Process for the purification of astaxanthin

The object of the invention is to provide a synthetic food-grade astaxanthin (AXN) which is not known so far. "Food-grade" within the present invention means "suitable for human consumption". Such a food-grade synthetic AXN thus fulfills all regulatory requirements concerning purity and can be used in the commercial production of food and dietary supplements.

AXN can be manufactured by chemical synthesis (see EP-A 908 449, WO 2005/087720, EP-A 733 619), it can be produced by fermentation (see EP-A 543 023) and isolated from natural sources such as shell waste (see JP-A 11-049 972) or algae Haematococcus pluvialis (see GB-A 2,301,587), where the isolated esters would have to be cleaved to AXN itself. AXN isolated from natural sources is already used in products for human consumption: see e.g. US 2009/0297492, where AXN is described as improving the cognitive performance; US 2009/0018210, where AXN is described as promoting fat degradation; EP-A 1 867 327, where AXN is described for preventing a neurodegenerative disease - to name only a few. So far, however, synthetic AXN was not used in products for human consumption.

Synthetic AXN is of standardized quality compared to AXN from natural sources since it is much easier to use a standardized procedure for its chemical synthesis and purification than being dependent from the varying quality of natural AXN resulting by using natural sources which vary also in their composition. Thus, in the context of the present invention the term "AXN" means "synthetic AXN". Chemical processes for the manufacture of AXN are often carried out in halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane (see e.g. WO 2011/095571) since AXN and its precursors have a high solubility in these solvents though there were intentions in the past to avoid the use of such solvents (see e.g. EP-A 908 449 and WO 2005/087720). There are also purification methods that use chloroform (see JP-A 07118226). The thus obtained AXN is then often crystallized from lower alkanols since it is hardly soluble in such solvents.

It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide a synthetic AXN which is of reliable quality, easy to obtain also in an industrial scale and suitable for human consumption.

Thus, it was an object of the present invention to provide a food-grade synthetic AXN. This object is met by the process of the present invention which yields an AXN with extremely low solvent levels, preferably with extremely low levels of dichloromethane, thus rendering this AXN suitable for human consumption. Such an AXN is also an object of the present invention.

Thus, the present invention is especially directed to a synthetic AXN with a content of dichloromethane < 250 ppm, preferably with a content of dichloromethane < 200 ppm, more preferably with a content of dichloromethane < 100 ppm, even more preferably with a content of dichloromethane < 50 ppm, < 35 ppm, < 30 ppm, < 25 ppm, < 20 ppm, most preferably with a content of dichloromethane < 10 ppm.

The synthetic food-grade AXN according to the present invention may especially be used in dietary supplements. For these purposes it is often provided in the form of an oily suspension or a powdery formulation such as a beadlet, thus protecting the AXN from degradation.

Thus, a further object of the present invention is a human dietary supplement comprising astaxanthin manufactured by chemical synthesis (i.e. synthetic astaxanthin), free from astaxanthin mono- and diesters, and comprising < 250 ppm of dichloromethane. Preferred embodiments are human dietary supplements comprising this synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono- and diesters, comprising < 200 ppm of dichloromethane, < 100 ppm of dichloromethane, < 50 ppm of dichloromethane. Further preferred embodiments are human dietary supplements comprising synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono- and diesters, comprising dichloromethane in the range between 0 and 100 ppm, preferably in the range between 10 and 100 ppm.

Moreover, the present invention is directed to human dietary supplements comprising synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono-and diesters and with the reduced levels of dichloromethane as given above including all preferred ranges and combinations given.

Since it is possible with the processes of the present invention to significantly reduce the content of halogenated organic solvents such as dichloromethane, there is no need any more to use a chemical synthesis, where the use of such solvents is avoided.

Processes

Such a synthetic food-grade AXN may be obtained by one of the following processes which are also objects of the present invention.

Process A

A process for the manufacture of synthetic food-grade astaxanthin comprising the following steps:

a) Providing synthetic astaxanthin crystals containing dichloromethane; and b) Adding an alkanol to the synthetic astaxanthin crystals in an amount to obtain a suspension of synthetic astaxanthin in said alkanol, whereby the amount of synthetic astaxanthin in said suspension is in the range of from 5 to 70 weight-%, based on the total weight of the suspension; and c) Heating up the suspension obtained in step b) to a temperature in the range of from 80 to 150°C; and

d) Maintaining the suspension at a temperature in the range as given for step c); and e) Removing residual dichloromethane and said alkanol by distillation;

f) Repeating steps b), d) and e) until the content of dichloromethane in the synthetic astaxanthin is < 250 ppm; and

g) Cooling the alkanolic synthetic astaxanthin suspension, whereby its content of dichloromethane is < 250 ppm, to a temperature in the range of from 10 to 35°C; and

h) Filtering off the synthetic astaxanthin crystals and optionally drying them;

whereby a synthetic astaxanthin suitable for human consumption is obtained, and whereby the alkanol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol.

Process B

A process for the manufacture of synthetic food-grade astaxanthin comprising the following steps:

al) Providing a solution of synthetic astaxanthin in dichloromethane; and

a2) optionally adding methanol to the synthetic astaxanthin solution of step al); and a3) removing dichloromethane and optionally methanol by distillation; and bl) Adding an alkanol to the synthetic astaxanthin solution in an amount to obtain a suspension of synthetic astaxanthin, whereby the amount of synthetic astaxanthin in said suspension is in the range of from 5 to 70 weight-%, based on the total weight of the suspension; and

cl) Heating up the suspension obtained in step bl) to a temperature in the range of from 80 to 150°C; and

dl) Maintaining the suspension at a temperature in the range as given for step cl); and el) Removing residual dichloromethane and said alkanol by distillation; and fl) Repeating steps bl), dl) and el) until the content of dichloromethane in the

synthetic astaxanthin is < 250 ppm; and gl) Cooling the alkanolic synthetic astaxanthin suspension, whereby its content of dichloromethane is < 250 ppm, to a temperature in the range of from 10 to 35°C; and

hi) Filtering off the synthetic astaxanthin crystals and optionally drying them;

whereby a synthetic astaxanthin suitable for human consumption is obtained, and whereby the alkanol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol.

These processes will now be described in more detail below. They are economic and may be performed in an industrial scale. During the processes according to the present invention the total amount of astaxanthin is not completely dissolved in the alkanol. This is in contrast to a crystallization process where the total amount of astaxanthin is completely dissolved upon heating and re-crystallizes when the temperature is decreased again.

Since the steps of Process A and B only differ with respect to the starting material, they are the same and thus, described together. The alkanol is preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1- propanol and 1-butanol, more preferably the alkanol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol and 1-butanol, most preferably the alkanol is either methanol or ethanol. Step aVstep al)

As starting material either synthetic AXN crystals (see process A - step a)) or a solution of synthetic AXN in dichloromethane (see process B - step al)) may be used.

Process A: The synthetic AXN crystals are as obtained from any of the chemical syntheses after removing of the solvent, in which the synthesis has been performed as e.g. preferably in dichloromethane. The dichloromethane may have been removed by distillation or by solvent exchange. Preferably the dichloromethane has been removed by a solvent exchange with methanol. In this case the mixture of astaxanthin and

dichloromethane is heated up to a temperature of 38 to 40°C at atmospheric pressure and dichloromethane is distilled off. Simultaneously methanol is added so that the volume of the mixture is kept constant. Then solvent (dichloromethane + methanol) are distilled off until the internal temperature has been raised to 64°C (boiling point of methanol) meaning that only methanol is distilled off, but no dichloromethane any more.

These synthetic AXN crystals still contain dichloromethane which cannot be removed by just prolonging the time for drying these synthetic AXN crystals, even if the temperature and/or the vacuum is/are increased. Typical amounts of remaining dichloromethane in the synthetic AXN crystals are 0.2 to 0.3 weight-%, based on the total weight of the synthetic AXN crystals.

Process B: Since the process of the present invention is very effective in removing dichloromethane, it is also possible to use directly a solution of the synthetic AXN in dichloromethane. In this case it is advantageous to first reduce the amount of

dichloromethane in the solution by distillation. Preferably this is done whereby simultaneously methanol is added.

Thus, if process B is performed advantageously steps a2) and a3) are also performed. a2) optionally adding methanol to the synthetic astaxanthin solution of step al); a3) removing dichloromethane by distillation;

in case step a2) has been performed removing dichloromethane and methanol by distillation. Step bVstep bl)

Preferably the alkanol is added to the synthetic astaxanthin crystals (step b) - Process A) or the solution of synthetic AXN in dichloromethane (step bl) - Process B) in an amount to obtain a suspension of synthetic astaxanthin in said alkanol, whereby the amount of synthetic astaxanthin in said suspension is in the range of from 20 to 60 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 50 weight-%. Preferably this is done under nitrogen.

Step cVStep cl)

Preferably the suspension obtained in step b)/step bl) is heated up to a temperature, i.e. brought to a temperature, in the range of from 80 to 150°C, more preferably to a temperature in the range of from 90 to 130°C, even more preferably to a temperature in the range of from 100 to 120°C, most preferably to a temperature in the range of from 105 to 115°C. This has to be done in a closed reactor, if the temperature is above the boiling point of the alkanol. In this case the pressure increases.

If the temperature is below the boiling point of the alkanol, the reactor may be closed. Alternatively it may not be closed, but equipped with cooling devices to prevent loss of alkanol. Step dVstep dl)

The temperature is maintained constant at the wanted value - the same temperature as in step c)/cl).

Step eVstep el)

Dichloromethane and alkanol are then removed by distillation.

Step f)/step fl)

The steps b), d) and e) and bl), dl) and el), respectively, are repeated until the content of dichloromethane in the synthetic astaxanthin is < 250 ppm, preferably < 200 ppm, more preferably < 100 ppm, even more preferably < 50 ppm, < 35 ppm, < 30 ppm, < 25 ppm, < 20 ppm, most preferably < 10 ppm.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention steps b) (feeding of alkanol) and step e) (removing of alkanol and dichloromethane) (process A) and steps bl) and el) (process B), respectively, are carried out simultaneously after the end temperature of step c) has been reached.

Step gVstep l)

Preferably the alkanolic synthetic astaxanthin suspension, whereby its content of dichloromethane is < 250 ppm, is cooled to a temperature in the range of from 15-30°C, more preferably to a temperature in the range of from 20 to 25°C.

Step hVstep hi)

The synthetic astaxanthin crystals are then filtered off and optionally dried.

The drying of the obtained synthetic AXN crystals is generally carried out at a temperature below 140°C, preferably at a temperature in the range of from 40 to 140°C, and in vacuum. The vacuum is preferably in a range of between 0 and 20 mbara.

In one embodiment of the present invention the drying of the synthetic AXN crystals is carried out at a temperature of 80°C and at 20 mbar. In a further embodiment of the present invention the drying of the synthetic AXN crystals is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 55 to 70°C and at a pressure below 20 mbar.

Especially preferred embodiments of the present invention are those processes, whereby one or more of the preferred conditions given above are realized. The most preferred processes of the present invention are those, whereby all preferred conditions given above are realized. The present invention is also directed to the astaxanthin as obtained by any of the processes according to the present invention. Oily suspensions

The synthetic food-grade AXN of the present invention may be admixed with an edible oil to obtain an oily suspension of synthetic food-grade AXN. The edible oil may be selected from the following group consisting of vegetable oils such as corn oil, saffiower oil, sunflower oil, middle chain triglycerides (MCT) oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and synthetic oils, and any mixture thereof, but is not limited thereto. Especially preferred edible oils are selected from the group consisting of saffiower oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, middle chain triglycerides (MCT) oil and any mixture thereof. Such an oily suspension of synthetic food-grade AXN is also an object of the present invention. Generally the content of synthetic food-grade AXN in such a suspension is in the range of 0.5 to 20 weight-%, based on the total weight of the suspension. Preferably the content of AXN in such a suspension is in the range of 1.0 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the suspension. More preferably oily suspensions with a content of synthetic food-grade AXN of 5 and 10 weight- %>, respectively, are marketed.

The oily suspension may further comprise an antioxidant, especially a fat-soluble antioxidant. An especially preferred fat-soluble antioxidant is dl-alpha-tocopherol. The amount of such anti-oxidant is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 3 weight-%, based on the total weight of the suspension. The amount of the oil is then so much that the amount of all three ingredients (synthetic food-grade AXN; anti-oxidant, oil) sums up to 100 weight-%).

The oily suspension may be directly used as such for the manufacture of dietary supplements in the form capsules, especially in the form of soft-gel capsules. Powdery forms

The powdery forms may be used for making tablets. Such tablets are also part of the present invention.

An especially preferred powdery form is a beadlet comprising the synthetic food-grade astaxanthin as disclosed above encapsulated in a matrix comprising a modified food starch.

The amount of synthetic food-grade astaxanthin in said beadlet is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 20 weight-%, based on the total weight of the beadlet.

The beadlets may further comprise a water-soluble antioxidant (such as sodium ascorbate) and/or a fat-soluble antioxidant (such as DL-alpha-tocopherol), as well as a saccharide as adjuvant. The amount of each of the anti-oxidants is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 weight-%, based on the total weight of the beadlet.

A particularly preferred modified food starch of this invention has the following formula (I)

wherein St is a starch, R is an alkylene radical and R^' is a hydrophobic group. Preferably R is a lower alkylene radical such as dimethylene or trimethylene. R^' may be an alkyl or alkenyl group, preferably having 5 to 18 carbon atoms. A preferred compound of formula (I) is an "OSA-starch" (starch sodium octenyl succinate). The degree of substitution, i.e. the number of esterified hydroxyl groups to the number of free non-esterified hydroxyl groups usually varies in a range of from 0.1% to 10%, preferably in a range of from 0.5% to 4%, more preferably in a range of from 3% to 4%.

The term "OSA-starch" denotes any starch (from any natural source such as corn, waxy maize, waxy corn, wheat, tapioca and potato or synthesized) that was treated with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). The degree of substitution, i.e. the number of hydroxyl groups esterified with OSA to the number of free non-esterified hydroxyl groups usually varies in a range of from 0.1% to 10%, preferably in a range of from 0.5% to 4%, more preferably in a range of from 3% to 4%. OSA-starches are also known under the expression "modified food starch".

The term "OSA-starches" encompasses also such starches that are commercially available e.g. from National Starch under the tradenames HiCap 100, Capsul

(octenylbutanedioate amy lo dextrin), Capsul HS, Purity Gum 2000, Clear Gum Co03, UNI-PURE, HYLON VII; from National Starch and Roquette Freres, respectively; from CereStar under the tradename C*EmCap or from Tate & Lyle.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention a commercially available modified food starch such as e.g. HiCap 100 (from National Starch) and ClearGum Co03 (from Roquette Freres) is used. It is especially advantageous if such a starch or an OSA starch in general is further improved according to a process as disclosed in WO 2007/090614, especially according to a procedure as described in examples 28, 35 and/or 36 of WO 2007/090614. Thus, in a further improved embodiment of the present invention such a commercially available starch has been centrifuged as an aqueous solution or suspension before use. The centrifugation may be carried out at 1000 to 20000 g depending on the dry mass content of the modified polysaccharide in the aqueous solution or suspension. If the dry mass content of the modified polysaccharide in the aqueous solution or suspension is high, the applied centrifugation force is also high. For example for an aqueous solution or suspension with a dry mass content of the modified polysaccharide of 30 weight-% a centrifugation force of 12000 g may be suitable to achieve the desired separation.

The centrifugation may be carried out at dry matter contents in the range of from 0.1-60 weight %, preferably in the range of from 10-50 weight-%, most preferably in the range of from 15-40 weight-% at temperatures in the range of from 2-99°C, preferably in the range of from 10-75°C, most preferably in the range of from 40-60°C.

The term„saccharide" in the context of the present invention encompasses mono-, di-, oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as any mixtures thereof.

Examples of monosaccharides are fructose, glucose (= dextrose), mannose, galactose, sorbose, as well as any mixtures thereof. Preferred monosaccharides are glucose and fructose, as well as any mixture thereof.

The term "glucose" in the context of the present invention does not only mean the pure substance, but also a glucose syrup with a DE > 90. This also applies for the other monosaccharides.

The term "dextrose equivalent" (DE) denotes the degree of hydrolysis and is a measure of the amount of reducing sugar calculated as D-glucose based on dry weight; the scale is based on native starch having a DE close to 0 and glucose having a DE of 100. Examples of disaccharides are saccharose, isomaltose, lactose, maltose and nigerose, as well as any mixture thereof.

An example of an oligosaccharide is maltodextrin.

An example of a polysaccharide is dextrin. An example of a mixture of mono- and disaccharides is invert sugar (glucose + fructose + saccharose). Mixtures of mono- and polysaccharides are e.g. commercially available under the tradenames Glucidex IT 47 (from Roquette Freres), Dextrose Monohydrate ST (from Roquette Freres), Sirodex 331 (from Tate & Lyle) and Glucamyl F 452 (from Tate & Lyle). In a preferred embodiment the amount of the modified food starch is in the range of from 20 to 80 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 40 to 60 weight-%, and the amount of the saccharide (adjuvant) is in the range of from 5 to 30 weight-%, based on the total amount of the composition. More preferably the beadlets are manufactured according to the process described below, whereby especially corn starch is used as powder-catch agent. Most preferably the thus resulting beadlets contain from 10 to 25 weight-% of corn starch, based on the total weight of the beadlet. Preferred are beadlets whose preparation comprises the following steps:

a) providing a modified food starch, a saccharide, a water-/fat- soluble antioxidant and a synthetic food-grade AXN according to the present invention;

b) preparing an aqueous nano-emulsion of said ingredients;

c) converting the nano-emulsion into a beadlet by a powder-catch process.

Human dietary supplements

The present invention is also directed to a human dietary supplement comprising synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono- and diesters, and comprising < 200 ppm of dichloromethane. Such human dietary supplement preferably comprises < 500 ppm of methanol.

For these human dietary supplements any synthetic food-grade AXN as described above (with all the preferences given) may be used.

"human dietary supplements" in the context of the present invention mean dietary supplements to be administered to and to be consumed by humans.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a method of marketing the synthetic food-grade AXN according to the present invention, as well as a method of marketing the dietary supplements for human consumption as mentioned above. A preferred embodiment is a method of marketing synthetic food-grade astaxanthin comprising providing a kit said kit comprising

i) synthetic food-grade astaxanthin according to the present invention with all

preferences as given above;

ii) information describing the benefits of said synthetic food-grade astaxanthin; iii) optional further information.

A further preferred embodiment is a method of marketing a human dietary supplement comprising synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono- and diesters, and comprising < 250 ppm of dichloromethane, comprising providing a kit said kit comprising

i) a human dietary supplement comprising synthetic food-grade AXN, free from AXN mono- and diesters, and comprising < 250 ppm of dichloromethane according to the present invention with all preferences as given above;

ii) information describing the benefits of said human dietary supplement;

iii) optional further information. Such optional further information may be information about the dosage of such synthetic food-grade astaxanthin and such human dietary supplement, respectively, or any other useful information with respect to the administration to humans.

The invention is now further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.

Examples 1-3: Processes for obtaining synthetic food- grade astaxanthin

(purification with methanol)

Example 1

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of methanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 105°C. Once the wanted intern temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh methanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 16 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of methanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml methanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of methanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 117.5 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 21 mg/kg of dichloromethane and 85 mg/kg of methanol. Example 2

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of methanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm and heated at 110°C. Once the wanted intern temperature (110°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 2.9 ml/min and simultaneously fresh methanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hour of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of methanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml methanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of methanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 117.5 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 8 mg/kg of dichloromethane and 79 mg/kg of methanol.

Example 3

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of methanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm and heated at 123°C. Once the wanted intern temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh methanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of methanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml methanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of methanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 117.4 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 48 mg/kg of dichloromethane and 79 mg/kg of methanol.

In principle is it possible to perform example 1 , 2 or 3 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 105°C and 110°C, respectively. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1, 2 and 3 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 115°C.

Examples 4-5: powdery forms according to the present invention Example 4: Astaxanthin 5% Beadlet Form 10 g of purified crystalline Astaxanthin as obtained in example 2 and 1.7 g of dl-a- tocopherol are dissolved in an appropriate solvent. This solution is added under stirring to a solution of 97.7 g of modified food starch (e.g. Capsul HS), 25.0 g of glucose syrup (e.g. Glucidex IT 47), 3.3 g of sodium ascorbate and 240 g of water at 50 to 60°C.This pre-emulsion is homogenized with a rotor-stator-homogenizer for 20 minutes. Eventually the emulsion is homogenized with a high pressure homogenizer. In the next step the remaining solvent is removed by distillation and the solvent- free emulsion is dried by a standard powder catch process. 140 g of beadlets are obtained with an astaxanthin content of 5.7%.

Example 5: Astaxanthin 10% Beadlet Form

20 g of purified crystalline Astaxanthin as obtained in example 2 and 1.7 g dl-a- tocopherol are dissolved in an appropriate solvent. This solution is added under stirring to a solution of 81.7 g of modified food starch (e.g. Capsul HS), 13.3 g of glucose syrup (e.g. Glucidex IT 47), 8.3 g of sodium ascorbate and 230 g of water at 50 to 60°C.This pre-emulsion is homogenized with a rotor-stator-homogenizer for 20 minutes. Eventually the emulsion is homogenized with a high pressure homogenizer. In the next step the remaining solvent is removed by distillation and the solvent- free emulsion is dried by a standard powder catch process. 140 g of beadlets are obtained with an astaxanthin content of 12.0%.

Example 6: Astaxanthin 10% Fluid Suspension (an oily suspension according to the present invention)

A coarse suspension which contains 60 g of purified crystalline astaxanthin as obtained in example 2, 5.5 g of dl-a-tocopherol and 480 g of safflower oil is prepared under mixing at 45°C. For particle size reduction, this coarse suspension is pumped continuously through an agitated ball mill (diameter of the zirconiumdioxide pearls: 0.4 mm,

Dispermate SL C12 ball mill; VMA-Getzmann GmbH, Germany) until the desired average particle size (< 2 microns) is achieved. After 140 minutes of milling time, 450 g of an oily suspension results with an astaxanthin content of 10.7% and an average particle size of 1.8 microns (measured with Malvern Mastersizer 3000 equipment, Fraunhofer presentation). Further processes for obtaining synthetic food- grade astaxanthin

Example 7: Purification with ethanol

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of ethanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 105°C (internal temperature). Once the wanted internal temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh ethanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of ethanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml of ethanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of ethanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 118.1 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 44 mg/kg of dichloromethane .

In principle is it possible to perform example 7 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 105°C. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 110°C and 115°C, respectively.

Example 8: Purification with 1-propanol

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of 1-propanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 105°C (internal temperature). Once the wanted internal temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh 1- propanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the

introduction of 1-propanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml of 1-propanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of 1-propanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 117.6 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 109 mg/kg of dichloromethane. In principle is it possible to perform example 8 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 105°C. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 110°C and 115°C, respectively.

Example 9: Purification with 2-propanol

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of 2-propanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 123°C. Once the wanted intern temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distillated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh 2-propanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of 2-propanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml of 2-propanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of 2-propanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 116.1 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 502 mg/kg of

dichloromethane . In principle is it possible to perform example 9 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 105°C. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 115°C and 110°C, respectively.

Example 10: Purification with 1-butanol

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of 1-butanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 120°C (internal temperature). Once the wanted internal temperature (120°C) is reached, the solvent is distiUated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh 1-butanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 3 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of 1-butanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml of 1-butanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of 1-butanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 116.1 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 75 mg/kg of dichloromethane.

In principle is it possible to perform example 10 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 120°C. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 125°C.

Example 11 : Purification with 2-butanol

120 g of astaxanthin (97%) containing 2000 mg/kg of dichloromethane are introduced in a 1000 ml steel autoclave under inert conditions with 280 ml of 2-butanol. The autoclave is closed, the mixture agitated at 350 rpm (rotations per minute) and heated at 105°C (internal temperature). Once the wanted internal temperature (105°C) is reached, the solvent is distiUated off at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and simultaneously fresh 2-butanol is introduced with a pump at the same flow rate so that the volume of the mixture stays constant. After 7 hours of this treatment, the distillation and the introduction of 2-butanol are stopped, the mixture is cooled to 25°C and diluted with 50 ml of 2-butanol. The crystals are filtered off, washed with 150 ml of 2-butanol and dried in a drying oven 16 hours at 80°C under 20 mbara. 116.7 g of dry astaxanthin are obtained containing 293 mg/kg of dichloromethane.

In principle is it possible to perform example 11 as described above also at any other temperature in the range of from 80 to 140°C instead of 105°C. Such other temperatures are e.g. 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C and any other temperature in between. Example 1 may especially be repeated at a temperature of 110°C and 115°C, respectively.