WO2008026105A2 - Method for detecting candida on skin - Google Patents
Method for detecting candida on skin Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008026105A2 WO2008026105A2 PCT/IB2007/052872 IB2007052872W WO2008026105A2 WO 2008026105 A2 WO2008026105 A2 WO 2008026105A2 IB 2007052872 W IB2007052872 W IB 2007052872W WO 2008026105 A2 WO2008026105 A2 WO 2008026105A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- colorant
- candida
- spectral response
- wipe
- color change
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/56—Wetness-indicators or colourants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
- G01N2333/24—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae (F), e.g. Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Yersinia
- G01N2333/245—Escherichia (G)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
- G01N2333/305—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F)
- G01N2333/31—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F) from Staphylococcus (G)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/37—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi
- G01N2333/39—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi from yeasts
- G01N2333/40—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi from yeasts from Candida
Definitions
- Diaper rash (also referred to as diaper dermatitis or incontinent dermatitis) is a common form of irritation and inflammation affecting both infants and incontinent adults within the skin regions normally covered by a diaper (e.g., rectal and genital areas). Diaper rash may develop when skin is exposed to prolonged contact with urine or feces, which increases skin pH and contributes to the breakdown of the stratum corneum. Although diaper rash is usually resolved in a short time period, the skin still becomes susceptible to more serious secondary infections once the stratum corneum is damaged.
- One of the more problematic secondary infections associated with diaper rash is "y eas t infection", which is typically caused by Candida albicans.
- Candida infection may result in painful swelling and become difficult to resolve.
- Candida albicans infection may even spread throughout the body and cause systemic infections. It is believed that some of the symptoms of Candida infections may be minimized or eliminated with early treatment.
- a method for detecting Candida on the skin of a host comprises contacting a dermal sample with a colorant that produces a visually observable spectral response (e.g., color change) in the presence of Candida; detecting the spectral response; and correlating the detected spectral response to the presence of Candida in the dermal sample.
- a system for detecting a secondary infection associated with diaper rash comprises a solid support applied with a colorant.
- the colorant produces a first spectral response in the presence of Candida albicans, a second spectral response in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, and a third spectral response in the presence of Escherichia coli.
- the first spectral response is visually distinctive from the second and third spectral responses.
- a wipe for detecting a secondary infection associated with diaper rash comprises a colorant that produces a first spectral response in the presence of Candida albicans, a second spectral response in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, and a third spectral response in the presence of Escherichia coli.
- the first spectral response is visually distinctive from the second and third spectral responses.
- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary wipe of the present invention before contact with a dermal sample (Fig. 1A) and after contact with a sample infected with Candida albicans (Fig. 1 B); and
- Fig. 2 is a perspective view of another exemplary wipe of the present invention before contact with a dermal sample (Fig. 2A); after contact with a sample infected with Candida albicans (Fig. 2B); and after contact with a sample infected with S. aureus or E. coli (Fig. 2C).
- Fig. 2A dermal sample
- Fig. 2B sample infected with Candida albicans
- Fig. 2C Fig. 2C
- the term "Candida” refers to a genus of the Fungi kingdom that includes, for instance, the species Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida utilis.
- the term "dermal sample” generally refers to the skin of a host (e.g., any animal, preferably a human) and/or a biological material obtained directly and/or indirectly from the skin, such as from discharge, tissue, etc.
- the test sample may optionally be pretreated before testing, such as by filtration, precipitation, dilution, distillation, mixing, concentration, inactivation of interfering components, the addition of reagents, lysing, etc.
- nonwoven web generally refers to a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in an identifiable manner as in a knitted fabric.
- suitable nonwoven webs include, but are not limited to, meltblown webs, spunbond webs, carded webs, airlaid webs, etc.
- the basis weight of the nonwoven web may vary, such as from about 5 grams per square meter ("gsm") to 120 gsm, in some embodiments from about 10 gsm to about 70 gsm, and in some embodiments, from about 15 gsm to about 35 gsm.
- meltblown web generally refers to a nonwoven web that is formed by a process in which a molten thermoplastic material is extruded through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten fibers into converging high velocity gas (e.g. air) streams that attenuate the fibers of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers.
- a molten thermoplastic material is extruded through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten fibers into converging high velocity gas (e.g. air) streams that attenuate the fibers of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter.
- high velocity gas e.g. air
- meltblown fibers may be microfibers that are substantially continuous or discontinuous, generally smaller than 10 microns in diameter, and generally tacky when deposited onto a collecting surface.
- spunbond web generally refers to a web containing small diameter substantially continuous fibers.
- the fibers are formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material from a plurality of fine, usually circular, capillaries of a spinnerette with the diameter of the extruded fibers then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, eductive drawing and/or other well-known spunbonding mechanisms.
- the production of spunbond webs is described and illustrated, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,340,563 to Appel. et al.. 3,692,618 to Dorschner, et al..
- Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited onto a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers may sometimes have diameters less than about 40 microns, and are often between about 5 to about 20 microns.
- the term "carded web” refers to a web made from staple fibers that are sent through a combing or carding unit, which separates or breaks apart and aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction to form a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web. Such fibers are usually obtained in bales and placed in an opener/blender or picker, which separates the fibers prior to the carding unit. Once formed, the web may then be bonded by one or more known methods.
- the term “airlaid web” refers to a web made from bundles of fibers having typical lengths ranging from about 3 to about 19 millimeters (mm). The fibers are separated, entrained in an air supply, and then deposited onto a forming surface, usually with the assistance of a vacuum supply. Once formed, the web is then bonded by one or more known methods.
- the present invention is directed to a method and system for rapidly detecting Candida on the skin of a host, such as an infant with diaper rash.
- the method includes contacting a dermal sample with a colorant that exhibits a certain spectral response (e.g., color change) in the presence of Candida.
- the colorant may change from a first color to a second color, from colorless to a color, or from a color to colorless.
- the colorant is typically capable of differentiating between Candida (e.g., Candida albicans) and other microorganisms commonly associated with diaper rash, such as S. aureus and E. coli.
- the color change may simply be observed to determine whether the infection is caused by Candida. If the color change occurs to a certain extent (e.g., from yellow to bright red), it may be determined that the test sample contains Candida. Likewise, if a color change occurs to a lesser extent (e.g., from yellow to faint orange) or not at all, it may be determined that the dermal sample contains other microorganisms (e.g., S. aureus or E. coli), no infection is present, or that the infection is simply due to other causes. Regardless, it will become readily apparent whether or not treatment for Candida is needed.
- a certain extent e.g., from yellow to bright red
- the dermal sample contains other microorganisms (e.g., S. aureus or E. coli)
- pH-sensitive colorants can detect a change in the pH of the growth medium of the microorganism. Because the acidic/basic shift may vary for different microorganisms, pH-sensitive colorants may be selected that are tuned for the desired pH transition. Certain Candida species (e.g., Candida albicans) for instance, are believed to produce metabolites or other byproducts that alter the pH of the growth medium to about 6.6. Thus, pH-sensitive colorants that undergo a change in pH at or near this level may be used in the present invention. Phenol Red (i.e., phenolsulfonephthalein), for example, may be particularly suitable in that it exhibits a transition from yellow to red over a pH range of about 6.6 to 8.0.
- Phenol Red i.e., phenolsulfonephthalein
- Phenol Red may be employed, such as those substituted with chloro, bromo, methyl, sodium carboxylate, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and amine functional groups.
- exemplary substituted Phenol Red compounds include, for instance, Chlorophenol
- Suitable phthalein colorants are well known in the art, and may include Bromothymol Blue, Thymol Blue, Bromocresol Purple, thymolphthalein, and phenolphthalein (a common component of universal indicators).
- Bromothymol Blue exhibits a transition from yellow to red over a pH range of about 4.8 to 6.4;
- Bromothymol Blue exhibits a transition from yellow to blue over a pH range of about 6.0 to 7.6; thymolphthalein exhibits a transition from colorless to blue over a pH range of about 9.4 to 10.6; phenolphthalein exhibits a transition from colorless to pink over a pH range of about 8.2 to 10.0; Thymol Blue exhibits a first transition from red to yellow over a pH range of about 1.2 to 2.8 and a second transition from yellow to pH over a pH range of 8.0 to 9.6; Bromophenol Blue exhibits a transition from yellow to violet over a pH range of about 3.0 to 4.6; Bromocresol Green exhibits a transition from yellow to blue over a pH range of about 3.8 to 5.4; and Bromocresol Purple exhibits a transition from yellow to violet over a pH of about 5.2 to 6.8.
- Hydroxyanthraquinones constitute another suitable class of pH-sensitive colorants for use in the present invention.
- Hydroxyanthraquinones have the following general structure:
- the numbers 1-8 shown in the general formula represent a location on the fused ring structure at which substitution of a functional group may occur.
- at least one of the functional groups is or contains a hydroxy (-OH) group.
- Other examples of functional groups that may be substituted on the fused ring structure include halogen groups (e.g., chlorine or bromine groups), sulfonyl groups (e.g., sulfonic acid salts), alkyl groups, benzyl groups, amino groups (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines), carboxy groups, cyano groups, phosphorous groups, etc.
- Mordant Red 11 Alizarin
- Mordant Red 3 Alizarin Red S
- Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin Complexone
- Mordant Black 13 Alizarin Blue Black B
- Mordant Violet 5 Alizarin Violet 3R
- Alizarin Yellow GG Natural Red 4 (carminic acid), amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone, Emodin, Nuclear Fast Red, Natural Red 16 (Purpurin), Quinali leopard, and so forth.
- carminic acid exhibits a first transition from orange to red over a pH range of about 3.0 to 5.5 and a second transition from red to purple over a pH range of about 5.5 to 7.0.
- Alizarin Yellow R exhibits a transition from yellow to orange-red over a pH range of about 10.1 to 12.0.
- Ri is an aromatic group
- R 2 is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic groups
- X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halides, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , aryl groups, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, sulfonate groups, -
- hydrazo compounds X-Ri-NH-NH-R 2 -Y
- Particular examples of such azo compounds (or derivatives thereof) include Methyl Violet, Methyl Yellow, Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, and Methyl Green.
- Methyl Violet undergoes a transition from yellow to blue-violet at a pH range of about 0 to 1.6
- Methyl Yellow undergoes a transition from red to yellow at a pH range of about 2.9 to 4.0
- Methyl Orange undergoes a transition from red to yellow at a pH range of about 3.1 to 4.4
- Methyl Red undergoes a transition from red to yellow at a pH range of about 4.2 to 6.3.
- Arylmethanes e.g., diarylmethanes and triarylmethanes
- Triarylmethane leuco bases for example, have the following general structure: H
- R, R', and R" are independently selected from substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, etc.
- the aryl groups may be substituted with functional groups, such as amino, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, sulfonic, alkyl, and/or other known functional groups.
- triarylmethane leuco bases include Leucomalachite Green, Pararosaniline Base, Crystal Violet Lactone, Crystal Violet Leuco, Crystal Violet, Cl Basic Violet 1 , Cl Basic Violet 2, Cl Basic Blue, Cl Victoria Blue, N-benzoyl leuco- methylene, etc.
- diarylmethane leuco bases may include 4,4'-bis (dimethylamino) benzhydrol (also known as "Michler's hydrol"), Michler's hydrol leucobenzotriazole, Michler's hydrol leucomorpholine, Michler's hydrol leucobenzenesulfonamide, etc.
- the colorant is Leucomalachite Green Carbinol (Solvent Green 1 ) or an analog thereof, which is normally colorless and has the following structure:
- Malachite Green also known as Aniline Green, Basic Green 4, Diamond Green B, or Victoria Green B
- Malachite Green also known as Aniline Green, Basic Green 4, Diamond Green B, or Victoria Green B
- Malachite Green typically exhibits a transition from yellow to blue-green over a pH range 0.2 to 1.8. Above a pH of about 1.8, malachite green turns a deep green color.
- pH-sensitive colorants include Congo Red, Litmus (azolitmin), Methylene Blue, Neutral Red, Acid Fuchsin, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Green, Picric acid, Metanil Yellow, m-Cresol Purple, Quinaldine Red, Tropaeolin 00, 2,6-dinitrophenol, Phloxine B, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4- dimethylaminoazobenzene, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 1-Naphthyl Red, Chlorophenol Red, Hematoxylin, 4-nitrophenol, nitrazine yellow, 3-nitrophenol, Alkali Blue, Epsilon Blue, Nile Blue A, universal indicators, and so forth.
- Congo Red undergoes a transition from blue to red at a pH range of about 3.0 to 5.2
- Litmus undergoes a transition from red to blue at a pH range of about 4.5 to 8.3
- Congo Red undergoes a transition from blue to red at a pH range of about 3.0 to 5.2
- Litmus undergoes
- Neutral Red undergoes a transition from red to yellow at a pH range of about 11.4 to 13.0.
- Candida may produce low molecular weight iron-complexing compounds in growth media, which are known as "siderophores.”
- Metal complexing colorants may thus be employed in some embodiments of the present invention that undergo a color change in the presence of siderophores.
- One particularly suitable class of metal complexing colorants are aromatic azo compounds, such as Eriochrome Black T, Eriochrome Blue SE, Eriochrome Blue Black B, Eriochrome Cyanine R, Xylenol
- Still other suitable metal complexing colorants may include Alizarin Complexone, Alizarin S, Arsenazo III, Aurintricarboxylic acid, 2,2'-Bipyidine, Bromopyrogallol Red, Calcon (Eriochrom Blue Black R), Calconcarboxylic acid, Chromotropic acid, disodium salt, Cuprizone, 5-(4-Dimethylamino-benzylidene)rhodanine, Dimethylglyoxime, 1 ,5-
- the pH-sensitive colorants referenced above may also be classified as metal complexing colorants.
- the above-referenced colorants are classified based on their mechanism of color change (e.g., pH sensitive, metal complexing, etc.), it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism for the color change. Even when a pH-sensitive colorant is employed, for instance, other mechanisms may actually be wholly or partially responsible for the color change of the colorant. For example, redox reactions between the colorant and microorganism may contribute to the color change.
- colorants may be employed in the present invention that differentiate between the presence of Candida and other microorganisms commonly associated with diaper rash, such as E. coli and S. aureus.
- the method is by no means limited to the detection of Candida.
- additional colorants may also be employed in the present invention that are capable of detecting the presence of other microorganisms, such as bacteria.
- Several relevant bacterial groups that may be detected in the present invention include, for instance, gram negative rods (e.g., Entereobacteria); gram negative curved rods
- gram negative cocci e.g., Neisseria
- gram positive rods e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium, etc.
- gram positive cocci e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, etc.
- obligate intracellular parasites e.g.. Ricckettsia and Chlamydia
- acid fast rods e.g., Myobacterium, Nocardia, etc.
- spirochetes e.g., Treponema, Borellia, etc.
- mycoplasmas i.e., tiny bacteria that lack a cell wall.
- Particularly relevant bacteria include E. coli (gram negative rod), Klebsiella pneumonia (gram negative rod), Streptococcus (gram positive cocci), Salmonella choleraesuis (gram negative rod), Staphyloccus aureus (gram positive cocci), and P. aeruginosa (gram negative rod).
- the colorants employed for detecting bacteria may be capable of independently differentiating bacteria, or simply provide a color change indicative of the presence of a broad spectrum of bacteria.
- Solvatochromatic colorants for instance, are believed to exhibit a detectable color change in the presence of a broad spectrum of bacteria. Although solvatochromatic colorants may also undergo a color change in the presence of Candida microorganisms, it is generally believed to be to a lesser extent.
- Suitable solvatochromatic colorants that are suitable for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0134728 to MacDonald, et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
- merocyanine colorants e.g., mono-, di-, and tri-merocyanines
- Merocyanine colorants such as merocyanine 540, fall within the donor-simple acceptor colorant classification of Griffiths as discussed in "Colour and Constitution of Organic Molecules" Academic Press, London (1976).
- merocyanine colorants have a basic nucleus and acidic nucleus separated by a conjugated chain having an even number of methine carbons. Such colorants possess a carbonyl group that acts as an electron acceptor moiety. The electron acceptor is conjugated to an electron donating group, such as a hydroxyl or amino group.
- the merocyanine colorants may be cyclic or acyclic (e.g., vinylalogous amides of cyclic merocyanine colorants).
- Suitable solvatochromatic colorants that may be used in the present invention include those that possess a permanent zwitterionic form. That is, these colorants have formal positive and negative charges contained within a contiguous ⁇ - electron system. Contrary to the merocyanine colorants referenced above, a neutral resonance structure cannot be drawn for such permanent zwitterionic colorants.
- Exemplary colorants of this class include ⁇ /-phenolate betaine colorants, such as those having the following general structure:
- R 1 -Rs are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a nitro group (e.g., nitrogen), a halogen, or a linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 to C 20 group (e.g., alkyl, phenyl, aryl, pyridinyl, etc.), which may be saturated or unsaturated and unsubstituted or optionally substituted at the same or at different carbon atoms with one, two or more halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, phenyl, aryl, pyridinyl, or alkylamino groups.
- the ⁇ /-phenolate betaine colorant may be 4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-1-yl)-2,6-diphenylphenolate (Reichardt's dye) having the following general structure:
- Reichardt's dye shows strong negative solvatochromism and may thus undergo a significant color change from blue to colorless in the presence of bacteria. That is, Reichardt's dye displays a shift in absorbance to a shorter wavelength and thus has visible color changes as solvent eluent strength (polarity) increases.
- a colorant is generally applied to a solid support for subsequent contact with a dermal sample.
- the nature of the solid support may vary depending on the intended use, and may include materials such as films, paper, nonwoven webs, knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, foam, glass, etc.
- the solid support is a wipe configured for use on skin, such as a baby wipe, adult wipe, hand wipe, face wipe, cosmetic wipe, household wipe, industrial wipe, personal cleansing wipe, cotton ball, cotton-tipped swab, and so forth.
- the colorant may provide information about the presence of microorganisms in a dermal sample during and/or shortly after the normal use of the wipe.
- the colorant may be present on a baby wipe to provide the caregiver with a rapid indication of whether a microorganism is present on the skin of a baby.
- the wipe may be formed from any of a variety of materials as is well known in the art.
- the wipe may include a nonwoven web that contains an absorbent material of sufficient wet strength and absorbency for use in the desired application.
- the nonwoven web may include absorbent fibers formed by a variety of pulping processes, such as kraft pulp, sulfite pulp, thermomechanical pulp, etc.
- the pulp fibers may include softwood fibers having an average fiber length of greater than 1 mm and particularly from about 2 to 5 mm based on a length-weighted average.
- Such softwood fibers can include, but are not limited to, northern softwood, southern softwood, redwood, red cedar, hemlock, pine (e.g., southern pines), spruce (e.g., black spruce), combinations thereof, and so forth.
- Exemplary commercially available pulp fibers suitable for the present invention include those available from Kimberly-Clark Corporation under the trade designations "Longlac-19.”
- Hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, maple, birch, aspen, and so forth, can also be used. In certain instances, eucalyptus fibers may be particularly desired to increase the softness of the web.
- Eucalyptus fibers can also enhance the brightness, increase the opacity, and change the pore structure of the web to increase its wicking ability.
- secondary fibers obtained from recycled materials may be used, such as fiber pulp from sources such as, for example, newsprint, reclaimed paperboard, and office waste.
- absorbent fibers that may be used in the present invention, such as abaca, sabai grass, milkweed floss, pineapple leaf, cellulosic esters, cellulosic ethers, cellulosic nitrates, cellulosic acetates, cellulosic acetate butyrates, ethyl cellulose, regenerated celluloses (e.g., viscose or rayon), and so forth.
- Synthetic thermoplastic fibers may also be employed in the nonwoven web, such as those formed from polyolefins, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, etc.; polytetrafluoroethylene; polyesters, e.g., polyethylene terephthalate and so forth; polyvinyl acetate; polyvinyl chloride acetate; polyvinyl butyral; acrylic resins, e.g., polyacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, and so forth; polyamides, e.g., nylon; polyvinyl chloride; polyvinylidene chloride; polystyrene; polyvinyl alcohol; polyurethanes; polylactic acid; copolymers thereof; and so forth.
- polyolefins e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, etc.
- polyesters e.g., polyethylene terephthalate and so forth
- polyvinyl acetate
- thermoplastic fibers are inherently hydrophobic (i.e., non-wettable)
- such fibers may optionally be rendered more hydrophilic (i.e., wettable) by treatment with a surfactant solution before, during, and/or after web formation.
- a surfactant solution i.e., wettable
- Other known methods for increasing wettability may also be employed, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,057,361 to Sayovitz, et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
- the nonwoven web material may be a composite that contains a combination of synthetic thermoplastic polymer fibers and absorbent fibers, such as polypropylene and pulp fibers.
- the relative percentages of such fibers may vary over a wide range depending on the desired characteristics of the nonwoven composite.
- the nonwoven composite may contain from about 1 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, in some embodiments from 5 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 10 wt.% to about 40 wt.% synthetic polymeric fibers.
- the nonwoven composite may likewise contain from about 40 wt.% to about 99 wt.%, in some embodiments from 50 wt.% to about 95 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 60 wt.% to about 90 wt.% absorbent fibers.
- Nonwoven composites may be formed using a variety of known techniques.
- the nonwoven composite may be a "coform material" that contains a mixture or stabilized matrix of thermoplastic fibers and a second non-thermoplastic material.
- coform materials may be made by a process in which at least one meltblown die head is arranged near a chute through which other materials are added to the web while it is forming.
- Such other materials may include, but are not limited to, fibrous organic materials such as woody or non- woody pulp such as cotton, rayon, recycled paper, pulp fluff and also superabsorbent particles, inorganic and/or organic absorbent materials, treated polymeric staple fibers and so forth.
- the nonwoven composite may be formed be formed by hydraulically entangling fibers and/or filaments with high-pressure jet streams of water. Hydraulically entangled nonwoven composites of staple length fibers and continuous filaments are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,494,821 to Evans and 4,144,370 to Bouolton, which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
- the basis weight of the wipe is typically from about 20 to about 200 grams per square meter (gsm), and in some embodiments, between about 35 to about 100 gsm. Lower basis weight products may be particularly well suited for use as light duty wipes, while higher basis weight products may be better adapted for use as industrial wipes.
- the wipe may assume a variety of shapes, including but not limited to, generally circular, oval, square, rectangular, or irregularly shaped. Each individual wipe may be arranged in a folded configuration and stacked one on top of the other to provide a stack of wet wipes. Such folded configurations are well known to those skilled in the art and include c-folded, z-folded, quarter-folded configurations and so forth.
- the wipe may have an unfolded length of from about 2.0 to about 80.0 centimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 10.0 to about 25.0 centimeters.
- the wipes may likewise have an unfolded width of from about 2.0 to about 80.0 centimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 10.0 to about 25.0 centimeters.
- the stack of folded wipes may be placed in the interior of a container, such as a plastic tub, to provide a package of wipes for eventual sale to the consumer.
- the wipes may include a continuous strip of material which has perforations between each wipe and which may be arranged in a stack or wound into a roll for dispensing.
- a container such as a plastic tub
- the wipes may include a continuous strip of material which has perforations between each wipe and which may be arranged in a stack or wound into a roll for dispensing.
- the wipe is a "wet wipe” in that it contains a solution for cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, etc.
- the particular wet wipe solutions are not critical and are described in more detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,440,437 to Krzysik, et al.; 6,028,018 to Amundson, et al.; 5,888,524 to
- each wipe contains from about 150 to about 600 wt.% and desirably from about 300 to about 500 wt.% of a wet wipe solution based on the dry weight of the wipe.
- the colorant of the present invention is applied to a wipe or other solid support in the form of a composition that contains a mobile carrier.
- the carrier may be a liquid, gas, gel, etc., and may be selected to provide the desired performance (time for change of color, contrast between different areas, and sensitivity) of the colorant.
- the carrier may be an aqueous solvent, such as water, as well as a non-aqueous solvent, such as glycols (e.g., propylene glycol, butylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, ethoxydiglycol, and dipropyleneglycol); alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol); triglycerides; ethyl acetate; acetone; triacetin; acetonitrile, tetrahydrafuran; xylenes; formaldehydes (e.g., dimethylformamide, "DMF"); etc.
- glycols e.g., propylene glycol, butylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, ethoxydiglycol, and dipropyleneglycol
- alcohols e.g.
- Suitable techniques for applying the colorant composition to the solid support include printing, dipping, spraying, melt extruding, coating (e.g., solvent coating, powder coating, brush coating, etc.), and so forth.
- the colorant composition may be dried to remove the carrier and leave a residue of the colorant for interacting with a microorganism.
- Other additives may also be employed, either separately or in conjunction with a colorant composition.
- cyclodextrins are employed that enhance the sensitivity and contrast of a colorant. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the present inventors believe that such additives may inhibit the crystallization of the colorant and thus provide a more vivid color and also enhance detection sensitivity.
- cyclodextrins may include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, which are commercially available from Cerestar International of Hammond, Indiana.
- Surfactants may also help enhance the sensitivity and contrast provided by the colorant.
- Particularly desired surfactants are nonionic surfactants, such as ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty alcohols, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers, ethoxylated esters of fatty (C 8 -Ci 8 ) acids, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain amines or amides, condensation products of ethylene oxide with alcohols, acetylenic diols, and mixtures thereof.
- nonionic surfactants such as ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty alcohols, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers, ethoxylated esters of fatty (C 8 -Ci 8 ) acids, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain amines or amides, condensation products of ethylene oxide with alcohols, acetylenic dio
- nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, methyl gluceth-10, PEG-20 methyl glucose distearate, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, C 11-15 pareth-20, ceteth-8, ceteth-12, dodoxynol-12, laureth-15, PEG-20 castor oil, polysorbate 20, steareth- 20, polyoxyethylene-10 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene-10 stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene-20 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene-10 oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene- 20 oleyl ether, an ethoxylated nonylphenol, ethoxylated octylphenol, ethoxylated dodecylphenol, or ethoxylated fatty (C 6 -C 22 ) alcohol, including 3 to 20 ethylene oxide moieties, polyoxyethylene-20 isohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylene-23 glycerol laurate, polyoxy-
- nonionic surfactants may include the SURFYNOL® range of acetylenic diol surfactants available from Air Products and Chemicals of Allentown, Pennsylvania and the TWEEN® range of polyoxyethylene surfactants available from Fischer Scientific of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- a binder may also be employed to facilitate the immobilization of the colorant on the wipe or other solid support.
- water-soluble organic polymers may be employed as binders, such as polysaccharides and derivatives thereof.
- Polysaccharides are polymers containing repeated carbohydrate units, which may be cationic, anionic, nonionic, and/or amphoteric.
- the polysaccharide is a nonionic, cationic, anionic, and/or amphoteric cellulosic ether.
- Suitable nonionic cellulosic ethers may include, but are not limited to, alkyl cellulose ethers, such as methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose; hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl hydroxybutyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl hydroxybutyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl hydroxybutyl cellulose; alkyl hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers, such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and methyl ethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose; and so forth.
- alkyl cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and e
- the colorant composition may be applied to all or only a portion of the wiper or other solid support. Suitable techniques for applying the colorant composition to the solid support include printing, dipping, spraying, melt extruding, coating (e.g., solvent coating, powder coating, brush coating, etc.), spraying, and so forth. In one embodiment, for example, the colorant composition is printed onto the support
- a variety of printing techniques may be used for applying the colorant composition to the support, such as gravure printing, flexographic printing, screen printing, laser printing, thermal ribbon printing, piston printing, etc.
- ink-jet printing techniques are employed to apply the colorant composition to the support.
- Ink-jet printing is a non-contact printing technique that involves forcing an ink through a tiny nozzle (or a series of nozzles) to form droplets that are directed toward the support. Two techniques are generally utilized, i.e., "DOD" (Drop-On-Demand) or "continuous" ink-jet printing.
- ink is emitted in a continuous stream under pressure through at least one orifice or nozzle.
- the stream is perturbed by a pressurization actuator to break the stream into droplets at a fixed distance from the orifice.
- DOD systems use a pressurization actuator at each orifice to break the ink into droplets.
- the pressurization actuator in each system may be a piezoelectric crystal, an acoustic device, a thermal device, etc.
- the selection of the type of ink jet system varies on the type of material to be printed from the print head. For example, conductive materials are sometimes required for continuous systems because the droplets are deflected electrostatically. Thus, when the sample channel is formed from a dielectric material, DOD printing techniques may be more desirable.
- the colorant composition may be formed as a printing ink using any of a variety of known components and/or methods.
- the printing ink may contain water as a carrier, and particularly deionized water.
- Various co-carriers may also be included in the ink, such as lactam, N-methyl pyrrolidone, N- methylacetamide, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl formamide, propyleneglycol-monomethylether, tetramethylene sulfone, tripropyleneglycolmonomethylether, propylene glycol, and triethanolamine (TEA).
- Humectants may also be utilized, such as ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; glycerine; polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, and 600; propane 1 ,3 diol; propylene- glycolmonomethyl ethers, such as Dowanol PM (Gallade Chemical Inc., Santa Ana, CA); polyhydric alcohols; or combinations thereof.
- Other additives may also be included to improve ink performance, such as a chelating agent to sequester metal ions that could become involved in chemical reactions over time, a corrosion inhibitor to help protect metal components of the printer or ink delivery system, and a surfactant to adjust the ink surface tension.
- Various other components for use in an ink such as colorant stabilizers, photoinitiators, binders, surfactants, electrolytic salts, pH adjusters, etc., may be employed as described in U.S. Patent Nos.
- the composition may also be applied to a strip that is subsequently adhered or otherwise attached to the solid support.
- the strip may contain a facestock material commonly employed in the manufacture of labels, such as paper, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyamides, etc.
- An adhesive such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive, heat- activated adhesive, hot melt adhesive, etc., may be employed on one or more surfaces of the facestock material to help adhere it to a surface of the solid support.
- Suitable examples of pressure-sensitive adhesives include, for instance, acrylic-based adhesives and elastomeric adhesives.
- the pressure-sensitive adhesive is based on copolymers of acrylic acid esters (e.g., 2- ethyl hexyl acrylate) with polar co-monomers (e.g., acrylic acid).
- the adhesive may have a thickness in the range of from about 0.1 to about 2 mils (2.5 to 50 microns).
- a release liner may also be employed that contacts the adhesive prior to use.
- the release liner may contain any of a variety of materials known to those of skill in the art, such as a silicone-coated paper or film substrate.
- the exact quantity of a colorant employed in the present invention may vary based on a variety of factors, including the sensitivity of the colorant, the presence of other additives, the desired degree of detectability (e.g., with an unaided eye), the suspected concentration of the microorganism, etc. In some cases, it is desirable to only detect the presence of Candida at a pathogenic concentration.
- a Candida concentration of about 1 x 10 3 colony forming units ("CFU") per milliliter of growth media or more in some embodiments about 1 x 10 5 CFU/ml or more, in some embodiments about 1 x 10 6 CFU/ml or more, and in some embodiments, about 1 x 10 7 CFU/ml or more may be considered pathogenic.
- concentrations may correlate to a liquid sample or a non-liquid sample (e.g., skin or obtained from skin) that is cultured in a growth media.
- the colorant may be employed in an amount sufficient to undergo a detectable color change in the presence of Candida at a desired concentration.
- the colorant may be applied at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams per milliliter of carrier, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 60 milligrams per milliliter of carrier, and in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 40 milligrams per milliliter of carrier.
- the colorant may constitute from about 0.001 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 0.01 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, and in some embodiments from about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.% of the dry weight of the solid support.
- the degree to which a colorant changes color may be determined either visually or using instrumentation.
- color intensity is measured with an optical reader.
- the actual configuration and structure of the optical reader may generally vary as is readily understood by those skilled in the art.
- the optical reader contains an illumination source that is capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation and a detector that is capable of registering a signal (e.g., transmitted or reflected light).
- the illumination source may be any device known in the art that is capable of providing electromagnetic radiation, such as light in the visible or near-visible range (e.g., infrared or ultraviolet light).
- suitable illumination sources include, but are not limited to, light emitting diodes (LED), flashlamps, cold-cathode fluorescent lamps, electroluminescent lamps, and so forth.
- the illumination may be multiplexed and/or collimated. In some cases, the illumination may be pulsed to reduce any background interference. Further, illumination may be continuous or may combine continuous wave (CW) and pulsed illumination where multiple illumination beams are multiplexed (e.g., a pulsed beam is multiplexed with a CW beam), permitting signal discrimination between a signal induced by the CW source and a signal induced by the pulsed source.
- CW continuous wave
- LEDs e.g., aluminum gallium arsenide red diodes, gallium phosphide green diodes, gallium arsenide phosphide green diodes, or indium gallium nitride violet/blue/ultraviolet (UV) diodes
- UV LED excitation diode suitable for use in the present invention is Model NSHU55OE
- the illumination source may provide diffuse illumination to the colorant.
- an array of multiple point light sources e.g., LEDs
- Another particularly desired illumination source that is capable of providing diffuse illumination in a relatively inexpensive manner is an electroluminescent (EL) device.
- An EL device is generally a capacitor structure that utilizes a luminescent material (e.g., phosphor particles) sandwiched between electrodes, at least one of which is transparent to allow light to escape. Application of a voltage across the electrodes generates a changing electric field within the luminescent material that causes it to emit light.
- the detector may generally be any device known in the art that is capable of sensing a signal.
- the detector may be an electronic imaging detector that is configured for spatial discrimination.
- Some examples of such electronic imaging sensors include high speed, linear charge-coupled devices (CCD), charge-injection devices (CID), complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, and so forth.
- Such image detectors are generally two-dimensional arrays of electronic light sensors, although linear imaging detectors (e.g., linear CCD detectors) that include a single line of detector pixels or light sensors, such as, for example, those used for scanning images, may also be used.
- Each array includes a set of known, unique positions that may be referred to as "addresses.”
- Each address in an image detector is occupied by a sensor that covers an area (e.g., an area typically shaped as a box or a rectangle). This area is generally referred to as a "pixel" or pixel area.
- a detector pixel for instance, may be a CCD, CID, or a CMOS sensor, or any other device or sensor that detects or measures light.
- the size of detector pixels may vary widely, and may in some cases have a diameter or length as low as 0.2 micrometers.
- the detector may be a light sensor that lacks spatial discrimination capabilities.
- examples of such light sensors may include photomultiplier devices, photodiodes, such as avalanche photodiodes or silicon photodiodes, and so forth.
- Silicon photodiodes are sometimes advantageous in that they are inexpensive, sensitive, capable of high-speed operation (short risetime / high bandwidth), and easily integrated into most other semiconductor technology and monolithic circuitry.
- silicon photodiodes are physically small, which enables them to be readily incorporated into various types of detection systems. If silicon photodiodes are used, then the wavelength range of the emitted signal may be within their range of sensitivity, which is 400 to 1100 nanometers.
- Optical readers may generally employ any known detection technique, including, for instance, luminescence (e.g., fluorescence, phosphorescence, etc.), absorbance (e.g., fluorescent or non-fluorescent), diffraction, etc.
- the optical reader measures color intensity as a function of absorbance.
- absorbance readings are measured using a microplate reader from Dynex Technologies of Chantilly, Virginia (Model # MRX).
- absorbance readings are measured using a conventional test known as "CIELAB", which is discussed in Pocket Guide to Digital Printing by F. Cost, Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY. ISBN 0-8273-7592-1 at pages 144 and 145.
- This method defines three variables, L * , a * , and b * , which correspond to three characteristics of a perceived color based on the opponent theory of color perception.
- the three variables have the following meaning:
- CIELAB color space is somewhat visually uniform, a single number may be calculated that represents the difference between two colors as perceived by a human. This difference is termed ⁇ E and calculated by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the three differences ( ⁇ L * , ⁇ a * , and ⁇ b * ) between the two colors.
- ⁇ E the difference between two colors as perceived by a human.
- each ⁇ E unit is approximately equal to a "just noticeable" difference between two colors.
- CIELAB is therefore a good measure for an objective device-independent color specification system that may be used as a reference color space for the purpose of color management and expression of changes in color.
- color intensities (L * , a * , and b * ) may thus be measured using, for instance, a handheld spectrophotometer from Minolta Co. Ltd. of Osaka, Japan (Model # CM2600d).
- This instrument utilizes the D/8 geometry conforming to CIE No.15, ISO 7724/1 , ASTME 1164 and JIS Z8722-
- a solid support e.g., wipe
- a detection zone that provides any number of distinct detection regions (e.g., lines, dots, stripes, etc.) so that a user may better determine the presence of Candida or other microorganisms within a test sample.
- Each region may contain the same colorant, or may contain different colorants for reacting with different types of microorganisms.
- Fig. 1 one embodiment of the present invention is shown in which a solid support
- the detection zone 82 may contain a colorant that undergoes a color change in the presence of Candida albicans (e.g., Phenol Red).
- a dermal sample e.g., skin
- the detection zone 82 undergoes a color change (Fig. 1 B).
- a dermal sample infected only with another microorganism e.g., S. aureus
- the detection zone 82 will remain substantially the same.
- an array of different colorants may also be employed to enhance the ability to differentiate Candida from other microorganisms.
- the array provides a distinct spectral response (e.g., pattern of colors) or "fingerprint" for Candida.
- the array may provide a certain spectral response in the presence of Candida albicans or other Candida species, but provide a completely different spectral response in the presence of S. aureus, E. coli, or other bacteria commonly associated with diaper rash. Detection of the spectral response provided by the array may thus allow for enhanced differentiation Candida and other microorganisms.
- the array may contain a plurality of discrete regions (referred to as "addresses") spaced apart in a predetermined pattern.
- the addresses contain a colorant capable of exhibiting a color change in the presence of a particular microorganism.
- the selection of colorants for the array is not critical to the present invention so long as the array produces a distinct spectral response.
- the individual array addresses may be configured in a variety of ways to accomplish this purpose. In one particular embodiment, individual array addresses may contain colorants that each exhibits a distinct spectral response in the presence of Candida and another microorganism (e.g., S. aureus or E. coli).
- a first array address may contain a phthalein colorant (e.g., Phenol Red) and a second array address may contain a ⁇ /-phenolate betaine colorant (e.g., Reichardt's dye).
- a phthalein colorant e.g., Phenol Red
- a ⁇ /-phenolate betaine colorant e.g., Reichardt's dye
- the spectral distinction between individual array addresses need not always be provided by the use of different colorants.
- the same colorants may be used in individual array addresses, but at a different concentration so as to produce a different spectral response.
- Certain addresses may likewise contain the same colorant at the same concentration, so long as the array as whole is capable of producing a distinct spectral response.
- the array may be selectively controlled to enhance its ability to provide a distinct spectral response.
- One factor that influences the ability of the array to produce a distinct spectral response is the number of array addresses employed. Namely, a greater number of individual array addresses may enhance the degree that the spectral response varies for different microorganisms. However, an overly large number of addresses can also lead to difficulty in visually differentiating between spectral responses.
- the array contains from 2 to 50 array addresses, in some embodiments from 3 to about 40 array addresses, and in some embodiments, from 4 to 20 array addresses.
- the number of addresses employed in the array will ultimately depend, at least in part, on the nature of the selected colorants. That is, if the selected colorants have a similar color change in the presence of a microorganism, a larger number of addresses may be needed to provide the desired spectral response.
- the individual array addresses may possess a size effective to permit visual observation without unduly increasing the size of the solid support.
- the size of the addresses may, for example, range from about 0.01 to about 100 millimeters, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 50 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 20 millimeters.
- the shape of the addresses may also enhance visual observation of the spectral response.
- the addresses may be in the form of stripes, bands, dots, or any other geometric shape.
- the addresses may also be spaced apart a certain distance to provide a more visible spectral response.
- the spacing between two or more individual array addresses may, for example, range from about 0.01 to about 100 millimeters, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 50 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 20 millimeters.
- the overall pattern of the array may take on virtually any desired appearance.
- a solid support 180 is in the form of a wipe that employs an array 181 containing a plurality of addresses 183, each of which includes a colorant.
- a set of first addresses 183a may include colorants that undergo a color change in the presence of Candida albicans (e.g., Phenol Red) and a set of second addresses 183b may include colorants that undergo a color change in the presence of S. aureus or E. coli (e.g., Reichardt's dye).
- the spectral response of the colorant(s) may provide information about the presence of Candida or other microorganism to which it is exposed.
- the response of the test colorant(s) (or array of colorants) may be compared to a control colorant (or array of colorants) formed in a manner that is the same or similar to the test colorant(s) with respect to microorganism responsiveness. The comparison may be made visually or with the aid of an instrument. Multiple control colorants may likewise be employed that correspond to different types of microorganisms at a certain concentration.
- the microorganism may be identified by selecting the control colorant having a spectral response that is the same or substantially similar to the response of the test colorant, and then correlating the selected control to a particular microorganism or class of microorganisms.
- the presence of Candida or other microorganism may be readily detected through the use of a colorant that undergoes a detectable color change.
- the color change is rapid and may be detected within a relatively short period of time. For example, the change may occur in about 20 minutes or less, in some embodiments about 10 minutes or less, in some embodiments about 5 minutes or less, in some embodiments about 3 minutes or less, and in some embodiments, from about 10 seconds to about 2 minutes.
- the colorant may provide a "real-time" indication of the presence or absence of Candida or other microorganism.
- Such a "real time" indication may alert a user or caregiver to apply a treatment composition (e.g., anti-fungal) to the infected area and/or to seek the advice of a medical professional.
- a treatment composition e.g., anti-fungal
- the lack of a color change may provide the user or caregiver with an assurance that the area is free of infection and sufficiently cleaned.
- Escherichia coll (ATCC #8739) (E coll) Psuedomonas aeruginosa (ATCC #9027) (P aeruginosa) Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC #4352) (K pneumoniae) Proteus mirabilis (ATCC #7002) (P mirabilis)
- Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC #6538) (S aureus) Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC #11975) (L acidophilus) Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC #12228) (S epidermidis) Bacillus subtihs (ATCC #19659) (B subtilis) Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC #29212) (E faecalis)
- Candida albicans ATCC #10231 ) (C albicans)
- the colorants were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF).
- the colorant solutions were then pipetted onto 15-cm filter paper (available from VWR International - Catalog No. 28306-153) and allowed to dry.
- the filter paper was sectioned into quadrants to test four (4) samples - i.e., S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, and sterile water.
- 100 microliters of 10 7 CFU/mL of S. aureus was pipetted onto the filter paper in one quadrant, 100 microliters of 10 7 CFU/mL of E. coli was pipetted onto the filter paper in a second quadrant, 100 microliters of 10 6 CFU/mL of C.
- albicans was pipetted onto the filter paper in a third quadrant, and sterile water was pipetted in the final quadrant. Color changes in the colorants were observed and recorded for each of the samples tested. The color was recorded immediately after the color change to inhibit the fading (or loss of intensity) of the colors as the samples dried. Table 2 presents the observations from the experiment.
- EXAMPLE 3 Various colorants were tested for their ability to undergo a color change in the presence of S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans microorganisms.
- the colorants tested were Alizarin Complexone, Alizarin Red S, Purpurin, Alizarin, Emodin, Amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone, Nuclear Fast Red, Chlorophenol Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Procion Blue HB, Phenolphthalein, tetraphenylporphine, tetra-o- sulphonic acid, and Ninhydrin. Unless otherwise specified, the colorants were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF). The VWR filter paper and colorants were prepared as described in Example 1. Table 4 presents the observations from the experiment.
- EXAMPLE 4 The ability to rapidly detect various gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms utilizing the colorants of Examples 1-3 was demonstrated. Additional colorants were also tested, including Plasmocorinth B, Nitro Blue, Alizarin Complexone, Orcein, Tetra Methyl-para-phenylene diamine (TMPD), Nile Red, Eriochrome Blue Black B, Phenol Red, Alizarin Red S, Carminic Acid, Fe(lll)C 3 , Celestine Blue, Kovac's Reagent, Chrome Azurol S, Universal Indicator 3-10, Methyl Orange, Merocyanine 540, and Iron III Chloride Porphyrin. The gram- positive microorganisms tested were S.
- aureus L. acidophilus
- S. epidermidis S. epidermidis
- B. subtilis B. subtilis
- E. faecalis The gram-negative microorganisms tested were E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis.
- the colorant samples were prepared in a manner similar to Example 1. Unless otherwise specified, the colorants were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF). Each of the colorant solutions were pipetted onto two separate pieces of VWR filter paper and allowed to dry. One filter paper sample with the dried colorant was sectioned into five approximately equal sections to test the five gram- positive microorganisms. The other filter paper sample was sectioned into quadrants to test the four gram negative microorganisms. 100 microliters of 10 7 CFU/mL of each microorganism sample was pipetted into their respective section of the sample of filter paper. Table 5 presents the observations from the gram positive microorganisms and Table 6 presents the observations from the gram negative microorganisms.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- Table 8 Response to Dilutions of S. aureus in TSB media
- the formulations were filled into cartridges using standard methodologies.
- HUGGIES Supreme® scented baby wipes (basis weight of 75 grams per square meter) were printed with the inks using a Display Maker Series XII/62 color span printer. Exposure of the printed materials to 10 6 CFU/mL of C. albicans resulted in a color change from yellow to bright orange for phenol red and from purple to dark blue for Eriochrome Blue Black B. Exposure to 10 7 CFU/mL E. coli did not produce a noticeable color change with the ink jet printed materials.
- a formulation was made that included approximately 1 wt.% Phenol Red in water. The formulation was applied to a HUGGIES Supreme® scented baby wipe using a plastic dropper. The wipe was then exposed to various amounts of C. albicans (from 10 7 to 10 3 CFU/mL). A color change from yellow to orange was observable for each of the tested concentrations.
- a formulation was made that included approximately 1 wt.% Chlorophenol Red in water. The formulation was applied to a HUGGIES Supreme® scented baby wipe using a plastic dropper. The wipe was then exposed to various amounts of C. albicans (from 10 7 to 10 3 CFU/mL). A color change from yellow to bright pink was observable for each of the tested concentrations.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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CN200780031765.XA CN101534874B (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-07-18 | Method for detecting candida on skin |
AU2007290941A AU2007290941B2 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-07-18 | Method for detecting Candida on skin |
EP07805195.0A EP2056890B1 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-07-18 | Method for detecting candida on skin |
KR1020097003026A KR101516541B1 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-07-18 | Method for detecting candida on skin |
MX2009002110A MX2009002110A (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-07-18 | Method for detecting candida on skin. |
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US11/513,500 US7763442B2 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2006-08-31 | Method for detecting candida on skin |
US11/513,500 | 2006-08-31 |
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EP (1) | EP2056890B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101516541B1 (en) |
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EP3491144A4 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2020-04-01 | The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods for detecting mycobacteria with solvatochromic dye conjugates |
FR3130977A1 (en) * | 2021-12-16 | 2023-06-23 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | DETECTION SYSTEM IN THE FORM OF A WIPES FOR THE DETECTION OF ONE OR MORE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS |
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AU2007290941A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
US20080057532A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
US20100291670A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
KR20090047473A (en) | 2009-05-12 |
AU2007290941B2 (en) | 2012-08-09 |
MX2009002110A (en) | 2009-03-09 |
CN101534874A (en) | 2009-09-16 |
EP2056890A2 (en) | 2009-05-13 |
US7763442B2 (en) | 2010-07-27 |
KR101516541B1 (en) | 2015-05-07 |
WO2008026105A3 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
US8361742B2 (en) | 2013-01-29 |
CN101534874B (en) | 2014-05-28 |
EP2056890B1 (en) | 2015-11-18 |
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