Quantum based systems for detecting materials in a sample, including biological, chemical and physical materials are described. The systems are based on exciting the sample containing the material with a femtosecond to nanosecond probe pulse of collimated light, which is tailored to optimize detection of a given material by separating the probe pulse into component features of frequency, polarization, phase and/or amplitude. The component features are independently shaped and formed into a composite pulse selected to optimize a signature response pulse received from the material. Selection of the appropriate shapes for the component features of the pulse for a given material is accomplished by testing variations in the features on the material, assigning a fitness value to variants that tend to optimize a distinctive spectral response from the material, and using a genetic algorithm to select the combination of component features that enhances the distinctiveness of the response... |
Citations|
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Referenced by|
| US7352469 | Jan 19, 2005 | Apr 1, 2008 | | Quantum resonance analytical instrument | | US7387027 | Jul 21, 2005 | Jun 17, 2008 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Characterization of materials with optically shaped acoustic waveforms | | US7391557 | Mar 26, 2004 | Jun 24, 2008 | Applied Photonics Worldwide, Inc. | Mobile terawatt femtosecond laser system (MTFLS) for long range spectral sensing and identification of bioaerosols and chemical agents in the atmosphere | | US7439497 | May 6, 2005 | Oct 21, 2008 | Board of Trustees of Michigan State University | Control system and apparatus for use with laser excitation and ionization | | US7450618 | Oct 4, 2002 | Nov 11, 2008 | Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University | Laser system using ultrashort laser pulses | | US7567596 | Jul 8, 2005 | Jul 28, 2009 | Board of Trustees of Michigan State University | Control system and apparatus for use with ultra-fast laser | | US7583710 | Jul 2, 2004 | Sep 1, 2009 | Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University | Laser and environmental monitoring system | | US7609731 | Mar 2, 2004 | Oct 27, 2009 | Board of Trustees Operating Michigan State University | Laser system using ultra-short laser pulses | | US7973936 | Sep 2, 2005 | Jul 5, 2011 | Board of Trustees of Michigan State University | Control system and apparatus for use with ultra-fast laser | | US8208504 | Nov 4, 2008 | Jun 26, 2012 | Board of Trustees Operation Michigan State University | Laser pulse shaping system | | US8208505 | May 14, 2009 | Jun 26, 2012 | Board of Trustees of Michigan State University | Laser system employing harmonic generation |
Claims1. Apparatus for detecting the presence of specific target substances in a sample, comprising: - a source of coherent radiation pulses of consistent initial shape and duration;
- a pulse shaper capable of independently controlling a combination of phase, amplitude and polarization of a plurality of the spectral components of said radiation pulses according to a set of control parameters and thereby controlling the shape of the pulses to form re-shaped pulses;
- system controller means for imposing sets of pulse shaper control parameters based on the specific target substance;
- means for directing the re-shaped pulses to the sample; and
- means for measuring the difference between the spectrum of radiation emitted or absorbed by the sample in response to a first re-shaped pulse and the spectrum of radiation emitted or absorbed by the sample in response to a second re-shaped pulse, the control parameters for said first re-shaped pulse and said second re-shaped pulse being selected to provide a significant difference between the response spectra of the target substance and the response spectra of likely background or contaminant substances.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said system controller includes a library of control parameter sets, each set optimized for a corresponding target substance. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said source of coherent radiation pulses comprises a femtosecond pulsed laser. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for directing the re-shaped pulses to the sample comprises: - a sample holder; and
- optical elements to convey the pulses to the sample on the sample holder.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: - magnetic field generating means to impose a static magnetic field on the specimen;
- RF coils and means for driving current through said RF coils at frequencies that correspond to characteristic frequencies of the target substance; and
- means for measuring changes in the electrical current through said RF coils.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising - means for generating a plurality of said re-shaped pulses with predetermined delays between the pulses;
- means for measuring the emission or absorption spectrum of the sample resulting from each of the pulses, and
- means for comparing the emission or absorption spectra resulting the different pulses at different times.
7. A particle sorter comprising: - the apparatus of claim 1 for detecting and identifying specific substances;
- means for passing small volumes of a fluid through a region illuminated by the shaped pulses of claim 1; and
- means for directing the small volumes of fluid into different paths according to the spectral response of each small volume.
8. A security mark reader comprising: - the apparatus of claim 1;
- means for positioning in the path of said re-shaped pulses a document or product bearing a mark containing information in the form of distinct combinations of a plurality of different substances in different regions of said mark; and
- means for determining the information content of said mark based on the emission or absorption spectra of the different regions of said mark in said regions of said mark.
9. Apparatus for detecting the presence of specific target substances in a liquid or solid sample, comprising: - a source of coherent radiation pulses of consistent initial shape and duration;
- a pulse shaper capable of independently controlling a combination of phase, amplitude and polarization of a plurality of the spectral components of said radiation pulses according to a set of control parameters and thereby controlling the shape of the pulses to form re-shaped pulses;
- system controller means for imposing sets of pulse shaper control parameters based on the specific target substance;
- means for directing the re-shaped pulses to the sample; and
- means for measuring the difference between the time-dependent spectrum of acoustic radiation emitted or absorbed by the sample in response to a first re-shaped pulse and the spectrum of radiation emitted or absorbed by the sample in response to a second re-shaped pulse, the control parameters for said first re-shaped pulse and said second re-shaped pulse being selected to provide a significant difference between the response spectra of the target substance and the response spectra of likely background or contaminant substances.
10. A selective particle modifier comprising: - a source of consistently shaped initial pulses of coherent, broad-spectrum radiation;
- means for re-shaping the initial pulses with respect to a combination of polarization, phase and amplitude, the shapes of said pulses optimized to induce chemical or physical changes in a target substance through manipulation of specific quantum states in said target substance, said chemical or physical changes serving to modify or trigger the modification of the particle;
- means for directing the re-shaped pulses onto material containing some particles that contain said target substance, so that the re-shaped pulses cause modification of primarily those particles containing the target substance.
11. The particle modifier of claim 10, wherein said chemical or physical changes causes the destruction, denaturization, or inactivation of said particles. 12. A detector and identifier of airborne particles, said detector comprising: - a source of coherent radiation pulses of consistent initial shape and duration;
- a pulse shaper capable of independently controlling a combination of phase, amplitude and polarization of a plurality of the spectral components of said radiation pulses according to a set of control parameters and thereby controlling the shape of the pulses to form re-shaped pulses;
- system controller means for imposing sets of pulse shaper control parameters based on a specific target substance;
- means for directing the re-shaped pulses through the air over a predetermined path; and
- means for measuring the difference between the spectrum of radiation absorbed along the path in response to a first re-shaped pulse and the spectrum of radiation absorbed along the path in response to a second re-shaped pulse, the control parameters for said first re-shaped pulse and said second re-shaped pulse selected to provide a significant difference between the response spectra of the target substance and the response spectra of likely background or contaminant substances.
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