WO2007011518A2

WO2007011518A2 - Alignment and breaking of mathematical expressions in documents

Info

Publication number: WO2007011518A2
Application number: PCT/US2006/025684
Authority: WO
Inventors: Andrei Burago; Sergey Genkin; Victor Kozyrev; Jennifer Michelstein; Alexander Vaschillo
Original assignee: Microsoft Corporation
Priority date: 2005-07-15
Filing date: 2006-06-30
Publication date: 2007-01-25
Also published as: WO2007011518A3; US20070016859A1; US8020091B2

Abstract

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for formatting a set of expressions in a document. In embodiments, the systems and methods provide the ability to format a set of expressions by aligning expressions or parts of expressions to each other or to the margins of the document, while also supporting breaking of one or more expressions into multiple parts to be placed on different lines. Breaking can include breaking in places requested by a user or breaking in places that are automatically determined to fit the expressions between the margins of a document.

Description

ALIGNMENT AND BREAKING OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS IN

DOCUMENTS

Background

[0001] When an author generates a document that includes a series of mathematical

expressions, the author often wants the expressions to be formatted in a certain way to

enhance the readability and to make the workflow from one expression to the next obvious. For example, an author often will want a series of expressions to be aligned at the equal sign to clearly delimit what has changed on either the right or left hand side of

the expressions. Generally, expression editing tools associated with word processing and presentation software programs align the expressions as a whole, e.g., left align, right

align, or center the expressions. For example, the expression editing tools generally align the first character of the expression with the left margin of the page, regardless of any character or element within the expression. To format the set of expression in other ways, the users of these expression editing tools generally must endure a tedious, manual, editing process to separately format each expression. Further, the editing process is often

frustrated or complicated when the viewing space, such as on a web browser, changes

width. Such a change in width invariably results in undesired formatting. It is with

respect to these and other considerations that the present invention has been made.

Summary

[0002] The above and other problems are solved by systems and methods for formatting

mathematical expressions that allow an author to accomplish some manual formatting and

maintain that formatting through some automatic formatting. In embodiments, a set of

mathematical expressions is generated. One or more of the expressions is formatted, such as by inserting a manual break in the expression. A manual break is a user-inserted format, such as a carriage return, that separates one portion of an expression from another

portion of the expression. In embodiments, the set of two or more expressions are also

formatted. In one embodiment, the set of expressions are aligned according to two or more alignment points. An alignment point is an element within the expression used to

align the expression with a related element in another expression. The set of expressions,

in embodiments, are also formatted with respect to the document. In one embodiment, the

set of expressions are formatted to fit within the width of the document. As such, one or

more "automatic breaks" are inserted in the expressions to ensure the whole expression is presented with the document.

[0003] The exemplary embodiments may be implemented as a computer process, a computing system or as an article of manufacture such as a computer program product. The computer program product may be a computer storage medium readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process. The computer program product may also be a propagated signal on a carrier readable by a computing system and encoding a computer program of instructions

for executing a computer process.

[0004] A more complete appreciation of the present exemplary embodiments and their

improvements can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, which are

briefly summarized below, and to the following detailed description of exemplary

embodiments, and to the appended claims.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0005] Fig. 1 is an embodiment of a document application with an expression editing

tool illustrating formatting of a plurality of expressions according to the present disclosure. [0006] Fig. 2 is a functional diagram illustrating a computing environment and a basic

computing device that can operate the expression editing tool according to the present

disclosure.

[0007] Fig. 3 is an embodiment of an expression editing tool and a related user interface

for creating and formatting expressions in a document according to the present disclosure.

[0008] Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B, and Fig, 4C are embodiments of a user interface illustrating how

an expression editing tool formats expressions within a document according to the present

disclosure.

[0009] Fig. 5 A and Fig. 5B are embodiments of a user interface illustrating how an

expression editing tool creates formats in an expression according to the present disclosure.

[0010] Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of a method for formatting a plurality of expressions

according to the present disclosure.

[0011] Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a method for moving expressions to create an

alignment according to the present disclosure.

[0012] Fig. 8 shows an embodiment of a method for creating a break in an aligned

expression according to the present disclosure.

[0013] Fig. 9 shows an embodiment of a method for formatting expressions such that

manual formatting is preserved while aligning expressions according to the present

disclosure.

[0014] Fig. 1OA, Fig. 1OB, Fig. 1OC, and Fig. 5D are embodiments of a user interface

illustrating how an expression editing tool allows manual formatting and how the manual

formatting is treated during alignment of an expression according to the present disclosure. Detailed Description

[0015] The present exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully

hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The methods and systems may, however, assume many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the

exemplary embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that

this disclosure will be thorough and complete for those skilled in the art.

[0016] The present exemplary embodiments relate to new and improved methods and

systems for formatting mathematical expressions in a document. In embodiments, the formatting comprises alignment in conjunction with breaking. For instance, a plurality of expressions is first aligned. During alignment, each expression is allowed to have

limitless horizontal space such that the margins are ignored and the expression may cross the margins in the document. An anchor point is determined for all expressions, and an alignment point is determined for each expression. Each expression is aligned such that the alignment point in the expression has the same horizontal position as the anchor point. Then, the expressions are no longer considered to have limitless horizontal space, and it is

determined if one or more expressions crosses a margin. If an expression crosses a

margin, a break is inserted into the expression to locate a portion of the expression on a

new line in the document. In this manner, a plurality of mathematical expressions can be

automatically formatted in a document to be both aligned within the document and

adjusted to the width of the document.

[0017] A document is any representation of information. In exemplary embodiments,

the document is a text document, a graphic diagram, such as a flow chart, an

organizational chart, a pie chart, etc., a spreadsheet, a web page, or other type of document.

A computer system 100 that may be used to execute an expression editing tool in

accordance with the present disclosure is shown in Fig. 1. As used herein, a "computer system" shall be construed broadly and is defined as one or more devices or machines that

execute programs for displaying and manipulating text, graphics, symbols, audio, video, and/or numbers.

[0018] The computer system 100 displays information, such as display screen 102. The

display screen 102 is enlarged to show details of the display. The display 102 relates to an

over-simplified display of an example document application with the capability of

generating, formatting, aligning, breaking, and displaying mathematical expressions. In embodiments, "mathematical expressions" or "expressions" are any idea or concept that

can be expressed mathematically, such as equations, mathematical formula, chemical formula, DNA sequences, etc. Importantly, although display 102 displays a set of mathematical equations, many other types of expressions comprising various elements may be generated, formatted, aligned, broke, and displayed in accordance with the present

disclosure, and thus, the examples illustrating equations shown in the Figures and explained herein are not meant as limitations, but merely as illustrations.

[0019] In the particular example shown in Fig. 1, the display 102 has a title bar 104 and a

document window 105. There may be other windows for managing other information. Document window 105 displays a document 106 with a set of expressions, such as

expressions 108, 114, and 136. Document window 105 provides user controls and other

input mechanisms, such as control buttons 107 and menu 109, among potentially many

others. Such user interface controls are generally known in the art and are useful in

managing certain types of information.

[0020] A document 106, in embodiments, has margins, such as first margin 116, e.g., the

left margin, and second margin 126, e.g., the right margin, hi embodiments, margins are

generally the boundaries of the document that define the width of the document, and the material presented in the document is presented between the margins. Documents are arranged as a series of lines from the top of the document to the bottom of the document.

The lines contain the presented material. The material in each line of the document has a

certain horizontal position between the left margin 116 and the right margin 126. A

horizontal position is the position between a first margin 116 and a second margin 126 that can be calculated in points, inches, or other measure. The amount of material that can be

presented in any line is determined by the width of the document, which is the amount of area between the first margin 116 and the second margin 126.

[0021] An expression, such as expression 108, is formed from a set of elements, such as elements 112 and 110. An element is any number, variable, operator, abbreviation,

format, such as a space, or other part of an expression. In embodiments, each element is enclosed within a "bounding box," as shown in Fig. 1. This bounding box or "bbox" is the imaginary, bounding, two-dimensional box within which the displayable element will fit. The bboxes may have different dimensions from one another, but, in the exemplary

embodiment in Fig. 1, the bboxes are displayed as having similar sizes. However, the bboxes shown in Fig. 1 are not meant to limit the possible embodiments but are provided merely as an illustration. As one skilled in the art will recognize, the bboxes may be used

to both identify and determine horizontal positions for alignment points or used to

determine other measurements, described hereinafter.

[0022] In embodiments, one or more expressions, such as expression 114, may have a

break inserted into the expression. In one embodiment, a user provides input identifying

where the expression should be broken. This user provided input is referred to as a

"manual break." Thus, the expression is broken into two or more separate portions that are

displayed on separate lines of the document, such as portion 130 and portion 156.

Breaking an expression is the process of separating a first portion of the expression from a second portion of the expression. Upon providing the manual break, the user can identify how to "align" the second portion 156 of the expression with the first portion 130 of the

expression on the first line. For example, the user may determine that element 158 of the second portion 156 should be aligned with element 160 of the first portion 130. The two

portions 130 and 156 can maintain this spatial relationship. As such, embodiments

provide systems and methods to determine an indention, such as indention 154, to align

the broken part of the expression in the appropriate position. In embodiments, the

indention for the broken portion is constructed from one or more portions.

[0023] In further embodiments, the set of expressions can be aligned. In embodiments, an anchor point is identified. An anchor point is a location to which an expression will be aligned. Then, an element within each expression is identified as an alignment point. An

alignment point is a portion of each expression selected by the user that will have the same horizontal position in the document as the anchor point when the expressions are aligned. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the anchor point is element 118 and the

alignment points are elements 134 and 138. Therefore, every expression 108, 114, and 136 in the exemplary set of expressions will be aligned such that the equals sign in the expressions has the same horizontal position, as is represented by dashed line 120.

[0024] In one embodiment, one expression, such as expression 114 is identified. The identified expression 114 is aligned in the document such that the first element 130 of the

expression 114 is positioned to abut the first margin 116. A distance 132 is then

determined from the first margin 116 to an anchor point 134. Then, a position correction,

such as indention 122, is calculated for each expression, such as expression 136, to ensure

that the alignment point, such as alignment point 138, in each expression has the same

horizontal position 120 as the anchor point 134 in the identified expression 114. The

expression-specific indentions are applied to each expression, and the aligned expressions, as shown in document 106, are presented. During the alignment process, each expression is allowed to have limitless horizontal space. In other words, the expressions can cross

over the second margin 126 without affecting the formatting of the expression.

[0025] After alignment, another type of break occurs when there is limited space

between the margins and a portion of an expression, such as portion 142, crosses a margin,

such as margin 126. This type of break is referred to as an "automatic break." To

determine where to insert an automatic break in the expression, a portion of the

expression, such as portion 148, is identified that can be separated from the rest of the expression. The broken portion is set on the new line. In embodiments, the broken

portion is then formatted according to some default positioning, such as left alignment, right alignment, as shown in Fig. 1, or center alignment. In further embodiments, the user may specify an alignment, such as adding an indent. This user-specified indent can be

incorporated with the calculated indents.

[0026] An example of a suitable operating environment in which the embodiments may be implemented is illustrated in Fig. 2. The operating environment is only one example of

a suitable operating environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality. Other well known computing systems, environments, and/or

configurations that may be suitable for use with the embodiments, but are not limited to,

personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor

systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network

PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that

include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

[0027] With reference to Fig. 2, an exemplary system for implementing the embodiments

includes a computing device, such as computing device 200. ha its most basic

configuration, computing device 200 typically includes at least one processing unit 202 and memory 204. Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, memory 204 may be volatile (such as RAM), non- volatile (such as ROM, flash memory,

etc.), or some combination of the two. The most basic configuration of the computing

device 200 is illustrated in Fig. 2 by dashed line 206.

[0028] Additionally, device 200 may also have additional features or functionality. For

example, device 200 may also comprise additional storage (removable and/or non¬

removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such

additional storage is illustrated in Fig. 2 by removable storage 208 and non-removable storage 210. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and

non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Memory 204, removable storage 208, and non-removable storage 210 are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited

to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by device 200. Any such

computer storage media may be part of device 200.

[0029] Device 200 may also contain communications connection(s) 212 that allow the device to communicate with other devices. Communications connection(s) 212 is an

example of communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer

readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data

signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information

delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of

its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal.

By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media, such as a wired network or direct- wired connection, and wireless media, such as acoustic, RF,

infrared, and other wireless media.

[0030] Device 200 may also have input device(s) 214 such as keyboard, mouse, pen,

voice input device, touch input device, etc. Output device(s) 216 such as a display,

speakers, printer, etc. may also be included. The devices 214 may help form the user interface 102 discussed above while devices 216 may display results 106 discussed above.

All these devices are well know in the art and need not be discussed at length here.

[0031] Computing device 200 typically includes at least some form of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by

processing unit 202. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media. In embodiments, the software for executing the expression editing tool and aligning and breaking expressions is stored on the computer readable media or in memory 204 and/or

executed by the processing unit 202.

[0032] The computer device 200 may operate in a networked environment using logical

connections to one or more remote computers (not shown). The remote computer may be

a personal computer, a server computer system, a router, a network PC, a peer device, or

other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described

above relative to the computer device 200. The logical connections between the computer

device 200 and the remote computer may include a local area network (LAN) or a wide

area network (WAN), but may also include other networks. Such networking

environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets,

and the Internet. [0033] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer device 200 is

connected to the LAN through a network interface or adapter. When used in a WAN

networking environment, the computer device 200 typically includes a modem or other

means for establishing communications over the WAN, such as the Internet. The modem, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the computer processor 202 via the

communication connections 212, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules or portions thereof may be stored in the remote memory

storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, a remote application programs may reside on memory device connected to the remote computer system. It will be appreciated

that the network connections explained are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0034] An exemplary document application 300 having an expression editing tool 302 and a user interface 304 is shown in Fig. 3. The document application 300, in embodiments, comprises one or more software modules. In one embodiment, the

expression editing tool 302 comprises an expression assembly module 306, a manual formatting module 322, an alignment point selection module 310, a movement

determination module 314, and an expression movement module 316. The user interface

304 is operable to display information to a user and receive inputs from the user. In

embodiments, the user interface 304 receives inputs for the expressions 308, a manual

break, and/or alignment point 320, the selection of an alignment point 312, and displays

the aligned expressions 318.

[0035] In embodiments, the expression assembly module 306 receives expression input

308 from the user interface 304. The expression input 308 comprises a series of elements

for a set of expressions. As the elements are input, by, for example, a mouse or keyboard, the expression assembly module 306 assembles the expressions, element by element, into finished expressions. In one embodiment, the expressions each comprise a completed

mathematical formula or mathematical statement that occupies at least one separate line in the document. In other words, a shorter expression is displayed on one line of the

document and no other expression is displayed with the expression on that single line of

the document. If the expression is longer, the expression may occupy two or more lines,

but regardless, no other expression is displayed with the longer expression on any line for

which that longer expression occupies. The expression assembly module 306 assembles

each expression in the plurality or the set of expressions in similar fashion until the user stops providing expression input 308. The set of expressions is provided to the manual formatting module 322.

[0036] The manual formatting module 322 receives manual break insertions for one or more expressions. A manual break is a user input that identifies how to separate the expression between two elements. For example, the user places a carriage return between two elements in the expression. Each expression may have one or more manual breaks.

The user identifies one or more elements within an expression to insert the one or more manual breaks. The user continues through each expression until possibly every expression in the set of expressions has a manual break. After inserting the manual break,

the user, in embodiments, also provides an alignment point for the broken part of the

expression. In other words, a second portion of the expression, which is positioned on a

second line of the document, has an element that is aligned with an element in a first

portion of the expression. If the expression has more than one manual break, the user may

align an element in a third portion with an element in a first portion, a second portion, or

both a first portion and second portion of the expression. Thus, each broken expression

can be aligned in a certain manner. In one embodiment, the user provides no manual breaks as is represented by the dotted line forming the manual formatting module 322 and the manual break input 320. The manual formatted expressions are provided to the

alignment point selection module 310.

[0037] The alignment point selection module 310 identifies anchor points for the

plurality of expressions. In one embodiment, the user selects the anchor point 312 with the user interface 304, and provides the anchor point selection to the alignment point selection

module 310. For example, the user highlights an equals sign and then selects a user interface control, such as menu item 140 (Fig. 1), to input the equals sign as the anchor

point. In another embodiment, the alignment point selection module 310 automatically selects the anchor point. For example, the alignment point selection module 310 scans and

compares each expression in the set of expressions to find one or more elements that are common to all expressions. If one element is common to all expressions, the alignment point selection module 310 identifies that element as the anchor point. However, if two or more elements are common to all expressions, the alignment point selection module 310 may identify the first common element presented in the first expression of the set of

expressions. Further, the alignment point selection module 310 also identifies the alignment point for each expression. Li embodiments, the common element is identified

as the alignment point. One skilled in the art will recognize other methods and systems for identifying the anchor point and the alignment that are included within the scope of the

present embodiments. The alignment point selection module 310 provides the

expressions, the identified anchor points, and the alignment points to the movement

determination module 314.

[0038] The movement determination module 314 determines the direction and distance

of any horizontal movement for one or more expressions to effectuate the alignment of all

expressions, hi other words, the movement determination module 314 determines a required indention for each expression to provide that the alignment point of each expression as the same horizontal position as the anchor point. In embodiments, the movement determination module 314 allows each expression to have limitless horizontal

space and cross either margin. Then, the movement determination module 314 aligns the

first expression at the top of the set of expressions with a first margin, e.g., the left margin.

The position of the anchor point in the first expression is then determined. The movement

determination module 314 then calculates, for each subsequent expression, the direction and distance of indention or movement to align the alignment point of that expression with

the position of the anchor point of the first expression. In another embodiment, the

direction and distance of movement for each expression is determined based on the alignment point of the expression immediately above it. Thus, the calculation of the amount of movement for each expression is necessarily related to the first expression by a

cascading series of alignment steps. In other embodiments, if the alignment of the expressions and the associated manual formatting will generate an unreadable or illogical expression, any manual formatting is cancelled. The direction and distance determination

for each expression and the expressions are then provided to the expression movement module 316.

[0039] In further embodiments, after alignment, the movement determination module

314 no longer allows each expression to have limitless horizontal space and determines if

one or more expressions or portions of an expression is too long to be displayed in the

width of the document. The movement determination module 314, in embodiments,

automatically identifies and applies one or more breaks. For example, the movement

determination module 314 searches the expression, near the second margin, for a certain

type of element, such as a space, an operator, or other type of element. Upon finding the

certain type of element, the movement determination module 314 inserts the break in front of the element. In embodiments, the movement determination module 314 then determines on which side of the anchor point, in the first expression, the broken portion of

the expression belongs. An indent is calculated such that the broken part of the expression

remains on the appropriate side of the anchor point. In another embodiment, the broken

portion of the expression is aligned according to some default formatting, e.g., left align or right align. The breaks and indentions for the broken portions are sent to the expression

movement module 316.

[0040] The expression movement module 316 moves each expression according to the

direction and distance calculated for each expression. Upon moving one or more expressions, the aligned expressions 318 are provided and presented to the user in the user

interface 304.

[0041] To further illustrate how the expressions are formatted, some exemplary user interfaces showing different types of alignment are shown in Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B, and Fig. 4C. A first exemplary embodiment of an alignment 400 is shown in Fig. 4A. Here, two

expressions 402 and 404 are being aligned. The first expression 402 is first moved to abut with a first margin 406. The anchor point 407 is the equals sign. The position 410 of the equals sign is determined for the first expression 402. Then, a determination of the

direction and distance for a movement or indention is determined that will align the

alignment point 409 in the second expression 404 with the position 410. The indention

required is determined to be for a distance 412. Since the direction of the movement is to

the right of the first margin 406, the direction of movement is "positive." As such, the

required movement for the second expression 404 is a "positive indention" equal to the

distance 412. Upon moving the second expression 404 the positive indention, both

expressions 402 and 404 are aligned.

[0042] A second exemplary embodiment of an alignment 414 is shown in Fig. 4B. In the embodiment in Fig. 4B, the alignment is not completed to further enhance the description provided hereinafter. A first expression 416 and a second expression 418 are being aligned. Again, the first expression 416 is first moved to abut with a first margin 420. The

anchor point 421 and the alignment point 423 is the equals sign. The position 425 of the

equals sign is determined for the first expression 416. Then, a determination of the direction and distance for a movement or indention is determined that will align the

alignment point 423 of the second expression 418 with the position 425. The movement is determined to be for a distance 424. Since the required direction of the movement is from

the left of the first margin 420 as represented by the dashed bboxes, the direction of movement is considered "negative." As such, the required movement for the second

expression 418 is a "negative indention" equal to the distance 424. However, if only the second expression 418 is moved the negative indention, the alignment points 421 and 423 will not align. As such, both expressions 416 and 418 are moved an additional positive indention equal in length to the negative indention to maintain the alignment and ensure that the second expression 418 does not cross the first margin 420.

[0043] A third exemplary embodiment of an alignment 426 is shown in Fig. 4C. In the embodiment in Fig. 4C, the expressions 428 and 430 are being aligned in the center of the

document between the first margin 432 and the second margin 434. As such, the position

436 of the anchor point is known because the position 436 is halfway between the first

margin 432 and the second margin 434. The distance and direction of a movement 438 for

the first expression 428 is determined such that the alignment point 437 is centered over

the position 436. The same determination of the distance and direction of a movement 440

for the second expression 430 is made such that the alignment point 439 is centered over

the position 436. Then, both expressions 428 and 430 are moved to align the expressions

at the center of the document. One skilled in the art will recognize other types of alignments, such as right aligning the expressions according to the second margin, e.g. the right margin, left aligning the expressions according to the first margin, e.g., the left

margin, using the same techniques.

[0044] In a further embodiment, a user interface illustrating the identification and

application of an automatic break in an aligned expression is shown before the break and

after the break in Fig. 5A and Fig. 5B₃ respectively. In embodiments, an automatic break

is applied during a formatting process where, after the alignment, a portion of an

expression crosses a margin, e.g., the right margin, and must be placed on the next line of

the document. The expression 502 is shown in the user interface view 500 after an alignment. In this exemplary embodiment, expression 502 was assembled between a first

margin 504 and a second margin 506. During alignment, the expression 502 was moved according to positive indention 508. The indention 508 caused a portion 510 of the expression 502 to cross the second margin 506. As such the portion 510 is in an area of the document that must be moved to ensure the portion 510 is both displayed and/or printed correctly in the width of the document. Thus, a break is necessary.

[0045] In the user interface view 512 of Fig. 5B, the expression 502 is again shown but

after the break is completed. Here, the expression 502 maintains the alignment indention

508 and the expression's position between the first margin 504 and the second margin 506.

However, the portion 510 of the expression that crossed the second margin 506 in the first

view 500 is moved to a next line 513 of the document. In embodiments, a break point is

identified. Certain portions in an expression are easier to move than other elements. For

example, a portion of an expression that follows an operator, such as portion 510, may be

easier to move than a portion of a parenthetical expression, such as portion 511 in Fig. IA.

As such, an element that can be used as a breaking point is identified. In the embodiment

illustrated in Fig. IA and Fig. IB, the expression 502 has an operator 526 that can be used as the breaking point. In embodiments, a formatting instruction, such as a carriage return, is placed in front of the break point, and the portion after the formatting instruction is

moved to a next line of the document.

[0046] In embodiments, to ensure the expression 502 maintains "meaning," i.e., the formatting of the expression does not alter or appear to alter the expression, an indention

518 is calculated for the portion 510. The indention 518, in embodiments, has two

components. First, a break indention 516 is determined. The break indention 516 is a direction and distance calculation required to align the first element 517 of the portion 510

with the first element 519 presented after the alignment point 520, of the portion of the expression 502 on the first line 522. In other words, the break indention is the distance

from the first edge of the first element 529 in the expression to the second edge of the alignment point 520. A second portion of the indention 518 is an alignment indention 514 that is equivalent to the alignment indention 508. The indentions 518 and 516 ensure the portion 510 maintains the proper position in the expression 502 to maintain the meaning of the expression. For instance, the portion 510 is not placed on the "wrong side" of the

equals sign. In other embodiments, the portion 510 is aligned according to default formatting. For example, the portion 510 is aligned with the second margin 506.

[0047] In a further embodiment, a user interface 1000 illustrating the application and

maintenance of a manual break in an aligned expression is shown before the manual break

in Fig. 1OA, after the manual break Fig. 1OB, after an alignment in Fig. 1OC, and after an

automatic break in Fig. 10D. The expression 1002 is shown in the user interface view

1000 before any manual formatting. In this exemplary embodiment, expression 1002 was

assembled between a first margin 1004 and a second margin 1006.

[0048] In the user interface view of Fig. 1OB, the expression 1002 is again shown but

after the manual break is completed. Here, the expression 1002 has a first portion 1008 on a first line and a second portion 1010 on a second line. In addition to the manual break, the user also provided an alignment for the broken portion 1010. Here, element 1012 in

the second or broken portion 1010 is aligned to element 1014 of the first portion 1008.

Thus, the second portion 1010 is aligned to dashed line 1018. In embodiments, to effectuate the alignment, an indention, such as indention 1020, is calculated from the first

element 1022 of the first portion 1008. It should be noted that each line of the expression

is considered to have limitless length during the alignment.

[0049] The user interface view in Fig. 1OC shows the same expression 1002 after an alignment with one or more other expressions (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment,

an indention 1024 is applied to both the first portion 1008 and the second portion 1010 of

the expression 1002. Even after the alignment, the second portion 1010 maintains its alignment 1018 with the first portion 1008 by adding indention 1020 to indention 1008. The indentions 1024 maintain the alignment of the expression 1002 with the other expressions (not shown) in the set of expressions and the position of the first portion 1008 and the second portion 1010 between the first margin 1004 and the second margin 1006. However, a portion 1026 of the expression 1002 crossed the second margin 1006 and must

be moved to a next line of the document.

[0050] In embodiments, the lines are not considered to have limitless length after the alignment, and an automatic break point is identified. Certain portions in an expression

are easier to move than other elements. For example, a portion of an expression that

follows an operator, such as portion 1028, may be easier to move than a portion of a

parenthetical expression, such as portion 1030 in Fig. 1OA. As such, an element that can

be used as an automatic breaking point is identified. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig.

1OC, the expression 1002 has an operator 1032 that can be used as the automatic breaking

point. In embodiments, a formatting instruction, such as a carriage return, is placed in front of the break point 1032, and the portion 1028 after the formatting instruction is moved to a next line of the document.

[0051] The expression 1002 is shown in another user interface view after applying the

automatic break in Fig. 10D. In embodiments, to ensure the expression 1002 maintains

"meaning," i.e., the formatting of the expression does not alter or appear to alter the

expression 1002, an indention is calculated for the portion 1028. The indention, in

embodiments, has two components. First, a break indention is determined. The break

indention is a direction and distance calculation required to align the first element 1032 of the portion 1010 with the another element, such as element 1014 the portion of the expression 1008 on the first line. In other words, the break indention is the distance from

the first edge of the first element 1022 in the expression 1002 to the first edge of the first element 1032. A second portion of the indention is an alignment indention that is equivalent to the alignment indention 1024. The indentions ensure the portion 1028 maintains the proper position in the expression 1002 to maintain the meaning of the

expression. For instance, the portion 1010 is not placed on the "wrong side" of the equals sign. In other embodiments, the portion 1028 is aligned according to default formatting, as is shown in Fig. 10D. For example, the portion 1028 is aligned with the second margin 1006.

[0052] An exemplary method 900 for formatting expressions in a document is shown in

Fig. 9. Receive operation 901 receives inputs to form a plurality of expressions. In one

embodiment, a user provides expression inputs, such as input 308 (Fig. 3), from a user

interface, such as user interface 304 (Fig. 3). The expression input may comprise two or

more elements for each expression. The element inputs form a set of expressions wherein each expression exclusively occupies one or more lines of the document. Format operation 902 formats the expressions such that each expression has limitless length and

occupies only one line in the document, regardless of the width of the document.

[0053] Optionally, execute operation 904 receives and executes at least one manual

break. In embodiments, a user provides a manual break, such as manual break input 320

(Fig. 3), into a user interface. In one embodiment, the user enters a carriage return in front

of an element of the expression. By entering the manual break, the portion of the expression after the manual break is positioned on the next line of the document.

Optionally, in embodiments, align operation 906 receives an alignment point from the

user, such as alignment point 320, and aligns an element of the broken portion of the expression with an element in the first portion of the expression, as is explained in conjunction with Fig. 1OA and Fig. 1OB. Optionally, if an element of the broken portion is aligned with an element of the first portion, calculate operation 908 calculates an indent for the broken portion relative to the first portion, as explained in conjunction with Fig. 1OA, Fig. 1OB, and Fig. 1OC. In embodiments, each line of the expression is then

considered to have limitless length.

[0054] Determine operation 910 receives an anchor point for the two or more

expressions, an alignment point for each expression, and determines indentions relative to

both the anchor point and the alignment points. In embodiments, a distance and direction

of movement is determined to align the alignment point with the anchor point for each

expression, as explained in conjunction with Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B, and Fig. 4C. The distance

and direction of movement forms an indention. Apply operation 912 applies the

determined indentions to the two or more expressions and provides aligned expressions.

[0055] Determine operation 914 determines if any portion of an expression crosses a

margin, e.g., the right margin. If a portion of an expression crosses a margin, the flow branches YES to determine operation 916. If no portion of any expression crosses a margin, the flow branches NO to provide the aligned and formatted expressions.

Determine operation 916 determines a break point for an automatic break. If no break

point can be determined, i.e., the automatic break in conjunction with any manual

formatting will make the expression unreadable, indiscernible, or confusing, the manual

formatting may be cancelled. Once the break point is found, the broken portion of the

expression is moved to a next line in the document. Calculate operation 918 calculates an

indent for the broken portion. In one embodiment, an element of the broken portion is aligned with an element of the first portion of the expression. An indent relative to the

first portion is calculated, as explained in conjunction with Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B, and Fig. 4C. In another embodiment, the broken portion is aligned and indented according to some

default formatting. For example, the broken portion is right aligned with the right margin, as is explained in conjunction with Fig. 1OD. The flow then continues to apply operation 912 to apply the indentions.

[0056] An exemplary method 600 for aligning expressions in a document is shown in Fig. 6. Identify operation 602 identifies the anchor point for the plurality of expressions,

hi embodiments, the anchor point is an element in an expression. The anchor point may also be a horizontal position in the document, hi embodiments, the user identifies the

anchor point.

[0057] Identify operation 604 identifies the alignment point for each of the expressions.

In one embodiment, a user provides a designation of the alignment point, such as input 312

(fig. 3). In another embodiment, the alignment point is automatically identified or

determined. For example, an alignment point selection module, such as alignment point

selection module 310 (Fig. 3), scans and compares each expression to find one or more

elements that each expression has in common and selects the common element as the alignment point. The module may, when more than one element is common to all

expressions, select one of the common elements as an alignment point.

[0058] Change operation 606 changes the horizontal position of one or more expressions

such that the alignment point of each expression has the same horizontal position as the

anchor point. An exemplary embodiment of change operation 606 is described below with

reference to Fig. 7. In one embodiment, change operation 606 determines a distance and

direction for an indention for each expression. Then, change operation 606 moves or

indents each expression by the determined indention.

[0059] An exemplary embodiment of a method 700 for changing the alignment of a plurality of expressions is shown in Fig. 7. First, align operation 702 aligns the first expression with a first margin such that the first expression abuts the first margin.

Retrieve operation 704 retrieves the next expression. In embodiments, the method 700 assumes that each expression can cross any margin and has an unlimited length. Move operation 706 moves the retrieved expression such that the anchor point of the first expression and the alignment point of the retrieved expression have the same horizontal

position. In embodiments, the move operation 706 determines a direction and distance for an indention for the retrieved expression. Upon determining the indention, the expression

is moved the direction and distance of the indention. In embodiments, after the expression

is moved, the method 700 no longer assumes that the expression can cross the margins or

has an unlimited length.

[0060] Determine operation 708 determines if a portion of the retrieved expression

crosses a first margin, e.g., the left margin. If a portion of the retrieved expression has not

crossed the first margin, the flow branches NO to determine operation 712. However, if a

portion of the retrieved expression has crossed a first margin, the flow branches YES to calculate operation 710. Calculate operation 710 calculates an amount of negative indention for the retrieved expression. The amount of negative indention is recorded, such

as in a memory array.

[0061] Determine operation 712 determines if the expression is the last expression in the

present set of expressions. If the retrieved expression is not the last expression in the set

of expressions, the flow branches NO back to retrieve operation 704. If the retrieved

expression was the last expression in the set of expressions, the flow branches YES to

determine operation 714. Determine operation 714 determines the largest negative indention recorded by calculate operation 710. Upon identifying the largest negative

indention, indention operation 716 indents all expressions in the set of expressions by a positive indention equal to the largest negative indention. As such, all expressions are

aligned and no expression crosses the first margin.

[0062] An exemplary embodiment of a method 800 for forcing an automatic break in an aligned expression is shown in Fig. 8. In embodiments, identify operation 802 identifies an expression where a portion of the expression crosses a second margin, e.g., the right margin, as is shown in and described in conjunction with Fig. 5A. Determine operation

804 determines the amount of automatic break indention. The automatic break indention is the distance between the first element in the expression and the first element after the

alignment point. In embodiments, determine operation 806 also determines the amount of

alignment indention. The alignment indention is the distance from the first margin, e.g.,

the left margin, and the first element in the expression. The alignment indention includes

any positive and negative indention applied to the expression during the alignment

process. Calculate operation 808 calculates the total indention for any portion that crosses

the second margin by combining the break indention and the alignment indention.

[0063] Move operation 810 moves the portion of the expression that crosses the second margin to the next line of the document, hi embodiments, move operation 810 moves any expression or other element already occupying the next line before moving the portion of

the expression. Thus, only the moved portion of the expression occupies the next line after

the move. Move operation 812 then moves the portion of the expression on the next line by the total indention. In this way, the broken portion of the expression is correctly

positioned in the expression to maintain the meaning of the expression.

[0064] Determine operation 814 determines if any other portion of the expression still

crosses the second margin. In other words, determine operation 814 evaluates very long

expressions to determine, if after an automatic break, the expression is still long enough to cross the second margin. If the expression is long enough to cross the second margin again, the flow branches YES to move operation 810. If the expression does not still cross

the second margin, the flow branches NO to termination.

[0065] In further aspects of the invention, a system for aligning mathematical expressions in a document comprises a mathematical expression assembly module that accepts mathematical expression inputs and forms a plurality of mathematical expressions from the inputs; an alignment point selection module that identifies an alignment point for

the plurality of mathematical expressions and an anchor point for at least one mathematical expressions; a movement determination module that calculates an amount of indention for

one or more mathematical expressions; and a mathematical expression movement module

that changes the horizontal position of one or more mathematical expressions by the

amount of indention such that the alignment point of each mathematical expression has the

same horizontal position, determines if one or more expressions crosses a second margin,

and inserts a break in any mathematical expression that crosses a second margin. Further,

the movement determination module may repeat the above steps for one or more other

mathematical expressions, determine the largest amount of negative indention from the recorded negative indentions, and move all mathematical expressions by an additional positive indention, equal to the largest negative indention. In further embodiments, the

alignment point selection module receives an alignment point designation from a user. In addition, the movement determination module can determine a position for the alignment

point of a first mathematical expression and determine an amount of indention for another

mathematical expression. The movement determination module, in other embodiments,

determines if a portion of a mathematical expression crosses a first margin, calculates an

amount of negative indention to prevent the portion from crossing the first margin, and records the negative indention.

[0066] Although the present invention has been described in language specific to structural features, methodological acts, and computer readable media containing such

acts, it is to be understood that the present invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific structure, acts, or media described. One skilled in the art will recognize other embodiments or improvements that are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, the specific structure, acts, or media are disclosed as exemplary embodiments. The invention is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:

1. A computer program product encoding a computer program of instructions for

executing a computer implemented method for formatting a plurality of mathematical

expressions that occupy one or more lines in a document, the method comprising:

inserting a break into one or more mathematical expressions such that each

mathematical expression fits between a first margin and a second margin of the document;

identifying an anchor point for all lines; identifying an alignment point for each line of each mathematical expression; and changing the horizontal position of at least one line such that the alignment point of

the line and the anchor point for the line have the same horizontal position.

2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein one or more breaks are manual breaks.

3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein one or more breaks are automatic breaks.

4. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the anchor point is located relative to an element in a mathematical expression.

5. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the anchor point is located relative to at least one margin.

6. A method as defined in claim 5, wherein the anchor point is left aligned relative to the

first margin, right aligned relative to the second margin, or center aligned between the first

margin and the second margin.

7. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein the anchor point is also aligned according to a user-specified indent.

8. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein a user interface displays a first portion of a

mathematical expression on a first line and a second portion of a mathematical expression on a second line, and wherein the second portion is aligned to the first portion or another

portion of another mathematical expression.

9. In a computer system, an method for formatting a plurality mathematical expressions

that occupy one or more lines in a document, comprising:

aligning the plurality of mathematical expressions, comprising:

identifying an anchor point for all mathematical expressions;

identifying an alignment point for each line; determining a horizontal indent for at least one line such that the alignment

point of the line and the anchor point have the same horizontal position; inserting the horizontal indent into the line;

wherein, during alignment, each line has limitless horizontal space; breaking one or more lines of one or more mathematical expressions, comprising: determining if one or more lines crosses a margin; and if a line crosses a margin, inserting an automatic break into the line to break the line into one or more lines such that each line fits within the margins of the document.

10. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein determining the horizontal indent comprises: determining a largest negative indent; and

applying an additional positive indent, equal in length to the largest negative

indent, to all lines.

11. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein, during aligning, a manual break is inserted

into one or more mathematical expressions such that the one or more mathematical

expressions occupies one or more lines.

12. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein breaking further comprises:

after a line is broken into one or more new lines, determining an alignment point and an anchor point for each of the new lines; determining a horizontal indent for each new line such that the alignment point of the new line and the anchor point for the line have the same horizontal position; and

inserting the horizontal indent into each new line.

13. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein the anchor point is located relative to at

least one margin.

14. A method as defined in claim 13, wherein anchor point is left aligned relative to the

margin and the second margin.

15. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein a user interface displays a first portion of a mathematical expression on a first line and a second portion of a mathematical expression on a second line, and wherein the second portion is aligned to the first portion or another

portion of another mathematical expression.

16. A method as defined in claim 9, wherein the anchor point is located relative to an element in a mathematical expression.

17. In a computer system having a graphical user interface including a display and a

user interface selection device, a method of maintaining a manual break in an aligned

document, comprising: receiving the manual break in a first mathematical expression to create a first

portion and a broken portion:

placing the broken portion on a next line of the document relative to the first

portion of the document;

aligning the first mathematical expression with another mathematical expression

such that the first portion of the first mathematical expression changes position; and moving the broken portion to maintain the position of the broken portion relative to the first portion.

18. A method as defined in claim 17, wherein moving the broken portion comprises:

determining an amount of a break indention from an alignment point to a first

element in the broken portion; determining an amount of an alignment indention applied during an alignment of

the first mathematical expression; combining the break indention and the alignment indention to generate a total

indention; and

applying the total indention to the broken portion.

19. A method as defined in claim 17, further comprising: determining if the first portion or the broken portion crosses a second margin; and if the first portion or the broken portion crosses the second margin, inserting an

automatic break into the first portion or the broken portion to move a third portion to a new line.

20. A method as defined in claim 19, wherein moving the third portion comprises:

determining an amount of a break indention from an alignment point to a first element in the third portion;

determining an amount of an alignment indention applied during an alignment of the first mathematical expression;

combining the break indention and the alignment indention to generate a total

indention; and

applying the total indention to the third portion.