The present invention relates to side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state lasers, and more particularly to a cavity for diode side pumping of solid-state laser rods as oscillators or amplifiers.

Energetic diode-pumped lasers use laser diodes in various geometries, mostly arranged around the laser rod, performing side pumping perpendicular to the rod axis. The light emitted by the laser diodes enters perpendicular to the rod axis. The pump light is absorbed by the atoms in the laser rod, exciting the atoms, thus establishing an optical gain in the laser rod. The side pumping geometry allows a large excited cross-section of the laser rod as well as long rod pumping, facilitating large pumped volume and large energy storage and high-energy extraction as required.

The side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser (side-pumped DPSSL) field can be divided into sub-fields based on how the otherwise highly divergent, up to 40°, diode radiation is coupled into the laser rod. Some of these sub-fields include: (a) using optics such as a cylindrical lens or elliptical mirror, (b) using an optical waveguide such as a reflective cavity or fiber; and (c) closely coupling the diode(s) to the rod.

The side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser (side-pumped DPSSL) field can be farther divided into sub-fields based on how the heat, resulting from the method used to remove the part of the electric energy introduced into the cavity that is not transferred to laser light is removed. Some of these sub-fields include: (a) using liquid, circulating in and out of the cavity, where the excessive heat is convected away, (b) using gas, circulating in and out of the cavity, where the excessive heat is convected away, (c) using a solid-state structure, where the excessive heat is conducted away through the solid structure. Heat removal in most prior art arrangements and structures was performed using compressed gas or liquid coolants. Gas or liquid coolants limit the reliability of the laser system, since frequent preventive maintenance activity is required to address leaks of the coolant or degradation of its characteristics.

Japanese patent publication no. JP 5-259540 discloses a side-pumped DPSSL wherein the rod is disposed within a diffuse reflector or condenser. A diode array emits radiation that enters the condenser for absorption by the rod via a narrow slit which guides the diode radiation toward the rod. A gel or liquid such as water surrounds the rod filling spacing between the rod and surrounding tube. Some light is absorbed in the liquid, scattered and absorbed by multiple reflections.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,521,936, 5,033,058 and 6,026,109 disclose water-cooled solid-state lasers using closely coupled side-pumping diode arrays. The pumping laser diodes are disposed close to the rod in order that the rod remains in the path of the substantial portion of the divergent radiation, as it is not contemplated that rays missing the rod on the first pass will be subsequently redirected towards the rod to be absorbed on a second or later pass, the efficiency is reduced. U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,421 patent differs in that it discloses the use of side-pumping optical fibers, which add substantial manufacturing cost.

In addition, the alternative configurations described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,521,936, 5,033,058 and 6,026,109 include a rod which is cooled with a water jacket enclosed a flow tube, with the diodes and reflector disposed outside the flow tube, similarly to JP 5-259540. Here, a disadvantage is that the wall thickness of the flow tube adds significant distance between the rod and reflector. In configurations using a diffuse reflector, this leads to increased losses of the pump light, resulting in reduced efficiency.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,852 describes a liquid-cooled side-pumped laser including an elongated diffuse reflector housing having an elongated cavity defined by a diffusely reflective cavity wall, with a solid-state rod disposed within the cavity and surrounded by a cooling fluid flowing along the rod for cooling the rod. This laser has the advantage of uniform pumping, but the liquid cooling is problematic in various environmental conditions (like freezing).

In the close-coupled arrangement described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,488, the rod is enclosed in a heat-conducting specular reflector, and the pump radiation is introduced through a narrow slit in the reflector. This arrangement produces specular reflection, that causes non-uniform pumping of the rod cross section, and is complex to manufactures. Additionally, the specular reflector enhances the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) from the rod by providing parasitic laser paths. Additionally, any difference in thermal expansion of the rod and reflector may cause mechanical stress. Also, pump radiation from the diode must pass through a long narrow slit (channel) in the metal reflector, thus suffering multiple reflections and therefore extra losses.

Another problem is the type of reflector that can be used to pump light, while enabling uniform pumping of the rod cross section. Specular reflectors are not able to produce the same level of uniformity of the pump radiation as diffuse reflectors. For example, Hanson, et al., citation below, disclose a three-bar diode array placed a small distance away from a large opening to a solid-state laser cavity. Ajer et al., citation below, disclose a closely coupled side-pumping diode array which pumps the rod through a slit-like opening. The cavities disclosed by Hanson, et al. and Ajer, et al. include highly reflective inner surfaces, and the intensity distributions of the pumping diode radiation within the rods lack homogeneity.

Generally, pumping with a diode array from one direction can lead to a cylindrical intensity distribution (as shown, for example, in the paper by Hanson, et al.). This gives rise to a cylindrical thermal lens in the rod, which, in turn, results in an astigmatic output beam of the laser. To improve circularity, some of the mentioned references describe alternative arrangements which use pumping radiation from several (two or more) directions. The problem with this approach, however, is that laser diodes tend to age differently, which destroys the intensity balance over the lifetime of diodes.

In U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,317,585 and 5,781,580, a transparent heat conductor is used, since the heat conductor of these designs has to be optically transparent to allow the diode light to enter the laser rod and at the same time conductively cool the rod. High optical transparency and high thermal conductivity properties are not readily found in one material (except in diamond which is extremely expensive and cannot be machined to the needed shapes), and thus the solution is not optimized for any of the parameters.

Other references are:

Walter Koechner, “Solid-state Laser Engineering”, pp. 127-140, 709 (Springer series in optical sciences, v.1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1996).

Frank Hanson and Delmar Haddock, “Laser diode side pumping of neodymium laser rods”, Applied Optics, vol. 27, no. 1, 1988, pp. 80-83.

H. Ajer, et al., “Efficient diode-laser side-pumped TEM00-mode Nd:YAG laser”, Optics Letters, vol. 17, no. 24, 1992, pp. 1785-1787.

Jeffrey J. Kasinski, et al., “One Joule Output From a Diode Array Pumped Nd:YAG Laser with Side-pumped Rod Geometry”, J. of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April 1992).

D. Golla, et al., “300-W cw Diode Laser Side-pumped Nd:YAG Rod Laser”, Optics Letters, Vol. 20, No. 10 (May 15, 1995).

Japanese Patent No. JP 5-259540.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,774,488, 5,521,936, 5,033,058, 6,026,109, 5,870,421, 5,117,436, 5,572,541, 5,140,607, 4,945,544, 4,969,155, 5,875,206, 5,590,147, 3,683,296, 3,684,980, 3,821,663, 5,084,886, 5,661,738, 5,867,324, 5,963,363, 5,978,407, 5,661,738, 4,794,615, 5,623,510, 5,623,510, 3,222,615, 3,140,451, 3,663,893, 4,756,002, 4,755,002, 4,794,615, 4,872,177, 5,050,173, 5,317,585, 5,349,600, 5,455,838, 5,488,626, 5,521,932, 5,590,147, 5,627,848, 5,627,850, 5,638,388, 5,651,020, 5,838,712, 5,875,206, 5,677,920, 5,781,580, 5,905,745, 5,909,306, 5,930,030, 5,987,049, 5,995,523, 6,009,114, and 6,002,695.

German Patent No. DE 689 15 421 T2.

Canadian Patent No. 1,303,198.

French Patents Nos. 1,379,289 and 2,592,530.

Fujikawa, et al., “High-Power High-Efficient Diode-Side-Pumped Nd: YAG Laser”, Trends in Optics and Photonics, TOPS Volume X, Advanced Solid-state Lasers, Pollock and Bosenberg, eds., (Topical Meeting, Orlando, Fla., Jan. 27-29, 1997).

R. V. Pole, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, “Active Optical Imaging System”, Vol. 7, No. 12 (May 1965).

Devlin, et al., “Composite Rod Optical Masers”, Applied Optics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1962).

Goldberg et al., “V-groove side-pumped 1.5 um fibre amplifier,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 25, Dec. 4, 1997).

Welford, et al., “Efficient TEM00-mode operation of a laser diode side-pumped Nd:YAG laser, Optics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 23 (Dec. 1, 1991).

Welford, et al., “Observation of Enhanced Thermal Lensing Due to Near-Gaussian Pump Energy Deposition in a Laser Diode Side-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr. 4, 1992).

Walker, et al., “Efficient continuous-wave TEM00 operation of a transversely diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser,” Optics Letters, Vol. 19, No. 14 (Jul. 15, 1994).

Comaskey et al., “24-W average power at 0.537 um from an externally frequency-doubled Q-switched diode-pumped ND:YOS laser oscillator,” Applied Optics, Vol. 33, No. 27 (Sep. 20, 1994).

Novel solutions allowing efficient side pumping, uniform pump distribution across the rod, pumping with a single source and one side and good conductive cooling are needed and are presented in this invention. The optimization of the mentioned parameters results in smaller volumes and weight as well.

It is therefore a broad object of the present invention to provide a side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity including a conductively cooled housing, having an opening for the pump radiation emerging from a diode array in close proximity and having a solid-state, diffuse reflector surrounding the laser rod. The pump light is absorbed by the rod and excites the laser ions. The pump-light that transverses the rod without absorption is redirected into it by the diffuse reflector.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a side-pumped diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity where the rod is encircled by a thin, diffuse reflector that functions to redirect the pump-light that transverses the rod without absorption back into the rod. The reflector also has a shaped opening to redirect the pump light coming out at large angle into the rod, and serves as a good heat conductor to the heat sink.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity including a split heat sink which significantly reduces the flow of heat from the pump diodes into the laser rod through either the diode itself or the common heat sink.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity including a thermo electric cooler element as a conductive heat pump.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity is including a pre-formed air spacing designed to provide uniform temperature distribution around the laser rod.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a diode pumping cavity for a laser system which efficiently couples the diode light into the laser rod directly, without using focusing lenses, prisms or windows, using only free air transmission and side redirection of large-angle pump beams.

It is still a farther object of the present invention to provide very efficient conductive cooling of the laser rod. Conductive cooling is carried out through a thin ceramic heat conductor, into a very good metallic heat conductor. The ceramic heat conductor is positioned opposite the diode array, and is also used as a light redirector. The unabsorbed diode light is redirected by the ceramic material back into the laser rod.

It is still a farther object of the present invention to provide enhancement of the radially symmetrical heat dissipation from the laser rod by adjusting the shape of the thermal conductor and using machined air spacings to control heat conduction.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide optical proximity between pump diodes and a laser rod while maintaining thermal isolation, since most of the heat (about 50% of the input energy) is dissipated in the pump diode stack, and only a small portion in the rod (about 10% of the input energy).

A side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity is provided including a conductively cooled housing having an opening for pump radiation from a diode array in close proximity to a laser rod. The pump light is absorbed by the rod and excites the laser ions. The cavity includes a thin, diffuse reflector encircling the rod, having a shaped opening for the collection and redirection of the pump light into the rod, and a good heat conductor as the heat sink and heat conductor.

The cavity can also include a split heat sink that inhibits the flow of heat from the pump diodes into the laser rod, and pre-formed air spacings designed to provide uniform temperature distribution around the laser rod.

In one embodiment, a side-pumped diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity includes a conductively cooled housing, having a solid-state, diffuse reflector surrounding the laser rod. The pump light passes through an opening in the diffuse reflector, into the rod in close proximity, and is absorbed by the rod and excites the laser ions. The pump-light that transverses the rod without absorption is redirected into the rod by the diffuse reflector.

The laser rod is preferably conductively cooled. The reflector is preferably of diffuse type and placed as close to the rod as possible. The pump radiation preferably comes from one source, but still produces a circularly symmetrical intensity distribution inside the rod.

The higher the optical pumping efficiency of the laser rod, the less the thermal loading of the laser rod, resulting in a higher optical quality of the rod and a better output beam quality. In addition, high-efficiency pumping reduces the number of diode arrays required to obtain a specified laser energy output, reducing further the size and the cost of the laser system. Smaller size, less input power and better laser output quality can be achieved.

High pumping efficiency is achieved by good optical coupling of the diode light into the laser rod and adequate absorption of the diode light in the laser rod. The angular divergence of the diode light in the transverse plane is about 40°, and thus, a substantial fraction of the light will miss the laser rod. In addition, another fraction of the light will be lost due to Fresnel reflections caused by the high index of refraction and small diameter of the laser rod. Any focusing lenses which can be used to focus the diode light into the laser rod will cause light losses, due to limited lens aperture and optical lens coatings. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,755,002 and 4,969,155, due to the mentioned problems of coupling linear diode arrays into the laser rod, focusing lenses were utilized perceptively, reducing the optical coupling efficiency.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic, cross-sectional view of a side-pumped, diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity. A diode laser stack 2 embedded in a heat-conducting cladding 4 emits pump light through a lower opening 6 into a laser rod 8, which can be, e.g., Nd:YAG or any other solid-state crystal-doped with rare earth ions. The rare earth ions, e.g., Nd, are excited by the pump light and emit their typical radiation when needed. The laser rod 8 is surrounded by a ceramic diffuse reflector 10 having three roles. The first role is redirecting the pump light photons that pass through the laser rod 8 without being absorbed, or miss the rod geometrically. These photons are redirected in a diffuse way and go back and forth until absorbed in the rod 8. Regular ceramics like alumina (Al oxide) or Zr oxide have very high reflection coefficients, (higher than metal coatings such as gold or silver) and are very efficient in preserving the photons inside the rod volume. The second role of the ceramic diffuse reflector 10 is to conduct the heat dissipated into the rod 8 by the pump light 2 into a heat sink part 12, through which the heat is carried out to the external environment 14 via thermo electric cooler (TEC), 16. This heat conduction is performed through a short distance of ceramic in the reflector 10 (e.g., 0.2 to 1 mm of alumina) and a longer path (e.g., 10 to 15 mm) in the heat sink 12, which can be made of a material (e.g., copper), having much higher thermal conductively than alumina. The third role of the ceramic diffuse reflector 10 is to redirect light from the stack 2 into the rod 8, as depicted in detail in FIG. 2. Between the diode cladding 4 and the TEC 16 is a copper or good heat-conducting spacer 18 formed as part of the combined rod-pump heat sink. The space 18 keeps the mechanical assembly rigid and isolates thermally the diode part, where it provides good optical proximity between the pump diodes 2 and the laser rod 8 while maintaining thermal isolation through a small (few hundred micrometers) spacing or gap 20. This isolation is desirable since most of the heat (about 50% of the input energy) is dissipated in the pump diode stack 2, and only a small portion in the rod 8 (about 10% of the input energy).

In FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic, cross-sectional view of the rod surroundings of the side-pumped diode-pumped, solid-state laser cavity. Here the light rays 26 leaving the lower exit of the diode stack 2 in large angle (which can be up to 40°) are redirected when impinging on the outer slit 22 of the ceramic diffuse reflector 10. The redirection is carried out by diffuse reflection at 22. Recalling that the thickness of the ceramic diffuse reflector 10 is 0.2 to 1 mm, the amount of light impinging on 22 is small. The gap 28 is empty (e.g., air, nitrogen or vacuum), and thus does not interfere in the optical path, needs no lenses or prisms for redirection and provides a good thermal barrier because only line edges of the ceramic diffuse reflector 10 touch the cladding 4, as depicted in FIG. 2. Further tailoring of the temperature profile around the rod 8 is done by cutting (e.g. using wire spark erosion techniques) lines 24, straight or curved, according to heat flow simulations of the heat sink 12 and the rod 8 as a heat source.

FIG. 3 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of the rod surroundings of the side-pumped diode-pumped solid-state laser cavity with a modified entrance reflector. Here the angle 30 is designed to accommodate the large angle output of the diode, at its external part, leading it mostly into the rod 8 using diffuse reflection of the area 22. The angle 30 is preferably less than the divergence angle of the diodes in the air space 28.

It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing described and illustrated embodiments and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes, which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims, are therefore intended to be embraced therein.