METHODS OF ENHANCING HEALTH AND/OR PROMOTING GROWTH OF A PLANT AND/QR OF IMPROVING FRUIT RIPENING

TECHNICAL FIELD

J 001 This invention relates to the technical field of enhancing the health of a plant and promoting the growth of a plant. The invention also relates to the technical field of improving fruit ripening.

BACKGROUND IOO02J In order to promote pl nt growth, fertilizers are employed worldwide, based on both inorganic and organic substances, A fertilizer may be a single substance or a composition, and is used to provide nutrients to plants. A major ^'breakthrough in the application of fertilizers was the development of nitrogen-based ferti lizer by Justus von Liebig around 1840. Fertilizers, however, can lead to soil acidification and. destabilizaiiou. of nutrient balance in soil, including depletion of minerals and enrichment of salt and heavy metals. In addition, excessive fertilizer use can lead to alteration of soil fauna as well, as contaminate surface water and ground water. Further, unhealthful substances such as nitrate may become enriched in plants and fruits.

[0063] Plants generally maintain constant levels of essential mineral nutrients in order to attain optimal growth and development, even though such nutrients are in many soils present in low concentration or accessibility. In this regard plants have evolved adaptive responses, which enable them to grow also on a soil with limited amounts of one or more nutrients. Many nutrients have for Instance low solubility or ar distributed in an irregular manner i soil. In case of reduced nutrient availability, plants generally trigger physiological and developmental responses aimed at increasing nutrient acquisition which typically lead to a change in plant morphology and metabolism. In addition, plants also have adaptive mechanisms to stimulate growth in the organs that directly participate in nutrient acquisition. It is suspected that interactions between hormone and .nutrient-starvation, signaling pathways exist. For exampie in crop protection, there is a continuous need for applications that improve ihe health of plants. Healthier plants generally result in higher yields and/or a better quality of a plant or its products, i addition, due to their increased vigor, healthier plants show a better resistance to hieiic and/or abiotic stress.

|000 | Apart from using chemical fertilizers another existing means of advancing plant growth are plant associated bacteria such as rhizobaeieria. Such bacteria are associated with many., if not all plant species. The mechanism behind the effect of plant associated bacteria on plant growth is still open to speculation. Ryu et si. iProc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. [2003] 100, 4927-4932) have suggested that among rhizobacieria, which colonize roots, some strains regulate plant growth via releasing 2, 3-bu.tanediol and/or aceioin.

1_.0005} There however still remains a need to provide alternative means of advancing the growth of a plant and improving its health,

SUMMARY

{0006} in a first aspect the present invention provides a method of enhancing tire health of a plant. The method includes providing one or more terpene or terpenoid compounds, i.e., at least one terpene or terpenoid compound. Further, the method includes using the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound on at least one of a plant, a plaal part and an area around a plant or a plant part. In this regard the method may include applying the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound to one of the plant, i.e., the entire plant, and a plant part, i.e., a portion of the entire plant. The method may also include applying the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound to an area around a lant or plant part.

{0007} In a second aspect the present invention provides a method of promoting the growth of a plant. The method includes providing at least one terpene or terpenoid compound. The method farther includes using the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound on at least one of a plant, a plant part and an area around a plant or a plant part in this regard the method may include applying the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound io one of the plant and a plant part. The method may also include applying the at least one terpene or terpenoid compound to an area around & plant or plant part,

[00Θ8] In third aspect the in vention provides method of improving fruit ripening. The method may include applying at least one terpene or terpenoid compound to one of the fruit and a plant carrying the fruit In addition or alternatively, the method may further include applying at least one terpene or terpenoid compound to an area around a fruit.

f0009) The area around a plant or plant part, or around a fruit may be or include the locus where the plant is growing, or a part of that locus. The respective area around a plant or plant part may, for example, be or include matter such as soil that, is located in the vicinity of the plant or plant part. The respective area around a fruit may for example be or include a portion of a plant on which the fruit is growing, or be or include matter such as soil that is located in the vicinity to the plant or plant part carrying the {hut

|00 !.0| The present invention also provides methods of using a terpens or terpenoid compound, including a composition that includes the same to promote the growth of a plant, and/or enhance the health of a plant and/or improve fruit ripening.

jiMI! 1J The ierpene or terpenoid compound ma be included in a composition. In one embodiment, a composition that is used in the invention includes an excipient and a composition that is effective in promoting plant growth and/or enhancing plant health and/or improving fruit ripening, such as extracts obtained from Chen podium ambrosioides, or a simuiated blend consisting essentially of a-lerpinene, p-cymene and limonene not obtained from Chenopodmm ambrostotdes or not obtained from Chenopodmm. In some embodiments a composition used in the invention consists essentially of an excipient and one or more extracts obtained from Chenop ium mhrosioid s, or a simulated blend consisting essentially of a- terpinene, p-cymene and limonene. in some embodiments a respecti ve composition consists o an excipient and one or more extracts obtained from Chenopodium. amb si ides, or a simulated bieod consisting essentially of ct-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene. In some embodiments, the simulated bleed of the above compositions consists essentially of ot-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene and a volume filler. In some embodiments, a respective composition does not contain thymol, carvacol, carvone, carveol and/or nerol. in one embodiment, the simulated blends in the above compositions are not from an extract of Chenopodium ( ibrosiokJes or from an extract of Chenopodium.

[0012} In one embodiment, a composition used in the present invention only includes the essential oil extracts from or based on those found in Chenopodium amhrosioides near ambrxmoides. In one embodiment., a composition used in the present invention only includes a synthetic blend simulating the essential oil extract from or based on those found in Chenopodium amhrosioides near ambros /aides, in one embodiment, a composition used in the present invention includes a mixture of the essential oil extract and the synthetic blend. In some embodiments, the compositions to be applied to plants are "norraalteed'^'' by adding specific amounts of synthetic versions of one or more of the terpene or terpenoid compounds found in the natural extract and/or synthetic terpenes so as to produce a composition with a set ratio of the three terpenes, such as the ratio observed in certain standardized or preferred natural extracts from or based on. those found in Chenopodium. in still other embodiments, the terpene or terpenoid compound or the respective compositio used in the memods of the present invention is reconstituted.

[0013} In some embodiments, the simulated blends simulating the Chenopodium. extract consist essentially of natural analogs of such terpenes from other plant species or other organisms, and/or the synthetic versions of such terpenes. in. some embodiments, simulated blends comprise the three substantially pure α-terpinene, p-cytnene and limonene, optionally with, at least one volume filler that replaces the volume taken up by the minor components normally present in the extract of Chenopodium amhrosioides near amhrosioides . In some- embodiments, the volume filler is vegetable oil or mineral oil. in .further embodiments, the simulated blends consist essentially of a-terpifiene, p-cymene and limonene, and an oil wherein the a-terpinene, p~cymene and limonene are substantially pure and are not obtained .from a Chenopodmm extract, and wherein the excipient is not an essentia! oil in some embodiments, the limonene is prepared from citrus peels or ines by cold press method.

(00 4} The concentration of a-terpinene in a composition used in the present invention, whether as an extract and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 30% to about 70% by weight; the concentration of p-cymene used in a composition, whether as an extract and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 1 % to about 30% by weight, and the concentration of limonene in a respective composition, whether as an extract and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 1% to about 20% by weight.

[ l Sf In some embodiments, the concentration of a-terpinene in a composition, whether as an extract and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 30% to about 50% by weight, including about 35% to about 45% by weight; the concentration of p-cymene in a composition, whether as an extract and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 10% to about 30% by weight, including from about 15% to about 25% by weight, and. the concentration of iimonene in a composition, whether as an extract, and/or a synthetic version, may range from about 2% to about 20% by weight, including from about 5% to about 15% by weight.

0016} In some embodiments, the concentration of a-terpiaene, including at least substantially pure a-terpinene, in a composition may be about 39% by weight; the concentration ofp-cymene, e.g., at least substantially pure p-cymene, in a compositions may be about 17% by weight, and the concentration of limonene, e.g. at ieast substantially pure limonene, in a compositions may he about 12% by weight.

(00171 In some embodiments, the absolute concentration of a-terpinene in a composition is about 36% by weight; the absolute concentration of p-cymene in a composition is about 14.9% by weight, and the absolute concentration of limonene in a composition is about 1 1.4% by weight. 0018} In some embodiments, the relative ratio among a-terpiaene, p-cymene, mid limonene in the compositions is about 35-45 u-terpinene to about 12-20 p-cymene to about 10- 15 lirnonene. Other relative ratios are described in more detail below.

jeil9J The present invention also provides the formulation technologies for preparing such compositions of agents for enhancing the health of a plant and/or promoting the growth of a plant and/or improving fruit ripening. In one embodiment, a coniposiiion used in the present invention is formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC). In one embodiment., the formulation is a highly concentrated liquid. In one embodiment, the formulation is a spray concentrate. In one embodiment, the formulation is an ultra low volume (ULV) concentrate. In one embodiment, the formulation is a highly diluted liquid or oil solution, in one embodiment the formulation is in an encapsulated form.

[0020] A respective composition can be applied to a plant at any desired time during the life cycle of the plant. In one embodiment a respective composition is applied to one or more plains after germinating. In one embodiment a respective composition is applied to one or more plants before bloom. In one embodiment a respective composition is applied to one or more plants during bloom, in one embodiment respective composition is applied to one or more plants after bloom. In some embodiments where the plant is a. flowerin plant (angiosperms) a terpene or terpenoid compound, including a composition, according to the present invention, is applied to a plant at any stage, before, during or afte the growth of fruit and/or seed, in some embodiments the application occurs at, during or after transplantation of the plant or emergence of the plant. In some embodiments, a composition is applied one or more additional times during the life cycle of the plant,

(0021| The methods and uses according to the present invention can be accomplished by applying to a plant or plant part or an area around a plant or plant part, a fruit, a plant part carrying a fruit or an area around, including proximate to a fruit, a composition that include a simulated blend of an essential oil extract of Chenopodinm mhrosioides near mbrosi ides in which such simulated blend consists essentially of substantially pure a-terpmene, substantially pure p~cymene. and substantially pare limorieoe, wherein these substantially pure compounds are not obtained from a Vhempo tiwn extract. A composition used in the above method may also comprise a carrier and/or volume filler, which may be an oil, such as a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the carrier and/or volume Filler may act as a pesticide, in some embodiments, the carrier and/or volume filler may act as an insecticide. In some embodiments, the composition does not contain thymol, eervacroS, carvotie., carveol and/or nerol. n some embodiments the composition does not contain the aforementioned five essential oils and does not contain any other essential oils, except those other essential oils that are present as minor impurities in the substantially pure a-terpinene, p-cymene and !tmonene. in some embodiments, the composition does not contain essential oils other than «-terpmene, p-cymene and limonene.

[0 22J The methods of the present invention include using a composition according to the present invention to enhance the health of a plant, to promote the growth of a plant and/or to improve fruit ripening. The increase in growth, the improved health and/or the intensified fruit ripening is effective for at least abou I da , for at least about 2 days, for at least about 3 days, for at least about 4 days, for at least about 5 days, for at least about 6 days, for at least about a week, for at least about 8 days, for at least about 9 days, for at least about 10 days, for at. least about 1 i days, for at least about 12 days, for a least about 2 weeks, for at least about 3 weeks, for at least about a month after application or longer.

[0023} The methods of the present invention include applying the compositions of the present invention at any time during the life cycle of a plant, during one or more stages of a plant's life cycle, or at regular intervals of a plant's life cycle, or continuously throughout the life of the plant. By applying the compositions to plants during growth, before and/or daring blossom and/or before and/or during the occurrence of seeds the ameliorating effect on plant health, the strengthening effect on plant growth and/o the stimulating effect on fruit ripening o the extract composition can be maintained for as long as desirable by repeated applications. As an iiluslrative example, a composition can be applied before, during and/or shoriiv after the plants are transplanted from one location to another, such as from a greenhouse or hotbed .to the field. m another, example, he cornpositions can be applied shortly after seedlings emerge from, the soil or other growth media (e.g., vermicolite). As yet another example, a composition can be applied at any time to plants grown hydroponieally. A method according to the invention may include applying the composition on a plant, on a plant part, on an area around a plant, including proximate to a plant., on a fruit and/or an area around, including proximate to, a fruit multiple times, for example a preselected number of times during a desired period of time. In some embodiments a respective compositio may be applied on plants for multiple times with desired interval period. In one embodiment, such an interval period is about 1 hour, about 5 hours, about 10 hours, about 24 hours, about two days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 1 week, about 10 days, about two weeks, about three weeks, about 1 month or more.

{0024] In a method or use according to the invention a composition is applied to a plant to a platit par to an area around a plant or plant part, to the fruit, to a plant carrying the fruit and/or to an area around a fruit An area around a fruit, a plant or a plant part may for example be an area within about 2 meters, within about a meter, within about 70 cm, within about 50 cm, within, about 25 cm, within about 10 cm or within about 5 cm surrounding the plant the plant part or the fruit. The composition comprises a terpens or terpenoid compound, such as a monolerpene, a sesquiterpene, a diterpene, a sesterterpene, a tnterpene or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the composition includes ct-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

00251 Figure J illustrates the known effectiveness of a blend of a-terpinene, p- cymesie and. limonene in controlling insects and reducing disease using the example of watermelon vine decline. Pictures were taken approximately 60 days after transplanting. Fig, 1A, IB; effect of a composition having the same terpene ingredients as Composition 1 , as described in Example I but with slightly different additional ingredients. Fig. 1C: effect of neooieitiuoid soil application and foliar program. Fig. ID, IE: untreated control

jOOMf Figure 2 depicts the effect of 3 times application of Composition 1 , as described io Example 1, (B) io comparison to 3 times water (A) on fruit set and ripening in comparison io bract.

[0027] Figure 3 illustrates the effect of Composition 1 .. as described in Example 1 , applied to lima bean plants one., two, or three times (5-d intervals), on the infestation of mites (mites counted 14 DAT3). White bars; total mites; black bars: new growth.

(0028] Figure 4 depicts the effect of Composition 1 , as described in Example 1 , applied to lima bean plants one, two, or three times (5-d intervals), on in the presence of iwospotted spider mites.

|0029] Figure 5 depicts untreated tomato palisade ceils (A, B) and tomato palisade cells exposed to Composition, t three times on & 7 day interval. (C),

(003Θ) Figure 6 represents the total weigh of tomato plants after 13 treatments with water or Compositio 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(0031) All publications, patents and patent applications, including any drawings and appendices, herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

(0032) The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission, that any of the information provided, herein is prior art or relevant to tbe presently claimed inventions, or that aay publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior ait

Definitions [0033] Unless defined otherwise, ail technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

1_.0034] As used, herein, ihe terra "control" or "controlling" means to kill plant pests; or to inhibit the activity of plant pests (e.g., reduced mobility, appetite and/or reproductive capability); or to repel plant pests from host or area,

{0035] As used herein, the phrase "active ingredient" refers to an. ingredient of one chemical compound, or mixture of several chemical compounds, wherein the ingredient is capable of enhancing the health of a plant, or o promoting the growth of a plant and/or improving fruit ripening.

{0036] As used herein, the term "plant extract" refers to any substance obtained from plants. Plant extracts include but are not limited to aromatic substances, such as phenols or tannins, and alkaloids. Plant extracts are generally obtained from plants by removing the desired substance, usually an active ingredient, from a piant or plant part using a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a desired amount, such as a desired or prescribed standard amount of the active substance.

j 0 71 As used herein, the phrase "normalized exiract" refers to a composition formulated so that some or all of at least one of the active substances in a particu lar plant extract are derived from another source, either synthetic or natural.

10038] As used herein, the phrase "simulated blend" refers to a composition assembled from synthetically produced compounds and/or compounds derived from one or more plant, extracts, which simulates the activity of a plant extract, and in which no compound is obtained from the piant extract whose activity is being simulated.

{0039] As used herein, the phrase "essential oil extract" means the volatile, aromatic oils obtained by steam or hydro-distillation of plant material and may include, but are not restricted to, being primarily composed of terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives. Essential, oils can be obtained from, for example, plant parts including, for example, flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, and etc. ^'Plant material that may be used in a method, according to the present invention includes plant material derived from the genus Chenopaditm sp. taken individually or in a group and may include, but is not restricted to, the leaf, flowers, roots, seeds. and stems. As is known by persons skilled in the art, the chemical composition and efficacy of an essential oil extract varies wit the phonological age of the plant, percent humidity of the harvested material, the l nt parts chosen for extraction, and the method of extraction. Methods well-known in the art can be adapted by a person of ordinary skill in the art to achieve the desired yield and quality of the essential oil extract of the present invention. In one embodiment, the plant material is derived from. Chen podi m amhroskdde.t,

{0040) As used herein, the term "penetrants" refers to chemical compounds thai facilitate the transfer of biopestieide into the plant tissues. They can be lipids or detergent (also called surfactant), including but not ^'limited to heavy petroleum oils and distillates, polyoi fatty acid esters, polyeihoxylated fatty acid esters, polyhydric alcohols, and alkyl phosphates.

[0041] As used herein, the term "saffeners" refers to substances added to mixtures of pesticides to limit the formation of undesirable reaction products, e.g., alcohol sulfates, sodium alkyl butane dtamate, polyesters of sodium thiobutane dioate, and benzene acetoniirile derivatives.

{0042) As used herein, the term "partially purified" means that the extract is in a form that is relatively free of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates or other materials naturally associated in a plant.

{0043 { As used herein, the term "substantially pure" means that a compound or a combination of compounds is generally free of other compounds, as judged by standard analytical techniques. The compound or a combination of compounds may nevertheless contain minor amounts of other compounds, such as less than or equal to about 1.0% other compounds, less than or equal to about 9% other compounds, less than or equal to about 8% other compounds, less than or equal, to about ?% other compounds, less than or equal to about 6% other compounds, less than or equal to about 5% other compounds, less than or equal to about 4% other compounds, less than or equal to about 3% other compounds, less than or equal, to about 2%, less than about 1 %, less than about 0,2 %, less than about 0, 1 %, less than about 0,05 %, less than about 0.01 % or less than about. 0.005 % of other compounds.. The term "at least substantially pure" means that a compound or a combination of compounds is generally free of other compounds, as judged by standard analytical techniques. The compound or combination of compounds may contain minor amounts of other compounds, but it may also be entirely free of other compounds, at least as judged by known analytical techniques, in one aspect, substantially pure compounds or at least substantially pure compounds are made synthetically and separated from their starting materials and/or other byproducts. In another aspect, a substantially pure compound or an at least substantially pure compound of interest (i.e., a target compound) is isolated from an organism, such as a plant or a microorganism, such that the isolated compound or compounds only contain minor amounts of non- target compounds.

{0044) As used herein, the term "emulsifier^* refers to a substance which stabilises an emulsion, e.g., a surfactant,

[0045] As used herein, the term "surfactant" refers to a substance which serves as a wetting agent that. Sowers the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowers the mterfa al tension between two liquids.

{0046} As used herein, the term "spreader/binder", or "spreader-sticker" refers to a substance which improves the performance of many biopesticides/pesticides by making them more resistant to rewriting and run off caused by rain and. irrigation water.

{0047} As used herein, the term "Tween¹**" refers to a group of polysorbate surfactant whose stability and relative non-toxicity allows it to be used as a detergent and emulsifier in a number of domestic, scientific, pharmacological agricultural applications. It i a polyoxyethylene derivative of sorbitan monolaurate, and is distinguished by length of the poiyoxyethyS.ene chain, and the fatty acid ester moiety. For example, Tween¹** 20 (a.k.a. polysorbate 20) is a chemical compound having the following structure:

[0048] As used herein, the phrase "insect repellent" refers to a substance applied to plant which discourages one or more insects (and arthropods in general) from contacting a plant such as landing, climbing, or feeding on that plant,

I_.00 9J As used herein, the verb "to comprise" as is used In this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean thai items follow ng the word are included, bui items not specilicaliy mentioned are not excluded. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article "a" or "an" thus usually means "at least one",

I^'OOSO^'j As used herein, the terra "solvent" or "carrier" refers to a liquid, or gas, or a mixture of two or more types of liquid or gas, that dissolve solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent is water. Most other common iy-itsed solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals.

[0051] As used herein, the phrase "emulsifiahle concentrate" refers to a liquid formulation in which the active ingredients) has been dissolved in oil or other solvents and an emuisifier has been added so that the formulation can be mixed with water or oil for spraying.

1_.0052] As used herein, the term "plant" refers to any living organism belonging to the kingdom Plantae (i.e., any genus species in the Plant Kingdom). This includes familiar organisms such as but not limited to trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses and green algae. The term refers to both raonocotyledouous plants, also called nionocots, and dicotyledonous plants, also called dicots. Examples of particular plants include but are not limited to com, potatoes, roses, apple trees, sunflowers, wheat, rice, bananas, tomatoes, opo, pumpkins, squash, lettuce, cabbage, oak trees, gu/mani , geraniums, hibiscus, clematis, poinseitias, sugarcane, iaro, duck weed, pine trees, Kentucky blue grass, zoysia, coconut trees, brassica leafy vegetables (e.g.. broccoli, broccoli raab, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage (Bok Choy and Napa), cauliflower, cavaio, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, rape greens, and other brassica leafy vegetable crops), bulb vegetables (e.g., garlic, leek, onion (dry bulb, green, and Welch), shallot, and other bul vegetable crops), citrus fruits (e.g., grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, citrus hybrids, pummeio, and other citrus fruit crops), cucurbit vegetables (e.g., cucumber, citron melon, edible gourds, gherkin, muskraeions (including hybrids and/or cultivars of cucumis melons), water-melon, cantaloupe, and other cucurbit vegetable crops), fruiting vegetables (including eggplant, ground cherry, pepi.no, pepper, tomato, tomatillo, and other fruiting vegetable crops), grape, leafy vegetables (e.g., romaine), root/tuber and conn vegetables (e.g., potato), and tree nuts (almond, pecan, pistachio, and walnut), berries (e.g., tomatoes, barberries, currants, eJderberr ies, gooseberries, honeysuckles, mayapples, naraiyberri.es,. Oregon-grapes, see-buckthorns, hackberries, bearberries, lingonberries, strawberries, sea grapes, lackberries, cloudberries, loganberries, raspberries, salmonberries, thimb!eberries, and wine-berries), cereal crops (e.g., com, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millets, oats, ryes, triticales, buckwheats, fonio, and quirioa), pome- fruit (e.g., apples, pears), stone fruits (e.g., coffees, jujubes, mangos, olives, coconuts, oil palms, pistachios, almonds, apricots, cherries, damsons, nectarines, peaches and plums), vine (e.g., table grapes, wine grapes), libber crops (e.g., hemp, cotton), ornamentals, to name a few. The plant may in some embodiments be a household/domestic plant, a greenhouse plant, an agricultural piant, or a horticultural plant. The plant may in some embodiments be an agricultural, a silvicuHural and/or an ornamental plant, i.e., a plant which is commonly used in gardening, e.g., in parks, gardens and on balconies. Examples are turf, geranium, pe!argoma, petunia, begonia, and fuchsia, to name just a few among the vast number of ornamentals. ^"The term "plant" is also intended to include any plant propagu^'les.

[0053] As used herein, the term "plant part" refers to any part of a plant including but not limited to the shoot, root, stem, seeds, stipules, leaves, petals, flowers, ovules, bracts, branches, petioles, in.ternodes, bark, wood, tubers, pubescence, tillers, rhizomes, fronds, blades, pollen, stamen, fruit and the like. The two main parts of plants grown in some soil of media, such as soil, are often referred to as the "above-ground" part, also often referred to as the "shoots", and the "below-ground" pan, also often referred to as the "roots".

10054} The term "plant health⁵' is intended to mean a condition of a plant tha is determined by several aspects alone or in combination with each other, A first indicator for the condition of the plant, is the yield, which is crop and/or fruit yield. The terms "crop" and "fruit" are to be understood as any piant product which is further utilized after harvesting, e.g., fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g., in the case of silviculture plants), flowers (e.g., in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals) etc., that is anything of economic value that is produced by the plant. A second indicator for the condition of a plant is the plant vigour. The plant vigour becomes manifest in several aspects, too. some of which are visual appearance, e.g., leaf color, fruit color and aspect, amount of dead basal leaves and/or extent of leaf blades, plant weight, plant, height, extent of plant verse (lodging), number, sirongness and productivity of tillers or branches, panicles' length, seed set, extent of root sy stem, strongness of roots, extent of nodutatiou, in particular of rhizobial nodidation, point of time of germination, emergence, crop establishment, flowering, grain maturity and/or senescence, protein content, sugar content and the like.

[0055] The methods of the present invention can be applied to any plant or any part of any plant grown in any type of media used, to grow plants (e.g., soil, vermicuHte, shredded cardboard, and water) or applied to plants or the parts of plants grown aerially, such as orchids or staghorn ferns. Application, may for instance be applied by spraying, atomizing, vaporising, scattering, dusting, watering, squirting, sprinkling, pouring or fumigating. As alread indicated above, application may be carried out at any desired location where the plant of interest is positioned, such as agricultural, horticultural, forest plantation, orchard, nursery, organically grown crops, turfgrass and urban environments. The application of the one or more terpene or terpenoid compound(s) effects up-regolatio.n/do\vn-regoiation of genes involved in defense response pathways, when compared to gene expression, in plants that are not being brought in contact wiih the respective one or more terpene or terpenoid eorapouudis). In some embodiments the one or more terpene or terpenoid compound(s) effect(s) up-reguiati o.n of genes associated with ethylene and jasmonic acid. In some embodiments the one or more terpene or terpenoid compound(s) effect(s) up-regolation of genes encoding Pathogenesis Related. Proteins, In some embodiments the one or more terpene or terpenoid compound(s) down-regulate(s) genes associated with photosynthesis. In one embodiment the genes associated with photosynthesis are in one embodiment transiently down regulated.

[0056] The present invention provides methods of using one or more terpene or terpenoid compounds for enhancing the health of a plant, for promoting the growth of a plant and/or for improving fruit ripening. Application of the one or more terpene or terpenoid compounds provides enhanced plant heaith effects compared, to the plant health effects of plants to which the one or more terpene or terpenoid compounds have not been applied. Application of the one or more ierpene or terpenoid compounds provides improved growth effects compared to the growth of plants to which the one or more terpens or terpenoid compounds have not been applied. Application of the one or more ierpene or terpenoid compounds pro vides enhanced fruit ripening compared to the growt of plants to which the orse or more ierpene or terpenoid compounds ^'have not been applied,

|0057] In this context, it is noted that the invention is based on th surprising finding that ierpenes or terpenoid compounds have a direct positive effect on plants such as enhancing the health of a plant, promoting the growth of a plant and/or improving iruit ripening. So far, Ierpene compounds present, for example, in extracts obtained from Chefwpodmm ambrosioides, as well as extracts that include natural ierpenes isolated from Chenopodium, ha ve been used for controlling established insect or mite infestations on plants. See, for example, U.S. Patent Publication Nos, 2003/00 1657 and 2009/0030087; international Patent Publication Nos. WO 2001 /067868 and WO 2004/006679; William Quaries (1992) Botanical. Pesticides from Chenopodium, The ΪΡΜ Practitioner Volume XIV, Number 2, 1 1 pages; and Lorenzo Sagrero- Nieves (Mar/Apr 1 95) Volatile Constituents from the Leaves of Chenopodium am rosioides I..., J. Essent, Oil Res, 7:221 -223, each of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. See aiso Internationa! Patent Publication No. WO 2010/144919 that discloses natural and/or simulated, synthetic, synergistic pesticidal compositions comprising terpenes, including extracts from Chenopodium ambrosioides near mbrosioid s, and compositions based on those found in Chenopodium mbrosioides near ambrosioides.

j_.0058] As used herein, the term "ierpene" refers to a large and. varied class of hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants and by some insects. Terpenes, which are largely natural products, are built of isoprenoid and/or isopentenoid units. Some terpenes have a linear aliphatic backbone with methyl snbsiituesits defined by th individual isoprene units (see below). Some terpenes are branched aliphatic compounds. Some terpenes include one or more alicyelic moieties. Terpenes are the major components of resin, and or turpentine produced from resin. They are the primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers.

10059 j Terpenes can be classified according to the number of isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units included in the compound. In this regard a heraiterpene, i.e., isoprene or isopentene, has a single isoprenoid/ isopentenoid unit, while a monoterpene such as geraniol, l monene and terpiiieol, has two isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units, and a sesquiterpene, such as a iarnesene or farnesol, includes three isoprenoid isopentenoid units. A diterpene such as cafestol. kahweol, cembrene and taxadiene includes four isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units. A sesierterpene such as geraBylfarnesol has five isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units, a triterpene such as squalene includes sis isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units and a tetraterpene, such as lyeopene, gamma-carotene, an alpha- or a beta-carotene, includes eight isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units. Compounds that have more than eight tsoprenoid/isopentenoid units can be referred to as polytetpenes,

[00601 Terpenoids are likewise built of isoprenoid and/or isopentenoid units. The terms "terpenoid" is used in the art to clarify thai die isoprenoid and/or isopentenoid structure underlying terpenes has been .modified by oxidation of one or more methyl groups with an oxygen containing functional group (e.g., a hydroxyl, carbonyl, earboxyl or phosphate group), by removal of one or more methyl groups, or by shifting the position of one or more methyl groups. Terpenoids generally include an ah^'cyciic moiety. Typically terpenoids have cyclic, in particular multicyclic structures. Cyclic structures included in a terpenoid may be alicyclic or aromatic structures. These lipids can be found in all classes of living things, and are the largest group of natural products. Accordingly, in some embodiments a terpenoid compound is a cyclic compound that is built fay fusion of isoprene units, such as at. least one, typically two or more isoprene units. Where only one isoprene una is included in a ring terpenoid compound, the compound is built by fusion with a further moiety that includes an unsaturated bond, typically a double bond. Such an unsaturated bond may still be preseui in the ring terpenoid compound. In a ring terpenoid compound the respective isoprenoid units s) is/are part of a five- or six- membered ring. In addition, a ring terpenoid compound may include one or more further isoprenoid units that are not integrated into a ring. Several such rings may be fused to a bi-, trk terra- or pentacyclic rin system. Ring terpenoid compounds have structures that differ both in terms of functional groups and side chains as well as in their basic carbon skeletons. Ring terpenoid compounds are produced primarily by a wide variety of plants and are included in e.g., fruits and vegetables, and are main constituents of inter alia odorants, essentia! oils, balsams, traditional herbal remedies, oleoresins of plants, biogenic metabolites with antimacrofouling and antifungal properties, and provide various classes of compounds such as steroids or cannabmoids.

JiMlJ Similar to terpenes, terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprenoid isope tenoid units included in the compound. A heni terpenoid such as prenol or isovaleric acid has a single of isoprenoid tsopentenoid unit. A monoterpenoid has two, a sesquiterpenoi three, a diterpenoid four, a sesteiterpenoid five, a tri terpenoid sis, and a tetraterpenoid eight isoprenoid/isopenienoid units. Λ polyterpenoid has a higher number than eight isoprenoid/ isopentenoid units,

[ΘΘ62] The terra "isoprenoid" is derived from the name of the unsaturated branched hydrocarbon isoprene 2-roethyl-l , 3-butadiene. Art isoprenoid compound includes so called 'isoprene units' derived from isoprene:

(0063j The integers indicate the numbering of the carbon atoms of isoprene. The same numbering will in the following also be used to address carbon atoms of an isoprene unit of an isoprenoid compound. The term "^'isoprenoid. compound" as used herein refers to any compound that includes at least one isoprenoid unit, or at least two units selected from isoprenoid and isopentenoid units, in some embodiments within the isoprenoid compound one or more isoprene/isoprenoid units (as depicted above) - if present, typically at least two isoprene units - are acyclic moieties. Such an acyclic isoprene unit may include one double bond as follows:

with G being C, Si, O, , P, S, Se, or a halogen atom. K% ^b and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, aliphatic, cycloaliphattc, aromatic, aryfaiiphatie, and arylcycloaliphatic groups (e.g., hydrocarbyl groups). A respective aliphatic, cycloalipfaatie, aromatic, arylaliphatic or arylcycloaliphatic group is typically of a main chain length of 1 to about 10, to about 15 or to about 20 carbon atoms. Each ofR* to ' may for example include 0 to about 3 heteroatoms (i.e., atoms that differ from carbon) selected from, the group N, O, S, Se and Si. isoprenoid compounds with such acyclic moieties are particularly suitable for the method of the present invention.

£0064_.1 In some embodiments feoprene i&oprenoid units are included in a cyclic moiety, such as a hexacyclic moiety, e.g., a cycl.oheax.ane ring, a cyclohexene ring or a cyclohexadiene ring. m case of a monoierpene, such as a tetpinene, eymene or limonerte, or a mouoterpenoid compound, a monocyclic compound may be of the structure

wherein represents a single or a double bond. R may be H, an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, an aromatic, an aryia!iphatic, an arykycloaliphatic group or a functional group comprising a heteroatom (e.g., , O, S, Se, halogen or Si) such as a hydroxyl group, a. carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, an amido group or a phosphate group. In some embodiments a monoterpene or moooterpeno has a hicyciie structure, such as e.g., pinene.

(0065] In this regard the term '"isoprenoid onlt" as used herein, also includes moieties in which the methylene group that is bond to carbon atom No. 2 of isoprene (see above), is replaced by another atom such as Si, O, N, S, Se, a halogen atom or P, or in which the respective side chain of isoprene includes a heteroatom. This fact is indicated by the moiety G in above representation of an isoprenoid unit. In embodiments where moiety G is a methylene group (i.e., unsubstituled carbon, -€¾-) cted as:

with R* R" and R^s as defined above. As also explained below, the term "isoprenoid unit" refers to an configuration and/or conformation of bonds or centers of the respective unit, alone or when viewed within the entire isoprenoid compound used in the mefhod of the invention. [0066] Where a plurality of isoprene units is present within a respective isoprenoid compound, they may be directly connected to each other or separated by further moieties. In typical embodiments of the method of the invention, the isoprene units of the isoprenoid compound are directly connected to each other. As a few illustrative examples, an. isoprenoid compound may include a structure as represented by one of the four following general formulas (Ta), (lb), (Vic) and fVTd):

wherein o and s in formulas (ic) and (id), respectively, are an integer from 1 to about 6, such as for example 2, 3, 4 or 5. G in formula (la) may be, as indicated above, Q Si, 0, , P, S, Se, or a halogen atom. Where applicable, the respective double bond of an isoprenoid compound may^¬ be of the E-( trans-) or the Z~(cis-}configuraiion. The isoprenoid compound may carry various substituents. As an illustrative example, an isoprenoid compound of two isoprenoid units may include a structure as represented by the following general formulas (ie) and (if):

in which the numberings of the carbon atoms of each isoprenoid unit (cf. above) are indicated in italic letters below the respective carbon atoms of the isoprenoid compound, and:

wherein R* to R^a in formulas 0e) and (if) may be H, an aliphatic, cycloaliphaiic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, or arykycioaliphatic group (e.g. a hydrocarby group) or a functional group. Each of R^a to R^u may for example include 0 to about 3 heieroatoms (i.e., atoms that differ from carbon) selected from the group , O, S, Se and. Si, A respective functional group may be a halogen, hydroxy!-, thiol-, sele.no-, earboxyk amino-, iraino-, amido-, iraido-, azido-, diazo-, eyano-, isocyano-, n.itro-, nitroso-, sulfb-, sulfide-, sulfonyl-, or siiyl-group. If any one or more of R'¹ to R.^d are an aliphatic, cycloaliphaiic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, or arykycioaliphatic moiety, it/they may also include oilier polar, non-polar, saturated or unsaturated groups, including for example an epoxy group or 0 to about 3 heteroatoms selected from the group N, O, S, Se and Si.

00671 A respective isoprenoid compound may for example be of the general formula (11):

wherein R* to R* may be are an independently selected, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, or arykycioaliphatic moiety, typically with a main chain of a length of 1 to about.

20 carbon atoms. R* to R° may for example include 0 to about 3, such as one or two, heteroatoms selected from the group , O, S, Se and Si.

|0068j The term "aliphatic" means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched hydrocarbon, chain, which may be saturated or mono- or pofy-imsaturated. and include heteroatoms (see below). An unsaturated aliphatic group contains one or more double and/or triple bonds (alkenyl or alkinyl moieties). The branches of the hydrocarbon chain may include linear chains as well as non-aromatic cyclic elements. The hydrocarbon chain, which may, unless otherwise stated, be of any length, and contain any number of branches. Typically, the hydrocarbon (main) chain includes I to 5, to 10, to 15 or to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl radicals are straight-chain, or branched hydrocarbon radicals which contain one or more double bonds. Alkenyl radicals normally contain about two to about twenty carbon atoms and one or more, for instance two, double bonds, such as about, two to about ten carbon atoms, and one double bond. Alkynyl radicals normally contain about two to about twenty carbon atoms and one or more, for example two, triple bonds, such as two to ten carbon atoms, and one triple bond. Examples of alkynyl radicals are straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals which contain one or more triple bonds. Examples of alky I groups are methyl, ethyl propyl, butyl, pentyi, hexyl, heptyi ociyi, non J, deeyl, the n isomers of these radicals, isopropyi, isobutyl, isopentyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyi, neopentyl, 3,3-dimethyi-butyL Both the main chain as well as the branches may furthermore contain heteroatoms as for instance N, O, S, Se or Si or carbon atoms may be replaced by these heteroatoms.

[0069] The term "alicyclic" means, unless otherwise stated, a non-aromatic cyclic .moiety (e.g., hydrocarbon, moiety), which may be saturated or mooc-or polyunsaturated. The cyclic hydrocarbon moiety may also include fused cyclic ring systems such as decalin and may also b substituted with non-aromatic cyclic as well as chain elements. The main chain of the cyclic hydrocarbon moiety may, unless otherwise stated, be of any length and contain any number of non-arom ic cyclic and chain elements. Typically, the hydrocarbon (main) chain includes 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7 or 8 main chai atoms in one cycle. Examples of such moieties include, but are not limited to, cyicopentyi, cyciohexyl, cyc!oheptyi, or cyclooctyl. Both the cyclic hydrocarbon moiety and, if present, any cyclic and chain substituenls may furthermore contain heteroatoms, as for instance N, O, S, Se or Si, or a carbon atom ma be replaced by these heteroatoms. The term "aiicyelic" also includes cycloalkenyl. moieties that are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, winch generally contain about three to about eight ring carbon atoms, for example five or sis ring carbon atoms. Cycloalkenyl mdicals typically have a double bond in. the respective ring system. Cycloalkenyl radicals may in. turn be substituted.

(OOTOj The term "aromatic" means, unless otherwise stated, a planar cyclic hydrocarbon moiety of conjugated double bonds, which may be a single ring or incl ude multiple fused or cova!ently linked rings, for example, 2, 3 or 4 fused, rings. The term aromatic also includes alkylaryl. Typically, the hydrocarbon (main) chain includes 5, 6, 7 or 8 main chain atoms in one cycle. Examples of such moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopentadienyl, phenyl, naplhafenyl-, { 10]annuienyi-( 1,3,5 _s7,9-cyclodecapentaenyi-), { 12]annu.enyK 8]ammlenyl-, phenalene (periiiaphtliene), 1 ,9-dihydropyrene, chrysene (1 ,2- benzophenanthrene). An example of an alkylaryl moiety is benzyl The main chain of the cyclic hydrocarbon moiety ma , unless otherwise stated, be of any length and contain any number of heteroatoms, as for instance , O and S . .Examples of such heieroaromatic moeities (which are known to (he person skilled in the art) include, but are not limited to, furanyk ihiopheiiyK »ap.hthyl-_t naphtbofuranyk anthrathiophenyl-, py idinyK pytrolyl-, quinoiinyl, naphU¾a-quino inyl-, quinoxalinyK indolyl-, benzindoi l-, imklazoiyi-, oxazoly oxoninyl-, oxepinyk benzoxephryk azepinyl-, thiepmyl-, selenepinyl-, mionmyl-, azecinyl- (azacyclo- deca-pen-ta-enyl-), diazecinyK azacycSododeea-1 ,3,5,7,9,1 l-hexaerte-5,9-diyk azazmyk chazo-einyk benxazocinyK axecinyk azaundecmyl-, hiaj 1 1 januulenyk oxaeyeloirideea- 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaen l- or tria/aanthracenyJ-moieties.

[0071 j By the term "ary!aiip atic" is meant a hydrocarbon moiety, in which one or more aromatic moieties are substituted with one or more aliphatic groups. Thus the term "arylaliphatic" also includes hydrocarbon moieties, in. which two or more aryl groups are connected via one or more aliphatic chain or chains of any length, for instance a methylene group. Typically, the hydrocarbon (main.) chain includes 5, 6, 7 or 8 main chain atoms in each ring of the aromatic moiety. Examples of arylaliphatic moieties include, but are not limited, to 1 -ethyl-naphthalene,. !.,.! ^"-methyienebs.s-ben.zene, 9-isopropylanthracene, 1 ,2 -trimethyl- benzene, 4~phenyf~ 2-b«.ten-i~oi, 7-ch.!oro-3-(l -methyIethyl)-q«.mol.ine, 3-hepiyl~furan, 6-|2- (2₅5-diethylphenyI)ethyl]-4-ethyl-quina2:o{me or, 7,8-diijniyl-5,(^-d:iethy3-iso-qui.n.oliiie.

[0072] Each, of the terms "aliphatic", ^*'al-cyclic^*\ "aromatic" and "arylaiiphatic" as used herein is meant to include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the respective moiety, Substitoents may be any functional group, as for example, but not hunted to, amino, amido, axido, earbonyl, carboxyl, cyano, isocyano, dithiane, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, organomeiai. organoboron, seieno, silyl, siia.no, sulfonyl, thio, thiocyasio, trifluorornethy! suifonyl, p-toliienesulibnyl, bromobenzenesulfonyl, nitrobenzenesulfonyl, and methane- sulfonyl.

[0073] With regard to tiie configuration of the double bonds included in the isoprenoid. compound, these may exist in Z- and/or E-configonitions. in the method of the present invention the isoprenoid compound may include either of these configurations. Regardless of the configuration of double bonds included in the isoprenoid compound, carrying out the process according to the present invention results in a cyclisation and formation of a multiple ring compound. As an illustrative example, where in formula (H) m compounds are equally well suited, for the purposes of the present invention:

[0074] As already indicated above, the term "isopretioid compound" as used herein, thus refers to all respective isomers of for instance genera! formulas (la) to (le) or general formula (II).

Compositions -used in the Present invention

[007Sj composition used in the present invention includes at least one active ingredient in the form of an isopren.oid and/or isopentenoid compound. In some embodiments, the composition further includes one or more carrier(s)/solvent(s). A respective composition may also include an. emuisifier, a spreader and/or a sticking agent, to enable application of the composition to a specific environment.

[0076j In one embodiment, the composition further includes at least one carrier/solvent, at least one adjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of emuisifier, spreader/binder, penetrants, safeners, anticaking agents, and mixture of thereof. In some embodiments the active ingredient present in the composition is a combination of three terpenes, a-terpinene, p-eyroene and limoneae. The three terpeoes in the compositions used in the preseot invention can be obtained from any source such as, for example, as an extract from Chenopoditm mbro ioid s near ambrosioides, which extract has insecitcidal and aearicidat activity, as described in detail in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2003/0091657 and 2009/0030087; international Patent Publication Nos. WO 2001/067868 and WO 2004/006679, or as an extract from another plant genus/species thai produces such terpenes, or as a compound produced naturally by any organism (i.e., as a compound separate from an extract per se), or produced synthetically (i.e., by a chemical synthesis process). The active ingredients included in an. extract from Chenvpodium ambrostoides near ambrostoides have been recognized in the human medicinal pharmacopeia for centuries. Such extract and a simulated blend of such extract, one example of which is set forth as Composition 1 in Example I, are contact active insecticides thai control whiteflies, aphids. mites, tkrips and other pests frequently found in high-value agronomic crops,

0077j The primary mode of action, of Composition I is based, on the effects of emulsified essential oils on the insect exoskeleton, the intersegmental membranes, and chemoreceptors associated with locomotion and plant host identification. ^'Laboratory and field studies suggest that secondar effects of Composition 1 include reduced host plant probing by homoptera, reduced incidence of vectored plant pathogenic viruses, and induction of plant secondary defense response. To understand the effect of Composition I as an illustrative example for a composition containing one or more terpene or terpenoid conipoimds on plant host response the present inventors isolated tomato plants and made repeated applications of Composition 1 using conventional agronomic spray intervals. Transcriptional profiling (Ilumina mRNA. seq) was used to compare treated to untreated plants at several different life stages. In one experiment over 37 million 68 -bp reads were barcoded to distinguish the reads from each treatment in the experiment. Sequence reads were aligned to the latest mRNA DB published by the International Tomato Genome Sequencing ^'Project. Composition I caused significant increases in several key defense response pathways. Genes associated with ethylene and jasmonic acids production were up regulated as were a number of Pathogenesis Related Proteins, Genes associated wit photosynthesis were transiently down regulated. QRT~PCR. confirmed some, but not all of the RNA-seq observations.

[00783 As an example, the three terpenes α-terpinene. p-cymene and limonene can be from natural extracts obtained from Chenopodmm amhnmoides near ambrostoides, natural analogs of such terpenes as extract from other plant species or other organisms, or synthetic versions of^* the terpenes, or combination thereof^". Thus in one embodiment, the active ingredient in the present invention is the essential oil extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides. In another embodiment, the active ingredient is simulated blend, simulating the essential oil extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides, in still another example, the active ingredient is a combination of the essential oil extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides and the simulated blend.

079^'j As mentioned above, Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides plants, methods of preparing, harvesting and storage of such plants, methods of extracting essential oil , and composition of said essential oil, have been described elsewhere. See, for example, US Paters i Publication Nos. 2003/009.1657 and 2009/0030O87; international Patent Publication Nos. WO 2001/067868 and WO 2004/006679; and Lorenzo Sagrero-Nieves (Mar/Apr 1 95) Volatile Constituents from the Leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides 1.,, J. Essent Oil Res. 7:22.1 -223, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, including all drawings/photographs that are a part thereof. As an example, the isoprenoid isopentenoid compounds in die extract may be et-terpmene, p-cymene and limonene.

{008Θ} The essential oil extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides consists mainly of a-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, and of other minor terpene constituents, which may include carvacrol, L-carveoI (43% cia÷ 54% trans), thymol, and γ-terpinene, which are pesticidal and are present at low levels. Example II of international Patent Publication No. WO 2004/006679 notes that these minor components are likely to have a much greater impact on the activity of the oil than the major components. Even though it has been shown in WO 20.10/144919 that the three pesdcidaHy active chemical compounds in the essential oil extract are a-terp ene, p-cymene a d limonene and that the minor components are not necessary for this iiisecticidial activity, all terpene compounds such, as a-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, carvacrol, L-carveol, thymol, and γ-terpraene can he used in the present invention to enhance plant growth and plant health as well as fruit ripening. Any enantiomer of limonene will work in the methods of the present invention, including but not limited to d-limonene.

(0081] Essential oil extracts of Cheoopodhmi ambrosioides may contain substantial quantities of the bicyclic monoterpene asearidole, depending on the cuitivar and the growing conditions. Because of concerns over mammalian toxicity of this compound, it might be desirable in certain embodiments to reduce or eliminate asearidole from a composition used as described herein to enhance worker safety and to minimize ingestion of the compound after application of the product to .fruits, vegetables or grains. The C. ambrosioides near omb smides culiivar was originally selected for sis relatively low levels of ascaridole. Is addition, as ascaridole can be physically removed or chemically converted to another product. Processes for physical removal include molecular distillation or supercritical€<½ extraction. These methods lead to a near quantitative extraction of ascaridole from the essential oil, Chemscai reduction methods have also been employed to convert ascaridole to the corresponding and relatively non-toxic 2,3 cis dioi.

(0082] In one example, the concentration of o-terptnene in the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides ranges from about 35% to abost 45%, by weight. The concentration of p-cymene in the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides ranges from about 15% to about 25%, by weight. The concentration of limonene in the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides ranges from about 5% to about 15%, by weight. The concentration of minor terpene constituents and impurities in the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides ranges from about 25% to about 35%, by weight. For a son-lmiHing example, in one extract, the concentrations (by weight.) are as follows: 39% a-terpinene, 17% p-cymene, 12% limonene and 32% minor terpene constituents and impurities, by weight.

[0083j The concentration of the essentia! oil extract in the composition to be applied to plants and plant parts, depending on whether it is in. the concentrated, or diluted (ready-to- spray) form, can be at least about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0,06%, about 0.07%, about .0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0,8%, about 0,9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%,, about 12%, about 13%., about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%,, about 18%, about 1 %, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%., about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61 %, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about ?!%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 1 , about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%*, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%, by weight,

(0084} For example, in some embodiments the final concentration of the extract in the composition to be applied to plants is about 0.05%, or about 0,1 %, or about 0.2% or about 0.7%, by weight.

[0085| Formulations cotHaining the essential oil extracts used in the present invention can be prepared by known techniques to form emulsions, aerosols, sprays, or other liquid preparations, dusts, powders or solid preparations. These types of formulations can be prepared, for example, by combining with pesticide dispersible liquid carriers and/or dispersible solid carriers known in the art and optionally with carrier vehicle assistants, e.g., conventional pesticide surface-active agents, including emulsifying agents and/or dispersing agents. The choice of dispersing and emulsifying agents and the amount combined is determined by the nature of the formulation, the intended form of application of the formulation to a specific environment (e.g., plant, animal, soil, building), and the ability of the agent to facilitate the dispersion of the essential oil extract of the present invention while not significantly diminishing the strengthening effect on the health of a plant, on the growth of a plant, and/or on fruit ripening of the essential oil extract (cf. also below).

[0086} in some embodiments a formulation used according to the present invention may be prepared as a microemulsion. Microemulsions are low-viscosity, optically transparent dispersions of two Immiscible liquids which are stabilized by at least one ionic or nonio c surfactant in the cas of microemulsions, the particle diameters are in the range from about 5 to about 100 am, suspended in a continuous phase. The interfacial tension between the two phases is extremely low. The viscosity of many microemulsions of the oil and water type (O/W) is comparable to that of water. In contrast thereto, a "macroemulsion" has a high viscosity. The particle diameter of a macroemulsion is in the range from about 10 to about 100 micrometers. Macroemulsions are milky white in color and, upon heating, tend toward phase separation or toward sedimentation of the dispersed substances. It is believed thai the small size of the emulsion droplets of a microe ulsion may allow for better transport of tire components included therein through plant ceil .membranes so that the use of a microemulsion may in some embodiments be advantageous. Further, microemulsions are considered to be infinitely stable, thereby providing improved stability when compared to traditional macroemnlsion. systems. Therefore,, in the context of the present invention the use of a microemulsion formulation of may be particularly suitable for certain applications, for example soil delivery.

00871 The present invention also provides compositions of simulated terpene blends which simulate the essential oil extrac o Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides. The simulated terpens blends of the present invention may comprise a-ierpinene, p-cymene, and Hroonene at concentrations that are the same or about the same as their respective concentrations in extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides, wherein such extracts include additional minor terpene ingredients and impurities not present in the simulated blends of the present invention. Greenhouse and field testing unexpectedly demonstrates that there are no .material differences in performance and/or plant safety between the simulated terpene blends of the present invention and the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides when used at the same rates or at about the same rates. The present invention also provides the use of a simulated blend of three terpenes, which also successfully mimics the pesticidal/insecticidal effects of extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides.

{0088] In some embodiments the simulated terpene blend of the present invention only includes three active terpene compounds f a-ierpsnene, p-cymene, and limonene) that when combined with i.nerts (carrier/solvent, emu!sifier, and/or spreader binder) are sufficient, io mimic the pesiicidai effects of the extract of Chenopodiim ambrosioides near ambrosioides. Thus, in some embodiments, the terpene blends of the presen invention do not contain the minor terpene ingredients and impurities found in the Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides extract, such as thymol, carvacrol, carvone, carveol. and/or neroi, wherein one or more of such minor terpenes may have insecticidal activity. In one embodiment, the simulated blend does not contain thymol., carvacrol, carvone, carveol and/or neroi. In one embodiment, the terpenes of the simulated terpene blend are not obtained from Chenopodium ambrosiodes. In another embodiment, they are not obtained from Chenopodium. [0089] Simulated blends simulating the Chenopodium extract can be made according to the present invention by mixing together three at least substantially pare isoprenkl compounds, a-terpinene, p-cyraene and limonene, optionally with at feast one volume filler, for example, vegetable oil (e.g.., ood grade), or mineral oil that replaces the volume taken up by the minor components normally present in the extract,

|0090j As used herein, the term "vegetable oil" refers to lipid, materials derived from plants, which do not contain, or only contain trace amount of fragrances or essential oils, such that the materials are non-volatile, non-scented plant oils. Thus, as used herein, a vegetable oil is not prepared by method of distillations, which are usually utiiized to prepare fragrances and/or essential oils. Instead, vegetable oil is typically extracted from plants by chemical extraction and/or physical extraction. Chemical extraction comprises using a chemical agent as a solvent to extract vegetable oils from plant, A common solvent, is hexane, which can be derived from petroleum. Another way is physical extraction, which does not use solvent extracts. Physical extraction involves what is known as the "traditional" way by using several different types of mechanical extraction, Expeller-pressed extraction is one type, and there are two other types that are both oil presses: the screw press and the ram press. A vegetable oil can be saturated or unsaturated, and can be edible or inedible. Examples of vegetable oils include, but are not limited to, canola oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, bean oil, including soybean oil linseed oil, tung oil, olive oil, com oil, sesame oil, cumin oil, peanut oil, and castor oil. In one embodiment, vegetable oil is extracted from a whole plant, or from a plant part (e.g., seeds).

(0091 J -terpinene, p-cymene and limonene are publicly available to those skilled in. the art, can be produced synthetically using known methods, or can ^'be purified from various plant extracts, as described in more detail below. In addition, all three of these terpenes are commercially available (e.g., Sigma-Aldrich*^', Acros Organ ics, MP Biomedicals, Merck Chemicals). The concentration of each isoprenoid/tsopentenoid compound is described below in the composition section. Unless otherwise noted, the percentages provided below reflect the percen tage of each terpene present in the simulated blend, and exclude any impurities present in each of these substantially pure compounds. For example, if the simulated blend contains alpha- terpinene that, is 90% pure, the percentage shown below reflects the amount of pure alpha- terpinene thai is included in the composition, excluding the 10% impurities. Therefore, if such simulated blend constitutes 40% alpha-teipinene, the substantially pure alpha-terpinene used to prepare the blend is about 44%, with 40% alpha-terpinene and 4.4% imparities.

{0092) Methods for synthesizing or purifying the terpen.es in the simulated blend are well known to those of skill in the art. Each of the terpene components of the simulated blend may be obtained by chemical synthesis or from a plant extract. For example, α-terpinene may be obtained from acid isomerizaiion of terpinolene, P-cymene may be obtained by disproportionation of dipetHene or by dehydration of camphor. In addition, p-cymene may be obtained from limonene, as described in artin-Luengo, M.A., et ai. "Synthesis of P-cymene from Limonene, a Renewable Feedstock/' Applied Catalysis B: Environmental (June 24, 2008), 81(3-4), 218-224. The term chemical synthesis, as used herein, includes synthesis using a. plant extract as a starting material. For example, as described above, p-eymene may be obtained from limonene. In. turn, the limonene starting material ma be obtained from a citrus extract. The terpene components of the simulated blend may ail be obtained by chemical synthesis or all from one or more non-Chenopodiinii plant extracts, or some components may ^'be made by chemical synthesis and others obtained from non-Chenopod um plant extracts. In one embodiment, the a-terpinene and. the p-cymene are synthetically produced and the limonene is derived from a plant extract.

{00933 N umerous plant species produce terpenes, some of which produce the terpene compounds utilized m the methods of the present invention.

(0094) At least the following plant species produce a-terpinene: Anetkum graceol m, Artemisia argyi, Cuminum cyminwn, Ekttaria c rdom um, Melaleuca allernifoUa, Cardamom spp. and Origanum majorana.

{0095] At least the following plant species produce limonene, including d-1imonene: Aneihimi graceoiem, Anethiim sow , C rum carvi. Citrus, Foemcuium vu!gam, Mentha piperita and Peppermint. Limonene may be obtained by steam, distillation after alkali treatment of citrus peels and pulp, and also by the fractionation of orange oil.

{0096] At least the following plant species produce p-Cymene: Corid thy us sativum, Coridothymus captitatus, Cuminum cymimm, Orig m vulg re and Thymus vulgaris.

{Θ097] For additional information on plants that produce terpene, see, for example, Paul Harrewijn et a!.. Natural Terpenoids as Messengers: A Multtdm^' ciplinary Study of Their Production, Biological Functions, and Practical Applications, Published by Springer, 2001 (ISBN 0792368916, 9780792368 .15); Paul M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosyniheifc Approach, Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2009 (ISBN 047074Ϊ 78, 9780470741672); Ronald Hunter Thomson, The Chemistry of Natural Products, Published by Springer, 1993 (ISBN 0751400149, 978075140 1 4); and Leland J, Cseke el aL, Natural Products from Plants, Published by CRC Press, 2006, (ISBN 0849329760, 9780849329760), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

(0098) i one embodiment, essential oils, and/or certain fractions of essential oils (e.g., certain terpenes) can be extracted from a plant by distillation. As used herein, "Essentia! Oil Extract" means the volatile, aromatic oils obtained by steam or hydro-dtslillation of plant material and may include, but are not restricted to, being primarily composed of terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives. Essential oils can be obtained from, for example, plant parts including, for example, flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, etc. A variety of strategies are available for extracting essential oils from plant material, the choice of which depends on the ability of the method to extract the constituents in the extract of the present invention. Examples of suitable methods for extracting essential oil extracts include, but are not- limited to, hydro-distillation, direct steam distillation. (Duerbeck, .., et aL, (1997), The Distillation of Essential Oils. Manufacturing ami Plant Construction Handbook, Protrade: Dept. of Foodstuffs and Agricultural Products, Esehborn, Germany, pp, 21-25.}, Solvent Extraction, and Microwave Assisted Process (MAPTM) (Belanger et a!., ( ! 991.) Extraction et Determination tie Composes Volatils de L'ail (Allium sativum), Riv. Itaf BPPOS 2: 455-461.). Detailed distillation methods have been described in WO 2001/067868 and WO 2004/006679, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

{0099) in one embodiment, a volume filler is added to the terpenes in the simulated blend to replace the minor terpene components of the Chenopodium plant extract. The volume filler is a compound that mixes well with terpenes and creates a good suspension of terpenes, may be inert or have some nisectieidal activity, and does not cause phototoxicity. The excipients described below may serve as both excipients and volume fillers.

(Olfl j In one aspect of the invention, the concentration of the isoprenoid isopentenoid compounds in the simulated blend are about the same as their respective concentrations in the extract of Chenopodi m amhrosioides near^' amhrosioides, and the fraction of volume composed by filler is about the same as that of the minor terpene constituents and impurities in such Ou opodm extract. In such embodiment, the relati e percentages of the active ingredient (i.e., the three major ierpenes) and volume filler (replacing the minor terpene constituents} can vary within certain ranges.

10101] In one embodiment, the concentration of a-terpinene in the simulated blend ranges from about 30% to about 70%, by weight; the concentration of p-cymene In the ^'simulated blend ranges from about 10% to about 30%, by weight; and the concentration of Hraonene in the simulated blend ranges from about 1% to about 20%, by weight. For example, the concentration of a-terpinene in the simulated biend ranges from about 32% to about 50%, by weight. The concentration of p-cymene in the simulated blend ranges from about 12.5 to about 20%, by weight. The concentration of !imonene in the simulated blend ranges from about 0% to about 15%, by weight The concentration of volume filler ranges from about 15% to about 47%, by weight. As noted above, the above percentages reflect pure compounds. Use of substantially pure compounds is also contemplated and described herein, and substantially pure compounds, as described above, may have impurities, which would increase the percentage of substantially pure compound in the mixture. For example, the range of concentrations, by weight, of substantially pure ierpenes in the simulated blend may range from, about 33% to about 78% - terpinerie and from about 1.1% to about 33% p-cymene and from about 1.1% to about 22% Irtnoiiene. The other ranges would also increase similarly, and may increase by about 10%, in the case of use of substantially pure compounds. As explained further herein elsewhere, these concentrations represent the concentrations of the ierpenes in a concentrated composition that is typically diluted for application to plants and/or the areas around piants or to any other area where control is desired. In one embodiment, the extract is mixed with other components (e.g., carrier, emulsifier, spreader-sticker) to produce a formula ted. product, wherein the extract is about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% of the formulated product, by weight. For example, the extract is about. 25% of die formulated product, by weight, in such a formulated, product, the concentration of a-terpinene ranges from about 8.75% to about 10.25%, by weight; the concentration of p-cymene -ranges from about 3.75% to about 6.25%, by weight; the concentration. ofHmonene ranges from about. 1.25% to about 3.75%, by weight.

(0102) la another embodiment, the concentration of each isoprenoid isopentenoid compound can be higher or lower than the one in the essential oil extract., hut roughly maintaining relative ratio to each others as in the essential oil extract. For non-1 irai ling example, the relative ratio of a-terpinene_t p-cymene, and limonene is about 39:17:12, or about 40:15:12, or about 36:14.9:1 1.4, or about 10.175:3.9; 3.05. in some other embodiments, the range of - terpinene in the relative ratio may be about 30 to about 50, the range of p-cymene in the relative ratio may be about 10 to about 20, and the range of limonene in the relative ratio may be about 5 to about 20; i.e., 30-50: 1 -20 5-20. Still, in some other embodiments, the relative ratio of ot- terpinene, p-cymene, and limonene is about 35 to about 45 for a-terpinene, about 12 to about 18 for p-cymene and about 10 to about 15 for limonene. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the actual ratio of each terpene in a blend according to the relative ratios. For example, the synthetic blend, can consist of: between about 35% and about 45% by weight of o terpinene, between about .15% and about 25% by weight of p-cymene, between about 5% and about 15% by weight of limonene, and between about 0% and 99.71 % by weight of volume filler wherein the relative ratio among these three terpenes is selected from the group consisting of about 39: 17: 12, or about 40:15:12, or about 36: 14.9:1 1.4, or about 10.175:3.9:3.05 or about 35-45:12- 18: 1.0-15. In addition, no matter what concentrations of a-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene are in a composition, the relative ratio among these three terpenes may be within the ranges set forth above in this paragraph.

|¾ΊΘ3] In one embodiment, the relative amounts by weight, of the natural and/or synthetic terpenes and of the fillers in the composition are as follows: about 36% a-terpinene, about 15%: p-cymene, about 11% limonene and about 33% solvent (e.g., vegetable oil), by weight. The percentages is this embodiment do not total 100% because the terpenes used are substantially pure and contain some impurities. For example, in one embodiment, the alpfaa- terpinene is 90% pure, the limonene is 95% pure and the cymene is 99% pore. In one embodiment, the impurities are not compounds that are detectable in an extract of Chenopodium ambmtioktes near mbrosioides. In yet another embodiment, the impurities are not thymol, carvacrol, carvone, carveol and/or neroi. [010 j In another aspect of the invention, the natural and/or synthetic terpenes and fillers in the simulated blend, are mixed with other components (e.g., carrier, emulsifier, spreader-sticker, referred to herein collectively as excipierits) to produce a formulated product, wherein the substantially pure natural and/or synthetic terpenes and fillers are about 1%, about 5%, about 1.0%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%,, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% of the formulated product, by weight. For example, the substantially pure natural and/or synthetic terpenes and fillers are about 25% of the formulated product, by weight. In one embodiment of such a formulated product containing 25% simulated blend, the simulated blend portion of the composition consists of between about 8% and about 12.5% by weight: of a-terpinene, between about 3% and about 5% by weight of p-cymene, between about 2.0% and about 3.75% by weight of limonene, and between, about 3.75% to about 1 1.75% by weight of volume fi ller. In another embodiment., the concentration of a- terpinene is about 10%, by weight; the concentration of p-cymene is about 3.75%, by weight; the concentration of limonene is about 3%, by weight; and the fi!.fer(s) is about 8.25%, by weight. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of a- terpinene is about 9%, by weight; the concentration of p-cymene is about 3.72%, by weight; the concentration of limonene is about 2.85%, by weight; and the .filSer(s) is about 8.25%, by weight.

[010S] Spray formulations include aqueous solutions, water-soluble powders, emulsifiable concentrates, water miscibie Uquids po ders (for pesticidai compounds that are soluble in water), wettahle powders or water-dispersible powders, flowable sprayable suspensions or suspension concentrates, and oil solutions. Although sprays are a very popular method of applying pesticides, only a small number of pesticides are sufficiently soluble in water to be formulated into an aqueous solution, water-soluble powder, or water miscibie liquid or powder. Therefore, most spray formulations need an organic solvent or a specialized formulation to enable them to be mixed with water for spray application.

| I.06 An important spra formulation for the invention is an emulsifiable concentrate, in an emulsifiable concentrate, a concentrated organic solvent based solution of the pesticidai compound (or the pesticidai compound alone if it is a liquid at room temperature) is added to an emulsifier. An emulsifier is a detergent-like (surfactant) material that allows microscopically small oil droplets to be suspended in water to form an emulsion. The concentrate is thereby dispersed evenly throughout an aqueous solution, and generally remains suspended for an extended period of time (days).

(0107} Enmlsifiers useful in the invention inclu.de Tween™ 200, Tween^m 600, sorbitol (polysorbate 80), propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and methanol (methyl alcohol). Another class of surfactant that can be used as an. emulsifier for pesticide formulations is the phosphate esters. Examples of commercially available phosphate ester surfactants include: butyl phosphate, hexyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl phosphate, octyi phosphate, decyl phosphate, octyldecyl phosphate, mi xed alky I phosphate, hexyl polyphosphate, and ocfyl polyphosphate. For example, the emulsifier used is either Tween™ 200, sorbitol 80, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol,

{0108} Emulsifiabie concentrates are the preferred spray formulation for the pesticidal compounds of the invention since many pesticide compounds are poorly soluble in water and would otherwise settle out in the spray tank after dilution, altering the concentration during spraying.

{0109} Non-limiting examples of conventional carriers that may be used in formulations of the present invention include liquid carriers, including aerosol propellauts which are gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures, such as Freon; inert dispersible liquid diluent carriers, including inert organic solvents, such as aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, alkyl naphthalenes), halogenated especially chlorinated, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., chloro-benzenes), cycloalkan.es (e.g., cyclohexane), paraffins (e.g., petroleum or mineral oil fractions), chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, cMoroeihylenes), alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, glycol), as well as ethers and esters thereof (e.g., glycol monomethyl ether), amines (e.g., eihanolamine), amides (e.g., dimethyl sorrnamide}, sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide), acetonhrile, ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone), and/or water; as well as inert dispersible finely divided solid carriers such as ground natural minerals (e.g., kaolins, clays, vermieuhte, alumina, silica, chalk, i.e., calcium carbonate, talc, attapulgite, monlmorillonite, kieseigulir), and ground synthetic minerals (e.g., highly dispersed silicic acid, silicates). More non-limiting examples of suitable carriers/solvents include, but are not limited to, Isopar™ M, THFA^'™, ethyl lactate, butyl lactate. Soygold™ 1000, M-Pyrol, Propylene glycol, Agso!ex™ 12, Agsolex™ BLO, Light mineral oil, Poiysolve™ TPM, and Finsolv™ TN, In one embodiment the solvent in said composition of present invention can be organic solvent, e.g., petroleum distillates or hydrocarbons. In one embodiment, the solvent is vegetable oil. For example, the solvent is canola oil In another embodiment, the solvent is a methyl ester. For example, the solvent is methyl ester of soybean oil (a,.k.a. methyl soyaie). Methyl ester of soybean oil can b commercially produced, e.g., Steposoi*^'" SB-W. In a further embodiment, of present invention, the solvent is mixture of canola oil and Sieposol ¹"^' SB-W. In one embodiment, the concentration of solvent in the composition of present invention is about 0%, at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%, by weight For example, the concentration of said solvent in a formulated composition of present invention ranges from about 0% to about 99%, by weight, from about 10% to about 50%, or from about 50% to about 99%, or from about 20% to about 50%, or from about 30% to about 50%, or ranges from about 30% to about 40%, by weight.

{0110] In some embodiments of the present invention the carrier is an oil, such as fixed oil (including vegetable and animal oils) or a mineral oil, but excluding essential oils. In some embodiments of the present invention the carrier and or volume filler is also an active compound against insects and/or mites-. For example, such a carrier and/or volume filler is a vegetable oil. Vegetable oils, saturated or unsaturated, edible or inedible, include, but are not limited to, canola oil., sunflower oil, safflowcr oil, peanut oil. bean oil, linseed oil, iung oil. and. castor il. The concentration of said solvent in a formulated composition of present invention ranges from about 0% to about 99%, by weight, from about 1 % to about 50%, or from about 50% to about 99%, or from about 20% to about 50%, or from about 30% to about 50%, or ranges from abou t 30% to about 40%, by weight,

|OI M ] The adjuvant in said composition of present invention can be selected from the group consisting of other additional carriers, spreaders-stickers, surface-active agents, e.g., emiiisifiers and/or dispersing agent, penetrants, saieners, anticaking agents, and mixture thereof.

{0112] In one embodiment, the adjuvant comprises at least a second carrier, a spreader, and an eraulsifier. In one embodiment, the total concentration of the second carrier, the spreader, and the emuisifier in the composition of present invention is about 0%, at least about 5%, about K)%, about 1 5%, about 20%, about 25%, aboi.it 30%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99%, by weight For example, the concentration of said solvent ia the composition of present invention ranges from about 0% to about 99%, by weight, from about 1 % to about 50%, or from about 50% to about 99%, or from about 20% to about 50%, or from about 30% to about 50%, or ranges from about 30% to about 40%, by weight.

[0113] Non-limiting examples of suitable spreaders and or sticking agents include, but are .not limited to, Late emulsion. Umbrella™, Adsee^m 775, WItconoS^m 14, Toxiniul™ 858, Latron™ B- 1956* Latron™ CS-7*, Latron™ AG-44M, Τ-ΜηΙζ™ AO-2, T-Muiz™ 1204, Sii.wet™ L-774, SUSTAIN* (Western Farm Service, Inc.; Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp.), P.inetae* (Brit?: Fertilizers, Inc.), Nufi!m P*^' (Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corporation), Nufilni 17^'* (Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corporation), Suffix*, Cohere*, Induce*^', Picclyte*^' (e.g., Picclyte A.1 15), Peg600 Argiraax 3Ι Γ, alpha and beta p nene polymers and co-polymers. PEG 400-DO, Lipopeg i0-S_t Maximal 7301 , and PEG 6O0ML*

1_.0114] SUSTAIN* is a commercially available spreader/sticker, which comprises poLyterpene resin (a proprietary mixture of pinene polymers). The chemical compound pinene is a cyclic terpene (Ciel if,, 136.24 g moJ) known as a roonoterpene. There are two structural isomers found in nature: o -pinene and β-pinene. As the name suggests, both, forms are important constituents of pine resin; the are also found in the resins of many other conifers, and. ^•more widely in other plants. Both are also used by many insects in their chemical communication system. α-Pinene and β-pinene can be both, produced from gerairyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisaiion of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent. Methods of producing a-pinene polymers and 0-pinene polymers have been described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,466,271, 4,01 1 ,385 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0209720, and. in Barros et aL "Potentially Biodegradable Polymers Based on - or -Pinene and Sugar Derivatives or Styrene, Obtained under Norma! Conditions and on Microwave Irradiation," European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Volume 2007 issue 8, pp. 1357 -1363, and. adbil et a!., "Preparation of High-Melting Polyterpene Resins from α-Pinene," Russian Journal of Applied Chemistrym, Volume 78, Number 7, pp. 1 126-1 130. In one embodiment, the biopesticidai composition of the present invention which comprises a simulated terperte blend as described previously (e.g., 25% of a simulated terpene blend, by weight) can further comprise spreader/sticker, for example SUSTAIN**, wherein the concentration of the spreader ranges from, about 1% to about 10%, for example about 5%, by weight,

{ J lSj Surface-active agents that can be employed with the present invention include, without limitation, emulsifying agents, such as non-ionic and/or anionic emulsifying agents (e.g., polyethylene oxide esters of fatty acids, polyethylene oxide ethers of fatty alcohols, alkyl sulfates, alky I sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, alhum n-hydrolyzaies, and especially alky I arylpolyglycol ethers, magnesium stearate, sodium oleate); and/or dispersing agents such as lignin, sulfite waste liquors, methyl ce!hilose.

fOI l 6 J Emuisifiers thai can be used to solubilize the simulated blends of the present invention in water include blends of anionic and non-ionic emuisifiers. Examples of commercial anionic emuisifiers (hat can be used include, but are not limited to: Rhodacal™ DS- 10, Cafax™ DB-45, Stepano!™ DBA, Aerosol™ OT-75, Rhodacal™ A246L, Rhodafac™ RE- 610, Rhodapex™ CO-433, Rhodapex™ CO-436, Rhodaca1^IM CA, StepanoJ™ WAC. Examples of commercial non-ionic emuisifiers that can be used include, but are not limited to: igepal™ CO-887, Macol™ NP-9.5, Igepa^'P* CO-430, RbodasurP^M GN-870, AlkarauJs^TM EL-719, Aifcarmrls EL~620, Afkamide™ L9DE, Span™ 80, Tergiiol™ TMN-3, Tergitol™ TMN-6, Tergitol™ TMl -lO, Morwet™ D42S, Tween™ 80, A!karouls^'m PSMG-5, Atlas™ G1086, Tween™ 20, igepal™ CA-630, Toximul™ R, Toximul™ S, Foiystep™ A7, and Polystep™ Bl . In one embodiment, the emuisifier in said composition of present invention is Tween™. hi one embodiment, the concentration of emuisifier in said composition of present invention is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%. about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%, by weight. For example, the concentration of emuisifier in said composition of present invention ranges from about 1% to about 15%, or ranges from about 5% to about 10%, by weight, in one embodiment, the concentration of emuisifier in the composition is about 7.5%, by weight. [0117] In one embodiment, the spreader-sticker is poiyterpene resin, e.g., proprietary mixture of pinene polymers. In one embodiment the spreader-sticker is Lalron™ B-l 956^'*^' (Dow AgroSeiences, LLC), which consists of 77% modified phthalie glycerol alkvd resin and 23% butyl alcohol by weight, to one embodiment, the concentration of Latron™ B-l 56* in. said composition of present invention is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%,, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, abo t 80%, about 85%, about 90%», or about 95%, by weight. For example, in some embodiments the concentration of spreader-sticker in said composition of present invention ranges from about 1 % to about 15%, or ranges from about 5% to about 10%, by weight. In one embodiment, the concentration of spreader-sticker in. the composition is about 7.5%, by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of spreader-sticker in said composition of present invention is about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about. 85%, about 90%,, or about 95%, by weight. For example, the concentration of spreader-sticker in said corn-position of present invention ranges from, about .1% to about. 15%, or ranges from about 5% to about 10%, by weight. In one embodiment, the concentration of spreader-sticker in. the composition is about 7.5%, by weight.

[Oll S j i one embodiment, the composition, of the present invention is diluted with at least one solvent, for example, with water, by the end. user before application.. The amount of dilution depends upon various factors, including the nature of the plant, e.g., crop.

(01191 The composition can be diluted at least about 1.5 times, abou 2 times, about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 1 times, about 20 times, about 30 times, about 40 times, about 50 times, about 60 times, about 70 times, about 80 times, about 90 times, about 100 times, about 200 times, about 300 times, about 400 times, about 500 times, about 600 times, about 700 times, about 800 times, about 900 times, about 1000 times, about 1500 times, about 2000 times, about 2500 times, about 3000 times, about 4000 times, about 5000 times, about 6000 times, about 7000 times, about 8000 times, about 9000 times, or about 10000 times. For example, the composition can be diluted between about I time and about 50 times. For another example, the composition can be diluted between about 50 times to about 400 times. |¾Ί 2Θ] In one embodiment, between about ί quart and about 10 quarts of a formulation containing 25% of the simulated blend are diluted in. 100 gallons of water and applied to an acre, in other embodiments, a formulated composition comprising higher level of active ingredient, can be applied at. an even lower rate.

|0l 21 j In one specific example in which the formulated simulated blend contains

10% substantially pure alpha-terpinene, 3,75% substantially pure p-cymene and 3% substantially pure li.mone.ne, the final concentration of each substantially pure ierpene applied upon dilation in 1 0 gallons of water is as shown in the Table 1 below.

Table 1. Exemplary final concentrations of terpenes after dilution of simulated blend

|0J22 j Regardless of the initiai concentration of each terpene in a composition, the final composition applied b the end user to kill, inhibit, prevent and/or repel insect and mite plant pests will comprise the following components: between about 0.017% and about 0.21 % by weight of a-terpinene, between about 0.008% and about 0.08%) by weight of p-cymene, and. between about 0.006% and about 0.063% by weight of limonene. For example, the composition will comprise between about 0.04% and. about 0.1% by weight a-terpmene, between about 0.015% and about 0.04% by weight p-cymene, and between about 0.010% and about 0.03% by weight Hmonene. More examples are the compositions provided in the examples below.

[0123] The concentration of the simulated biend in the composition to be applied to plants and plant parts, depending on whether it is in the concentrated, or diluted (ready-to-spray) form, can be at least about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0,08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7 , about 8%», about 9%, about 10%,, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 1 %,, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%,, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%,, about 41 %, about 42%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%», about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71 ,, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%», about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%,, about 89%,, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 1 0%, by weight.

{0124) The one or more terpene or terpenoid compound(s) or the composition thai includes the same may also be prepared for application as a fumigant for both outdoor as well as indoor application, for example in closed environments, such as greenhouses, animal barns or sheds, human domiciles, and other buildings. Persons of skill in tire art will appreciate the various methods for preparing such fumigants, for example, as fogging, concentrates and smoke generators, A fogging concentrate is generally a liquid formulation for application through a fogging machine to create a fine mist that can be distributed throughout a closed and/or open environment Such fogging concentrates can be prepared using known techniques to enable application through a fogging machine. Smoke generators, which are generally a powder formulation which is burned to create a smoke fumigant. Such smoke generators can also be prepared using known techniques.

[0125] In a method according to the invention the one or more lerpene and/or terpenoid compounds, diluted or undiluted, may be applied in a number of different ways. For small scale application backpack tanks, band-held wands, spray bottles, or aerosol cans can be utilized. For somewhat larger scale application, tractor drawn rigs with booms, tractor drawn mist blowers, airplanes or helicopters equipped for spraying, or fogging sprayers can all be utilized. Small scale application of solid formulations can be accomplished in a number of different ways, examples of which are; shaking product directly from die container or gravity- application by human, powered fertilizer spreader. Large scale application of solid formulations can be accomplished by gravity fed tractor drawn applicators, or similar devices,

(0126) In one embodiment the one or more terpene and/or terpenoid compounds, such as compositions of a simulated blend of Chenopodium nbrosiokks mm a brosMd s, are applied to a plant or a plant part at any time during the life cycle of the plant, during one or more stages of the plant's life cycle, or at regular intervals of the plant's life cycle, or continuously throughout the life of the plant.

{0127) in one embodiment, the one or more terpene and/or terpenoid compounds are applied to a plant before the emergence or appearance of a fruit of insufficient plant health, and/or slow plant growth. In one embodiment, the one or more terpene and/or terpenoid compounds are applied to a plant during or after the emergence or appearance of a fruit, of insufficient plant health, and/or slow plant growth.

(0128) In some embodiments the compositions can be applied before, during and/or shortly after the plants are transplanted from one location to another, such as from a greenhouse or hotbed to the field. In another example, the compositions can be applied shortly after seedlings emerge from (he soil or other growth media (e.g., vertaicaiite). 1« yet another example, the compositions can be applied at any time to plants grown hydropo eally. Hence, according to the methods of the present invention the compositions can be applied at any desirable time during the life cycle of a plant In some other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are applied, to a piant and/or plant pari lor two times, during any desired development stages or under an predetermined pes pressure, at an interval of about 1 hour, about 5 hours, about 1 hours, about 24 hours, about two days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 1 week, about 10 days, about two weeks, about three weeks, about 1 month or more. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are applied to a plant and/or plant part for mor than two times, for example, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 6 times, 7 times, 8 times. 9 times, 10 times, or more, during any desired development stages or under any predetermined pest pressure, at an interval of about 1 hour, about 5 hours, about 10 hours, about 24 hours, about two days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 1 week, about 10 days, about two weeks, about three weeks, about 1 month or more. The intervals between, each application can vary if it is desired. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the application times and length of interval depending on plant species, plant, peat species, and other factors.

(0l29j The one or more terpene or terpenoid coraponnd(s), including a corresponding formulated composition can either be applied directly or can be diiuted further before application. The diluent depends on the specific treatment to be accomplished, and the method of application. For example, a composition that is to be applied to trees could be diluted further with water to make it easier and more efficient to spray with known spraying techniques. A terpene or terpenoid compound, as well as a composition of the present invention can be diluted by means of a solvent, e.g., water before application, wherein the final composition applied by the end user to inhibit, prevent and/or repel insects will comprise following components: between about 0.020% and 1.70% by weight of a-terpinene, between about 0.008% and 0.65% by weight of p-cymene, and between about 0.005% and 0.500% by weight of limonene. For example, a composition may include between about 0.044% and 0,28% by weight α-terpinene, between about 0.017% and 0.1 1 % by weight p-cymene, and between about 0.0 3% and 0,086% by weight limonene. As another example, the composition ma comprise between about 0.08% and 0,25% by weight a-terpinene, between about 0,035% and 0.080% p- cyraene, and between about 0,030% and 0.075% by weight limonene,

10130) in some embodiments a composition used in the present invention may be diluted with water to a final mixiiire, wherein the final mixtore includes the following components: from about 0.01.7% to about 0.21 % by weight of a-terpinene, from about 0.008% to about 0.08% by weight of p-cymene, and from about 0.007% to about 0.063%) by weight of limonene. In another example, the composition may comprise from about 0.02% to about 0.1% by weight a~terpinene, from about 0.008% to about 0.04% by weight p-cymene, and from about 0.006% to about 0.03% by weight limonene.

{0131) In another example,, the composition may include from about 0.04% to about 0.1% by weight a-terpineue, from about 0.015% to about 0.04% by weight p-cymene, and from about 0. 50% to about 0.03% by weight limonene.

{0132j The respective final mixture may be applied to the surface of a plant, to the surface of a portion of a plant, to a fruit, to the vicinity of a plant, to the vicinity of a fruit, or to an area encompassing the plant or the fruit

{_.0133] In some embodiments application, of the one or more terpenes or terpenoids lasts for at least 2 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 15 hours or at least I day, such as for al least 2 days, for at. least 3 days or at least 4 days, or at least 5 days, or at least 6 days. In one embodiment the application of the one or more terpenes or terpenoids lasts for at least 1 week, for at least 8 days, or at least 9 days, or at least 10 days, or at least 1 1 days, or at least 12 days, or at least 13 clays, or at least 2 weeks, or at least 3 weeks, or at least one month or longer.

{0134) In some embodiments the terpene or terpenoid compound(s) may be applied in combination with one or more nutrients (fertilizers) and/or one or more herbicides. A respective nutrient and or .herbicide may be applied separately from the terpene or terpenoid compound, at the same point or points of time. Thus the skilled artisan will appreciate that the instant invention .may be further formulated to provide various dissolution rates and/or be prepared in combination with nutrients (fertilizers) or herbicides,

|0135| in some embodiments, a plant in a method according to the invention grows in a field, such as a grower's field or a farmer's field. In some embodiments, a plant in a method according to the invention grows in a hotbed, growth chamber, arboretum, solarium, on a window sill of home or office, or in a greenhouse, in other words, the methods of the present invention are useful in enhancing plant growth, plant health and/or fruit ripening wherever plants are grown and for whatever purpose the plants are cultivated, whether the plants be grown in pots, hydroponically or in a field in large-scale monoculture farming operations.

[0136] In some embodiments, die isoprenoid and/or isopentenoid compounds, including compositions of the present invention, can be applied together, either mixed or separated but in consequences, or in rotations, with one or more plant pest repellent(s) to achieve inhibition, prevention., and/or repellency against, broader plant pests species spectrum, and/or synergistic effects against specific plant pest species or to synergisticalty enhance plant growth and/or plan health and/or fruit, ripening. Such repellents may include, but are not limited to, 2- ethykl ,3-hexanediol; N~octy.J bicycloheptene dicarboximide; N,N-diethyl-M-tol.namide; 2,3:4,5- Bis (2-buty!ene) tetrahydro-2-furaldehyde; Di-n-propyl isocinchomeroaate; 2-hydroxyethyl-n- ociyl sulfide; N-(cyanoraethyl)-4-(to^ (e.g., Flonicaniki

FMC BELEAF™* 50 SG INSECTICIDE), pymetrozsne (e.g., Fulfill*), and plant insect repellents described in U.S. Patent Nos.: 4,769,242; 4,869,896; 4,943,563; 5,221535; 5,372,817; 5,429,817; 5,559,078; 5,591,435; 5,661 ,181 ; 5,674,517; 5,71 1 ,953; 5,756,1 13; 6,559,175; 6,646,011 ; 6,844,369; 6,949,680; 7,381 ,431 ; 7,425,595; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, including ail drawings/photographs that ar a. part thereof.

£0137] In other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be applied together, either mixed or separated but in consequences, or in rotations, with at least one fertilizer, nutrient, mineral, auxin, growth stimulant and the like, referred to below as plant health compositions, to synergistically enhance plant health and/or growth and/or fruit ripening. A plant health composition/compound is a composition/compound comprising one or more natural or synthetic chemical substances, or biological organisms, capable of maintaining and/or promoting plant health. Such a composition/compound can improve plant health, vigor, productivity, quality of flowers and fruits, and/or stimulate,, maintain, or enhance plant resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stressors/pressures.

|OI38j Traditional plant health compositions and/or compounds include, but axe not limited to, plant growth regulators (aka plant growth stimulators, plant growth regulating compositions, plant growth regulating agents, plant growth regulants) and plant activating agents (aka plant activators, plant potentiators, pest-combating agents). The plant health composition in the present invention can be ei titer natural or synthetic.

[01.39] Plant growth regulators include, but are not limited to, fertilizers, herbicides, plant hormones, bacterial inocuJants and derivatives thereof^"

{0140} Fertilizer is a composition that typically provides, in varying proportions, the three major plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium known shorthand as K-P-K): or the secondary plant nutrients (calcium., sulfur, magnesium), or trace elements (or micronutrients) with a role in plant or animal nutrition: boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and (in some countries) selenium. Fertilizers can be either organic or non-organic. Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include, but are not. limited to, manure, worm castings, peat moss, seaweed, sewage and gna.no. Cover crops are also grown to enrich soil as a green manure through nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere by bacterial, nodules o roots; as well as phosphorus {through nutrient mobilization) content, of soils. Processed organic ferti lizers from natural sources include compost (from green waste), bloodmeal and bone meal (from, organic meat production facilities); and seaweed extracts (alginates and others). Fertilizers also can be divided into macronuirients and micronutrients based, on their concentrations in plant dry matter. The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and normally present as a whole number or tenths of percentages in plant tissues (on a dry matter weight basis), including the three primary ingredients of nitrogen (N), phosphoais (P_.), and potassium ( ), (known as N-P-K fertilizers or compound fertilizers when elements are mixed intentionally). There are many micronutrients, required in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 parts per million (ppm) by mass. Plant micronutrients include iron (Fe), manganese (Ma), boron (B), copper (Cit), mol bdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), chlorine (CI), and zinc (Zn). [0141] Pkm hormones a (aka phyiohoraiones) and derivatives thereof include, but are not limited to, abscisic acid, auxins, cytokinins, gibberelHm, brassiiiofides, salicylic acid, jasmonales, plant peptide hormones, polyamtnes, nitric oxide and strigo lactones ,

1_.0142] Plant activating agents are natural or synthetic substances that can stimulate, maintain, or enhance plant resistance io bioiic and/of abiotic stressojrs/pressures, which include, bat are not. limited to, acibenzolar, probenazoie, isotianil, salieyclic acid, azelaio acid, hymexazoi, brassinoiide, forchlorfenuron, benzothiadiazole (e.g., ACTIGARD* 50WG), 2,3 bntanediol, microbes or elicitors derived from microbes. More plant activating agents are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,849,576; 5,950,361 ; 6,884,759; 5,554,576; 6,100,092; 6,207,882; 6,355,860; 5,241 ,296; 6,369,2%; 5,527,783; and 6,987,130.

{0143J Microbes, or chemical compounds and peptides/proteins (e.g., elicitors) derived from microbes, can also be used as plant activating agents. Non-limiting exemplary elicitors are; branched-j3-glucans, chitm oligomers, peetolytie enzymes, elicitor activity independent from, enzyine activity (e.g. endoxylanase, elicitins, Pa le), avr gene products (e.g., AVR4, AVR.9), viral proteins (e.g., vial coat protein, Hatpins), flageUtn, protein or peptide toxin (e.g.. victorin), glycoproteins, glycopeptide fragments of invertase, syringolids, Nod. factors (lipochitooligo-saccharides), FACs (fatty acid amino acid conjugates), ergosterol, bacterial toxins (e.g., coroaatine), and sp ngaaine analogue raycotoxins (e.g., fmnonisin Bi). More elicitors are described in Howe et al.,, Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2008, vol, 59, pp. 41 -66; Stergioponlos, Fungal Effector Proteins Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2009, vol. 47, pp. 233-263; and Bent et al, Elicitors, Eflectan, and R Genes: The New Paragigm and a lifetime Supply of Questions, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2007, vol. 45, pp. 399-436.

{0144) More non-limiting exemplary plant health compositions compouads are described in U.S. Pal. Nos.; 4,751 ,226; 4,889,55.1 ; 4,456,467; 5,763,366; 4,219,35 ! ; 4,394, 15.1 ; 4,913,725; RE33976; 4,959,093 ; 6,645,916; 4,152,429; 4,462,821 ; 4,704,160; 3,979,201 ; 4,505,736; 4,422,865; 5,919,448; 4,431 ,442; 4,824,473; 4,185,990; 5,837,653; 4,701 ,207; 4,717,732; 4,716,174; 4,720,502; 4,717,734; 6,261,996; 4,701 ,463; 4,728,657; 4,636,514; 4,717,733; 4,731,372; 5, 168,059; 4,261,730; 5,861,360; 4,066,435; 4,210,439; 5,006,148; 4,906,280; 4,160,660; 4,439,224; 5,123,951 ; 4,094,664; 4,902,815; 4,036,629; 4,534,785; ,212,664; 4,880,622; 4,144,047; 4,336,060; 4,308,054; 4,515,618; 4,525,200; 4,579,582;,554,580; 4,840,660; 4,268,299; 4,534,786; 5,589,438; 4,596,595: 5,468,720; 6,083,882;,306,797; 4,226,615; 4,509,973; E29439; 4,025,331; 6,242,381 ; 4,326,878; 4,259, 104;,518,994; 5,446,0] 3; 3,713,805; 4,75,52] 3; 4,397,678; 4, /i>2,549; 6,984,6l!9; 4,808,20/;,943,310; 4,481,026; 7,270,823; 4,592,772; 5,346,879; 5,627, 134; 4,439,225; 4,931,082;,554,010; 4,057,413; 4,072,495; 4,364,768; 7,544,821 ; 5,523,275; 5.525,576; 7,404,959;, 1 ,685; 4457,255; 5,688,745; 6,569,809; 4,606,756; 4,537,623; 5,965,488; 4,243,405; ΙΥ7¾ _f-c .

,V / ο, Jou, 7 / , fU^"l" ii¾ 0, jf>V, 6,884,758; 5,076,833; 6,649,568; 4,954,157;,519,163; 4,154,596; 4,246,020; 4,356,022: 4,093,664; 4,808,209; 4,726,835; 4,879,291 ;,776,874; 4,892,576; 4,859,231; 4,130,409; Λ-4 ¾ '.\ί. \i, 7 t Ϊ.3 s, · ·^■} Cl"! ft Π<Ϊ7· Λ t)ft 4 *iO i^■ 4 •!, 0y~x> 11. <v70-,494,982; 5,228,899; 4,992,093; 4,059431; 4,765,823; 4,059,432; 4,969,948; 6,750,222;,171,213; 5,668,082; 4,672,1 12; 4,067,722; 4,732,605; 5,4 1,034; 5,015,283: 4,812,159;,905,799; 4,371,388; 4,427,436; 4,293,335 ; 3,979,204; 5,436,225; 6,727,205; 4,148,624;,737,498; 3,938,983; 5,656,571; 4,863,505; 4,227,9 ; 4,595,406; 4,976,771 : 4,857,545;,999,043; 3,960,539; 5,617,671; 3, 12,492; 4,217,129; 4,170,462; 4,486,219; 5,801 ,123;,21 1 ,738; 4,067,721 ; 5,854,179; 4,285,722; 5,510,32] ; 6,1 14,284; 4,588,435; 7,005,298;,504,304; 4,451,281 ; 3,940,4.14; 5,925,596; 6,3 1,506; 4,391,629; 5,006,153; 4,857,649;,922,646; 5,922,599; 5,709,8 1 ; 4,741,768; 4,723,984; 4,752,321 ; 5,741,521 ; 5,700,760:

4 Λ , 11 i 1.), (tΛ 07.

),?,^■ no

, .' 1 1 ,( ¾, 4,960,453; 4,846,883; 4,959,097; 5,371 ,065;,620,867; 5,1:54,751 ; 4,090,862; 6,906,006; 4,292,072; 4,349,377; 4,586,947; 4,239,528;,284,71 1 ; 4,043,792; 6,939.8 1 : 5,030,270; 4,844,730; 6,410,483; 5,922,648; 6,069,1 .14;,861,389; 4,806,143; 4,886,544; 4,923,502; 6,071 ,860; 5, 131,940; 4,193,788; RE31.550;,127,402; 4,799,950; 4,963,180; 4,337,080; 4,637,828; 4,525,203; 4,391 ,628; 4,908,353;,560,738; 4,685,957; 5,637,554; 5,312,740; 3,985,541; 4,770,692; 4,787,930; 4,240,823;,428,002; 6,458,746; 3,989,525; 5,902.772; 4,588,821; 4,681,900; 5,679,621 ; 6,995,01 ;,110,345; 5,332,717; 5,222.595; 5,351,835 ; 4,904,296; 4,104,052; 4,622,064; 4,902,332;,747,869; 5,053,072; 5,1 6,736; 4,349,378; 5,223,017; 4,889,946; 5,323,906; 5,529,976;,946,493; 4,961 ,775; 5,253,759; 4,31 1 ,514; 4,380,626; 5,635,451 ; 4,975, 1 12; 5,658,854;,410,482; 7,479,471 ; 5,015,284; 4,925,480; 4,638,004; 4,124,369; 5,039,334; 5,090,992;,710,104; 4,909,832; 4,744,817; 4,764,202; 4,668,274; 4,547,214; 4,808,213; 4,507,140; 4,904,298; 6,316,388; 6,265,217; 5,869,424; 5,3 10,344; 4,330,322; 5,292,533; 4,047,923;

4,764,624; 4,560,403; 4,557,754; 5,346,068; 4,770,688; 5,073,185; 4,973,690; 4,772,309;

4,91 1 ,746; 4,594,094; 4,518,415; 4,786,312; 7,198,81 1; 6,376,425; 4,895,589; 4,960,456;

4,897,307; 4,891,057; 4,102,667; 5,763,495; 4,606,753; 4,602,929 4,740,231; 4,832,165;

5,324,730; 5,701,699; 6,465,394; 5,783,51 ; 4,334,909; 5,466,460; 5,559, 18; 4,678,496;

5,679,620; 5,977,023; 7,326,826; 4,729,783; 4,377,407; 4,602,938; 5,2 Π , 736; 5,106,409;

4,802,909; 4,871 ,387; 4,846,873; 4,936,892; 5,714,436; 6,239,071; 4,507, 141; 4,936,901;

5,026,438; 4,734,326; 4,999,046; 4,554,017; 4,554,007; 4,943,31 1 ; 4,4 1,458; 5,419,079;

4,789,394; 4,871,389; 5,198,254; 5,747,42.!; 5,073, 187; 5,258,360; 4,353,442; 4,808,722;

4,565,875; 5,298,480; 4,233,056; 4,849,007; 5,1 12,386; 5,221 ,316; 5,470,819; 4,614,534;

4,615,725; 5,496,794; 4,772,310; 4,640,706; 4,894,083; 6,767,865; 5,022, 16; 4,797,152;

4,957,535; 4,880,457; 4,735,653 ; 5,! 60,364; 4,647,302; 4, 1 ,273 ; 5,710, 103; 6,508,869;

5,858,921; 4,599,448; 4,938,793 ; 4,49 ,466; 4,8 2,162; 7,427,650; 4,684,396; 4,201,565;

4,636,247; 4,925,482; 4,486,21 ; 6,570,068; 5,045, 1.08; 4,336,059; 4,983,208; 4,954,162;

4,921 ,528; 4,826,531 ; 4,661 ,145; 4,935,049; 4,515,619; 4, 50,283; 4,988,382; 4,584,008;

4,227,935; 4,875,922; 4,988,383; 4,886,545; 5,602,076; 4,229,442; 4,525,201 ; 5,034,052;

5,104,443; 3,620,939; 4,164,405; 5,703,036; 5,102,443; 4,618,360; 6,569,808; 4,91 ,704;

4,584,033; 4,775,406; 5,631,208; 4,909,835; 4,178, 166; 4,1 3,742; 6,225,260; 5,318,945;

4,623,382; 5,053,073; 4,693,745; 4,875,930; 5,696,053; 4,221 ,584; 4,975,459; 4,601 ,746;

4,185,991 ; 4,871,390; 4,863,503; 5,07.3,184; 5,262,389; 5,061,311; 4,966,622; 6,228,808;

5,057,3 6; 4,849,009; 4,939,278; 4,48 ,365; 4,333,758; 4,741,754; 4,41 1,685; 4,455,1 2;

7,291,399; 5,252,542; 4,470,840; 4,227,91 3; 4,959,093; and 5, 123,953 , Each of the- patents, patent publications cited here is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, including all drawings/photographs that are a part thereof,

1_.0145] Bacteria! moculants are compositions comprising beneficial bacteri that are used to inoculate soil, often at ilie time of planting. Such bacierial inocnlanis include nitrogen- fixing bacteria or rhizobia bacteria. Hradyrklmbia japonlcum is commonly used for soybean inoculation and Bradyrhizobia sp. (Vigna) or (Arachis) lor peanuts. Other rhizobia are used with other crops: Rhizobium !egmnmosarwn for peas, lentils and beans and alfalfa and clover and .Rhizobium li, Rhizobium legim osamm and Bradyryizohmm spp. for various legumes. In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are applied to a plant that lias been planted in .soil treated wii.li a bacteria! hioculant or that derives from a seed treated with, a bacterial inoculant.

1_.0146] Compositions of the present invention, may also be applied to plants, plant parts or plant loci in combination with or in rotation with fungicides, especially fungicides that also have plant health effects, such as strobilurins and, in particular, pyraclostrobin (also known as F5 0). Other strobilurins include, but are not limited to, azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, fluoxasttobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, picoxystrobin, pyrac-lostrobin, pyroxastrobin, trifloxystrobtn, orysastrobin, methyl (2-chloro-5- l -(3- .methylben2yloxyimino)-ethyl3benzyl)-carbamate, methyl (2~chloro-5~[l~(6~metliy!pyrid in- .2-yl.metSioxyi.miiK>)ethyl]benz>d)carbamate, methyl 2~(οι1:1ιο-(2,5- dimethyiphenyloxymethylene) phenyl)~3~methoxyacry1ate; 2~(2-(6-(3~chioro-2~J3iethyl- phenoxy)~3-fiuoro-py^ 3- metlm y-2-(2-( -(4-i .ethoxyphenyi)

acrylic acid methyl ester.

(0147) Compositions of the present invention may be applied to plants, plain parts or plant loci in combination with or in rotation with insecticides. Suitable insecticides include neontcotinoid insecticides such as 1 -(6 ;hloro-3-pyridylmeth>1)-N-nitroimidaxotidm-2- ylidenearaine (i iidacloprid),

(thlacioprid). l-(2-cMoro-l J- a.;^ (ciothianidin), niteropyran, .sup. l~(i6~ch!oro-3-pyri.d.y!)niethyl |i~N,s ^

ineiaeeiamiprid), 3-(2-chloro-l ,3-ihia oi-5-yImeihyl}-S-methyl^

nitro)ami.ne (thiamethoxam) and l -meihyl~2-nitrt 3-(teirahydro-3-fury}methyi)gtu¾nidine (d ioiefuran).

(0148} The following examples are given for purely illustrative and non-limiting purposes of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 [0149] A study was conducted to determine whether primary metabolic changes were detectable in young tomato plants, Ly op&rslc es ulentum cv. "Florida Lanai " subjected to three applications of Composition 1 on a five day interval.

Table 2 - Composition 1

Compound in wt % j Tfitai 100%

a-Terpinene | 10

p~Cyniene j 3.75

iimonene j 3

Total terpene in wt % j .16.75

Canola oil (volume filler) in wt % j 8.25

Canola oil (carrier) j 37.5

Steposol SB- * (carrier) j 25

Tween 80 (emulsifier) j 7.5

SUSTAIN* 1 5.0

fOlSOj Note that the lerpenes provided in the chart are substantially pure. The - Tetpinene is 90% pure, the p-cymene 99% pure nd the limonene 95% pure.

{0151 J Two sets of plants were grown in a greenhouse in four inch square pots and were treated identically with the exception of treatment, of one set of plants wi th Composition i and one set with water. Plants were caged and managed to protect them from insect infestation. A 2% v v dilution of Composition 1 was applied to plants at a. rate equivalent to a field rate of 100 gallon per acre with the .first spray occurring seven weeks from planting, the second spray occurring five days after the first spray and the third spray occurring five days after the second spray. Sampling of new and old growth from, treated and control plains occurred the day after the third spray application.

{0152] The collected leaves from each set of plants were harvested and pooled for MRNA extraction and transcriptome sequencing. 9.3 million 50bp reads were collected from the Composition j -treated plants and 1.1.4 million 50bp reads were collected from the water-treated plants. The D A sequence reads were aligned using Bowtie (Langmead et aL, Genome Biol., 2009) to 33,926 predicted genes provided by the international tomato genome sequencing project. The reads that were mapped to genes were normalized using RPKM (Montazavi et al, Nat Methods, 2008). The P-values were determined using DEGseq (Wong et aL Biomfonnatics 2009), P-value of less than 0.001 with a normalized, fold change of ÷ - 1.5 were used to identify significant hits. Utilizing these cut-off parameters generated 786 unregulated genes and 1232 dowtueguiated genes. While a number of different classes of genes were differentially expressed, many of the genes involved in plant defense, such as genes for signaling compounds, such as ethylene and jasmonic acid, and pathogenesis-related genes responsible for the production of proteins associated with systemic acqoired resistance, were upregulated and many photosynthetic genes were do nregulaied. Tables 3 and 4 summarize the upregulation of certain genes. Table 5 summarises the down-regulation of photosynthetic genes.

Table 3

Properties Gene F M Change (F€)

ET producers I - synthase 17,4

2- synthase 1.72

3 - oxidase 1.79

4 - oxidase 1,50

JA producers 1 - esterase 2.51

2 - esterase 2.49

Table 4

Family Gene Fold Change

PR 1 - Pathogenesis related protein 7.59

PR 2 - Pathogenesis-related protein 6.98

PR 3 - Pathogenesis-related protein 8.57

PR 4 - Pathogenesis-related leaf protein 7.85

PR 5 -Pathogenesis-related protein 2,80 Table 5

Properties Gene Fold change (PC)

Chlorophyll

bindine chlorophyll a-b binding protein

chlorophyll a-b bi tiding protein

type I polypeptide

light inducible protein.

(at least 25 more down-regulated

Photosynthesis

reaction center photosystera Π protein 12,05

photosystem I protein 2.40

photosystera I protein 2.34

photosystem 1 protein 2.20

(at least 15 more down-reguiated)

[0153] qRT-PCR was used to confirm, the differentially expressed genes previously determined by RNA-seq analysis. For each target gene, two primers and an internal, i!uoresceniiy labeled TaqMan probe (5' end, reporter dye FAM (6-carboxytluorescein), 3' end. quencher dye TAMRA {6-carboxytetfamemylrhodaniine) was designed using default parameters of Primer Express software 2.0 (Applied Bi systems). TaqMan PCR systems were validated using defined protocols (Leutenegger el al. 1999). Total .R A was extracted using ABI chemistry and cDNA was synthesized from 20 ¾L 1 DNase (RNase-free DNase f Invitrogen) digested total RNA. Each PCR reaction contained. 20 X prs.raer and probes for the respective TaqMan system. The samples were placed in 384-weil plates and amplified in an automated fhiorometer (ABI PRISM 7900 BTA FAST, Applied Biosystems). The manufacturer's standard amplification conditions were used. Fluorescent signals were collected during the annealing period and CT values extracted with a threshold of 0.04 and baseline values of 3-15. !.8S rR A gene was used as a positive control. Final quantification was performed using the comparative CT method (ΔΔϋΤ, User Bulletin No. 2, Applied Biosystems) and is reported as relative inscri tion or the «-lb!d difference relative to a calibrator cDNA (i.e., transcript levels of plants treated with water). The relative linear amount of target molecul.es relative to the calibrator was calculated by 2^{"ΛΛ<" !} . Therefore, all gene transcription is expressed as an «-fold difference relative to the calibrator. Transcript accumulation was considered to be significantly different from the calibrator (water level for any specific target gene) if the 95% confidence intervals of the mean did not overlap the mean level of the calibrator. This experiment confirmed downregulattoa of various photosynthetk genes, as summarized in Table 6, below. Table 6

FC FC

Genes i^'R A-set faRT-FCRi

Bownregniated

1 transcription factor -6.55 -10.27

lyase -3,44 -3.94

photosynthesis reaction center -L97 -22.94

chlorophyll a/b binding protei •32.47 -40.5

peroxidase •10.79 -24.93

(0154) However, the results were inconclusive as to upregtilated genes, potentially because of design and technical issues commonly found in qRT-PCR technique. Therefore, instead of troubleshooting the qRT-PC further, another R A-se analysis, described in Example 2, was performed to validate the initial result.

Example 2

(0155) A slightly different experiment was conducted to test metabolic changes at several different time points alter one treatment with Composition 1. Eight sets of six young flowering tomato plants were grown in the greenhouse in one gallon pots. Plants were caged and managed to isolate them from insect infestation. Each set was treated one time with water or with a 2% v/v dilution of Composition I applied at a rate equivalent to a field, rate of 100 CPA. {Note that Composition 1 is typically applied at a 0,5% to 2% dilution (which is equivalent to a rate of 2 quarts per 100 gallons to a rate of 2 gallons per 100 gallons,} Samples from the various sets were harvested 20 hours before treatment (referred to in tables below as 0 hour), 4 hours after treatment, 28 hours after treatment, and 52 hours after treatment.

{0i56j Harvested leaf tissue irom each plant set was pooled, as shown in Table 7 below, to minimize iiiterp!ant variability, and mRNA extraction and iranscriptome sequencing conducted on the pooled leaf tissue. Two flow cells were used to generate over 37 million 68-bp reads that were barcoded to distinguish the reads from each treatment in tits experiment. The sequence reads were then aligned to the men-current mRNA database published by the international Tomato Genome Sequencing Project (as of late 201 ) using Bowtie. See Langraead, B., et at., "Ultrafast and Memory-Efficient Alignment of Short DNA Sequences to the Human Genome," Genome Biology. 2009, iO(3);R25, Epub 2009 Mar 4.

Table 7

[0157] Note in the fable thai AQ-8 had many more reads than AQ-7. This was due to a dilution error but did not affect die downstream analysis, wbicb. took the dilution error into account

[0158] The number of reads aligned to genes were counted, normalized and searched for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using DESeq, according to the method described in Anders, S. and Hnber, W„ "Differential Expression Analysis for Sequence Count Data ' Genome Biology. 2010, 1 1(10): R106, Epub. 201. Oct. 27.

(0159) Table 8 summarizes the number of DEGs that are statistically significant (adjusted alue or padj <^::::0.0S) between samples treated with Composition I or water at various sampling points before and after treatmen t.

Table 8

|0160] It was expected to see fewer mtmbers of DEGs at 0 hr compared to other time points because the plants from cages AF and BG were similarly treated and grown.. The presence of so many DEGs at time point 0 hr suggested that there was quite a bit of noise at least for those sets of plants (AF and BG). Note from Table 1. that plants from cages A.F (treated) and GB (-untreated) were used for the 0 hr and 28 hr time point calculation while plants from cages C.E (treated) and DH (untreated) were used for the 4 hr and 52 hr time point. caJcalations. When scanning the identity of DEGs at the 28 hr time point, there were no pfaotosynthetic genes that were downregulated and no plant defense related genes that were unregulated, in contrast to the results observed in the first RNA-seq experiment (described in Example 1 ). In addition, there were only three out of 77 genes upreguhued at the 28 hr time point, which also seemed quite unusual

[0161] The pattern of DEGs at 4 hr and 52 hr were much more simila to the observations from the first RNA-seq experiment described in Example 1. See Table 9, below. Table 9

4 hour 52 hour

Down Up Down Up

DEO 30 57 37 77

Pholosyniheiic Genes 16 0 2 0

Defense: PR 0 7 0 31

Defense: Others 0 ! S 0 15

|OI62j About half or 16 of the genes thai were downregtdated at 4 hr were photosynthetic genes. However, this number reduced drastically to two at 52 hr. On the other hand, seven pathogenesis related (PR) and 18 plant defense related genes were upregulated at 4 Sir. At 52 Sir, the mmiber of PR genes increased dramatically to 31, There was an initial uptick of plant defense genes at 4 hr, but the piant shifted into high gear by the 52 hr time point, especially as to the PR genes. Another striking observation was that no photosynthetic genes were upregulated and no plant defense related genes were do nregulated at either of the 4 and 52 hour time points. A list of the gene categories of overexpressed genes at 4 and 52 hoars after treatment is provided in Table 10, below. The abbreviation FC in Tables 10 and 11 refers to fold change.

Table 10

(0163) A list of the ge»e categories of underexpressed genes at 4 and 52 hours after treatment is provided in Table 1 1, below. able 11

-16.7 ff. cell growth

Conclusions

1. Plants in cages AF and BG (tirae points 0 hr and 28 hr) may be anomalous.

2. Photosytiihetic genes are doworegulateci initially but most revert to norm by 52 hr time point.

3. Plant defense genes are upregu!ated at 4 hr and even more plant defense genes, specifically PR genes, become highly expressed at 52 hr.

Example 3

£0164] Two sets of plants grown in the greenhouse in one gallon plants were treated with Composition i or water on the following schedule.

Table 12

Treatment Spray Date

4/12

3 4 19

4 5/3

5 5/ .17

6 5/24

7 5/31

8 6/7

9 6/18

s u (>.' Z

1 1 7/6

12 7/1 7

1.3 7/28 [(Si 65] The two sets of plants were compared for differences in plant growth, fruit ripening and frail set Differences in these properties were observed after the treatments, with the Composition ί -treated plants appearing more robust and ^'healthy, having more fruit and having more ripe frail more quickly. Specific results follow. Total weight of water-treated plants was 2107,492 g while total weight of Composition 1 -treated plants was 2735.748 g.

0166^'| Figure 6 represents (he total weight of tomato plants after 13 treatments with water or Composition .1. The column on the left shows weight of water-treated plants while the column on the right represents weight of Composition I -treated plants,

(0167] Following is a summary of total number of fruit produced by water-treated and Composition ^'--treated, plants after the last treatment.

Table 3

Tabie 4

Composition 1-Trealed

(0168) Composition, i also seemed to accelerate ripening of fruit. Figure 2A shows plants treated about, seven, or eight times with water. Only seven or so of the pictured fruit, were starting to redden at this point. In other words, none of these fruit were a bright red or fully ripe. Figure 2B shows plants treated about seven or eight times with Composition 1. About 1 1 fruit on these plants were bright red.

( 169J Measurements, taken after the final treatment, of average fruit weight, average fruit diameter and fruit color index of fruit from Composition 1 -treated and water- treated plants were very similar. [0170] While tSie invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be -understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, is general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essentisi features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended chums.