represents first and the sequence on the right represents second in the combination. For chromosomes 13 and 22 , only one color is represented because they are always introduced only either first or second.
- ICP is amenable to the investigation of all types of specimen types , such as , for example peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate , amniotic fluid, chorionic villi , pleural effusion, lymph node biopsy, solid tumor mass , products of conception etc .
- specimen types such as peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate , amniotic fluid, chorionic villi , pleural effusion, lymph node biopsy, solid tumor mass , products of conception etc .
- specimen types such as , for example peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate , amniotic fluid, chorionic villi , pleural effusion, lymph node biopsy, solid tumor mass , products of conception etc .
- the "liquid" specimens such as blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, and pleural effusion contain single cells .
- the remainder of the specimens are tissues comprising aggregates of cells connected together .
- a method can be devised to precisely add or
- Each chromosome band can be, for example , micro dissected or isolated using other techniques known in the art from the standard G-banded metaphase chromosome preparations .
- Each micro dissected chromosome band can be amplified by DOP-PCR technique as generally described by Telenius ( 1992 ) .
- the probe length can be adjusted to between about 200bp - 600bp .
- smaller fragments of the probe can be created utilizing standard techniques as a kit , such as Vector labs Nickit kit .
- the DNA fragments can be labeled with a label , such as , for example , DNP, Biotin, Flourescein or the like , by using standard labeling techniques or technology, such as , Vector Labs FastTag .
- a label such as , for example , DNP, Biotin, Flourescein or the like
- standard labeling techniques or technology such as , Vector Labs FastTag .
- the label is selected according to a predetermined methodology.
- Centromere and telomere DNA probes can be created or commercially available probes can be utilized .
- the probes can be obtained for the ICP purpose without the need for a label and as described above , the appropriate label can be incorporated into the DNA.
- the single cell suspension can be plated onto each well on three hybridization chamber slides .
- the suspension is treated with hypotonic solution and fixed with a 3 : 1 methanol : acetic acid solution.
- Interphase cells in each well can be hybridized with a single set of DNA probes specific for that well , using standard in situ hybridization techniques , such as , with the pretreatment of enzymes to allow the DNA probes to penetrate the nuclear membrane , wherein DNA denaturation is performed to separate the DNA strands .
- Post hybridization washes can be done to remove excess , unhybridized probes from the slides .
- CISH Colorimetric Detection of DNA hybridization
- the label biotin can be detected by avidin-D conjugated Glucose Oxidase enzyme , after reaction with a TNBT substrate specific for Glucose Oxidase . This can produce a Black precipitate at the site of DNA hybridization ( i . e . , at the centromere and pericenromere bands as well as interstitial locations on the short and long arms on all chromosomes) .
- Label fluorescein can be detected by anti-Fluorescein anti-body-conjugated Peroxidase enzyme after reaction with a substrate such as , for example, NovaRed, specific for Peroxidase . This produces a red precipitate at the site of DNA hybridization i . e . , at the long arm telomeres and other bands through out the chromosome , on all chromosomes .
- Label DNP can be detected by anti-DNP anti-body-conjugated Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme upon reaction with a substrate , such as , for example vector blue, specific for Alkaline Phosphatase . This produces a blue precipitate at the site of DNA hybridization i . e . , at the short arm telomeres and other bands through out the chromosome , on all chromosomes .
- a substrate such as , for example vector blue, specific for Alkaline Phosphatase .
- the sequence can be as follows : Biotin, Fluorescein, and DNP detection.
- the acrocentric chromosome centromeres can be color stained with colors , such as , for example, blue or red, but not black . Similar accommodations can be made for certain bands on chromosome 10 , 12 and Y as well as acrocentric long arm bands to ensure proper identification of all chromosome rearrangements .
- the slides can be counter-stained with a counter-stain, such as , for example , Methyl Green (Vector Labs) and permanently mounted in a mounting media, such as , for example, permount (Vector Labs) . Methyl Green can be used because it will provide exceptional contrast against the three primary colors : Black, Blue and Red .
- the slide 10 can comprise a body 20 , a plurality of wells 22 and an identification label area 24.
- the body 20 can comprise glass or any other translucent material sufficient for performing hybridization thereon.
- the wells 22 can comprise areas printed for separating the wells 22 thereon.
- the wells 22 can also comprise ground out indentations , molded indentations or the like for receiving and hybridizing a sample .
- the identification label area 24 can comprise a clear area or frosted area for receiving a label or other identification means .
- ICP Interphase Chromosome Profile
- ISCN (1995) An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Mitelman F (ed) ; S . Karger, Basel , 1995.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB0714525A GB2437460A (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling |
RU2007129399/10A RU2471871C2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Method and device for determining chromosome structure |
EP05855200.1A EP1838873B1 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Method for chromosome profiling |
AU2005324348A AU2005324348B2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling |
CA2595897A CA2595897C (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling |
JP2007550393A JP5344335B2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-12-22 | Methods and apparatus for chromosome profiling |
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US11/034,085 US7943304B2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-01-12 | Method and apparatus for chromosome profiling |
US11/034,085 | 2005-01-12 |
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WO2006076142A2 true WO2006076142A2 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
WO2006076142A3 WO2006076142A3 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
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US (1) | US7943304B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1838873B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5344335B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20070105987A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101128602A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005324348B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2595897C (en) |
GB (1) | GB2437460A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2471871C2 (en) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8057995B2 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2011-11-15 | Genecare Medical Genetics Center, Inc. | Methods of chromosome drying and spreading |
RU2522961C1 (en) * | 2012-12-10 | 2014-07-20 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Научно-исследовательский институт клинической иммунологии" Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук (ФГБУ "НИИКИ" СОРАМН) | Method for determining marker of developing rheumatoid arthritis by detecting shortening of relative length of telomers on single chromosomes in peripheral blood t-lymphocytes |
US11004538B2 (en) | 2013-05-15 | 2021-05-11 | Bgi Genomics Co., Ltd. | Method and device for detecting chromosomal structural abnormalities |
US10697005B2 (en) * | 2013-06-26 | 2020-06-30 | Ramesh Vallabhaneni | Method and system for tracking specific in situ hybridizations in biological samples using molecular barcodes |
US11149299B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2021-10-19 | Ramesh Vallabhaneni | Method and system for multiplex profiling of chromosomes in biological samples using target-specific DNA probes |
EP3591572B1 (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2021-09-01 | Tata Consultancy Services Limited | Method and system for automatic chromosome classification |
CN115375682B (en) * | 2022-10-24 | 2023-01-20 | 湖南自兴智慧医疗科技有限公司 | Chromosome Roche translocation abnormality detection method, system and storage medium |
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US5756696A (en) | 1986-01-16 | 1998-05-26 | Regents Of The University Of California | Compositions for chromosome-specific staining |
US6280929B1 (en) | 1986-01-16 | 2001-08-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method of detecting genetic translocations identified with chromosomal abnormalities |
US6344315B1 (en) | 1986-01-16 | 2002-02-05 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Chromosome-specific staining to detect genetic rearrangements associated with chromosome 3 and/or chromosome 17 |
US5447841A (en) | 1986-01-16 | 1995-09-05 | The Regents Of The Univ. Of California | Methods for chromosome-specific staining |
US6203977B1 (en) | 1988-11-15 | 2001-03-20 | Yale University | Delineation of individual human chromosomes in metaphase and interphase cells by in situ suppression hybridization |
US5817462A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1998-10-06 | Applied Spectral Imaging | Method for simultaneous detection of multiple fluorophores for in situ hybridization and multicolor chromosome painting and banding |
US5976790A (en) | 1992-03-04 | 1999-11-02 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) |
US5427910A (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1995-06-27 | Compucyte Corporation | Method of cytogenetic analysis |
US6136540A (en) | 1994-10-03 | 2000-10-24 | Ikonisys Inc. | Automated fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of genetic abnormalities |
RU2092018C1 (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1997-10-10 | Приморский сельскохозяйственный институт | Method of plant cell chromosome identification |
GB9704054D0 (en) | 1997-02-27 | 1997-04-16 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Assay |
US6051835A (en) | 1998-01-07 | 2000-04-18 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Spectral imaging apparatus and methodology |
AU5606500A (en) | 1999-06-18 | 2001-01-09 | Applied Imaging Corporation | High efficiency methods for combined immunocytochemistry and in-situ hybridization |
US20030017491A1 (en) * | 2000-09-14 | 2003-01-23 | Zuo-Rong Shi | Chromogenic in situ hybridization methods, kits, and compositions |
FR2826977B1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2004-07-16 | Imstar S A | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETECTING INTER-CHROMOSOMAL IMBALANCE BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF FLUORESCENT PROBES (FISH) ON INTERPHASE CELL CORES |
US20050123916A1 (en) * | 2001-10-15 | 2005-06-09 | Uwe Claussen | Process for the detection of chromosomal aberrations in interphase nuclei |
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GB0714525D0 (en) | 2007-09-05 |
CN101128602A (en) | 2008-02-20 |
JP2008526227A (en) | 2008-07-24 |
CA2595897C (en) | 2016-11-15 |
RU2471871C2 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
KR20070105987A (en) | 2007-10-31 |
JP5344335B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
AU2005324348B2 (en) | 2011-09-01 |
WO2006076142A3 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
EP1838873A4 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
CA2595897A1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
US20060154263A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
AU2005324348A1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
GB2437460A (en) | 2007-10-24 |
US7943304B2 (en) | 2011-05-17 |
EP1838873B1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
EP1838873A2 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
ZA200706183B (en) | 2008-06-25 |
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